stability, demonstrating a mathematical

balance between efficiency and strength.

Unit 1: Mathematics in the Modern World

Symmetry in Animals - many animals exhibit

symmetrical body patterns, influenced by
1.1. Appreciation of Mathematics
mathematical principles of reflection and
Mathematics - study of patterns and rotation.
structures
-fundamental to the physical and biological Fractal Patterns - self-replicating geometric
sciences, engineering, and information patterns, found in natural formation like
technology to economics and increasingly coastlines, mountains, clouds, and trees.
to the social sciences. -exhibit similar structures at different scales
-useful way to think about nature and our -mathematical principle recursion and
world. self-similarity
-tool to quantify, organize, and control our
world. Ocean Waves and Harmonics - ocean
waves exhibit regular patterns and
Role of Mathematics in the Modern World frequencies that can be described using
mathematical concepts like equations and
-organize patterns and regularities in our harmonics.
world.
-help predict the behavior of nature and
phenomena Unit 2: Mathematical Language and
-help control nature and occurrences in the Symbols
world
-has numerous applications
2.1 Mathematical Language

Definition 1. A mathematical expression is the

1.2. Patterns and Numbers in Nature
correct arrangement of mathematical
Fibonacci Sequence in Plants symbols used to represent a mathematical
-Many plants exhibit patterns based on the object of interest.
Fibonacci sequence. Definition 2. A mathematical sentence is the
-each number is the sum of the two correct arrangement of mathematical
preceding ones symbols that state a complete thought.
-is seen in the arrangement of leaves, petals,
and seeds, maximizing space efficiency for Remark: If English language has noun, verbs,
growth and reproduction. connectives, expressions, and conversion,
mathematical language also has (Burns,
Spirals in Shells 2004)
-Many seashells, such as nautilus seashells,
display logarithmic spirals
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
-adhere to specific mathematical ratios,
known as the “golden ratio” or “phi”, Name given Noun (person, Expression
resulting in aesthetically pleasing and to an object place, thing) Ex. 4, 5 + 1, x
efficient structures of interest Ex. Jeremiah,
Golden Ratio - pleasing proportions found in Butuan City,
nature book
=1.618
A complete Sentence Sentence
thought Ex. The Ex. 3 + 4 = 7
Hexagonal Honeycomb - bees construct
capital city of y + 4 = 18
honeycomb with hexagonal cells. Agusan del
-requires the least amount of wax while Norte is
maximizing storage space and structural
 Cabadbaran “if p, then q” if…then p→q Conditional
City.
“p if and if and only p↔q Bicondition
only if q” if al
Verb is =,<,>, ≤, ≥, ≠

Connectives and, or +
Negation

English Mathematics p ~p

1. Capitalize the first 1. Defines words T F

letter of proper nouns. and phrases (to
2. Indent first sentence avoid ambiguity) F T
of paragraphs. 2. Enclose the
3. Separate elements of a set Conjunction
enumerated words with {}
with commas. 3. Use mathematical
symbols instead of p q p∧q
their counterpart
T T T
words, e.g. ∀ (for
all), ∃ (there exist),
T F F
→ (implies), etc.
4. Expressions are F T F
given in simplest
terms. F F F

Unit 2.1. Mathematical Symbols Disjunction

Definition 3. A statement is a declarative

sentence that is either true or false, but not p q p∨q
both.
T T T
Definition 4. The truth value of a simple
T F T
statement is either true (T) or false (F). The
truth value of a compound statement
F T T
depends on the truth values of its simple
statement and its connectives. F F F

Definition 5. A truth table is a table that

shows the truth value of a compound Conditional
statement for all possible truth values of its
simple statements. p q p→q

Logical Connectives T T T
Statement Connectiv Symbol Type of
e ic Form Statement
T F F

“not p” not ~p Negation F T T

“p and q” and p∧q Conjunctio F F T

n

“p or q” or p∨q Disjunction Biconditional

 Converse ”If q, then p” q→p
p q p↔q
Inverse “If not p, ~p→~q
T T T then not q”

Contrapositive “If not q, ~q→~p

T F F
then not p”

F T F

p q ~p ~q p→q q→p ~p→~q ~q→~p

F F T
T T F F T T T T
Example: Find the truth value of the given
T F F T F T T F
examples.
1. ~(p∨~q)
F T T F T F F T

F F T T T T T T
p q ~q p∨~q ~(p∨~q)

T T F T F Other Concepts
Definition. A tautology is a statement that is
T F T T F
always true. A contradiction is a statement
that is always false.
F T F F T
Quantified Statements
Words that describe an entire set, such as
F F T T F
“all”, “every”, or “none”, are called universal
quantifiers because that set could be
2. ~(p∧q)→r considered a universal set. In contrast, words,
or phrases such as “some”, “one”, or “at
p q r p∧q ~(p∧q) ~(p∧q)→ least”, are called existential quantifiers
r because they describe the existence of at
least one element in a set.
T T T T F T

T T F T F T Statement Negation

T F T F T T All X are Y. Some X are not Y.

T F F F T F No X are Y. Some X are Y

F T T F T T Some X are not Y. All X are Y.

F T F F T F Some X are Y. No X are Y.

F F T F T T

Example 1. Write each symbolic statement

F F F F T F
as an English sentence. Use p,q,r,s, and t as
defined below.
Other Types of Conditional Statement p: Sarah G is a singer.
q: Sarah G is not a songwriter.
Type Statement Symbol r: Sarah G is an actress.
s: Sarah G plays the piano.
Conditional ”If p, then q” p→q t: Sarah G does not play the guitar.

1. (p∨r)∧q
 - Sarah G is a singer or an actress and
h m Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion
she is not a songwriter. h→m h m
2. ~s→(p∧~q)
- If Sarah G does not play the piano, T T T T T
then she is a singer and a songwriter.
3. p→(q∧~r) T F F T F
- If Sarah G is a singer, then she is not
F T T F T
a songwriter and not an actress.
4. (s∧~q)→t F F T F F
- If Sarah G plays the piano and is a
songwriter, then she does not play Thus, the argument is valid.
the guitar.
2. If it rains, then the game will not be
Definition. An argument consists of a set of played. It is not raining. Therefore, the game
statements called premises and another will not be played.
statement called the conclusion. An
argument is valid if the conclusion is true Let r represent the statement “It rains”, and g
whenever all the premises are assumed to represent the statement “The game will be
be true. An argument is invalid if it is not a played”. The argument is then expressed in
valid argument. symbolic form as follows
Premise 1 r→~g
Premise 2 ~r
Steps in Verifying the Validity of an
Argument ∴Conclusion ∴g

1. Make a truth table with separate columns r g ~g Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion

for each premise and the conclusion. r→~g ~r ~g
2. Examine only the lines in the table in which
all of the premises are true. T T F F F F
3. If the conclusion is also true for the lines
T F T T F T
you examined in step 2, the argument is
valid. Otherwise, the argument is invalid.
F T F T T F

Example: Write the following arguments in F F T T T T

symbolic form and identify whether each
Thus, the argument is invalid.
argument is valid or invalid.

3. If you sleep through your morning math

1. If Aristotle was human, then Aristotle was
class, then you will be well rested. If you are
mortal. Aristotle was human. Therefore,
well-rested, then you will do well on your
Aristotle was mortal.
math test. Therefore, if you sleep through
your morning math class, then you will do
Let ℎ represent the statement “Aristotle was
well on your math test.
human”, and m represent the statement
“Aristotle was mortal”. The argument is then
Let s represent the statement “You sleep
expressed in symbolic form as follows
through your morning math class”, r
Premise 1 h→m
represent “You are well-rested”, w represent
Premise 2 h
“You do well on your math test”. The
argument is then expressed in symbolic form
∴Conclusion ∴m
as follows
Premise 1 s→r
Premise 2 r→w
 ∴Conclusion ∴s→w Note: A statement is a true statement if it is
true in all cases. If you can find one case in
which the statement is not true, called a
s r w Premise Premise 2 Conclusion
counterexample, then the statement is a
1 r→w s→w
false statement.
s→r

T T T T T T Example 4: Verify that each statement is

false by finding a counterexample
T T F T F F For all number, x:
(a) |x|>0 false if x=0
T F T F T T (b) x>x false if x=0,1
(c) √x^2=x false if x<0
T F F F T F Note: give a specific number

F T T T T T
3.2 Deductive Reasoning
F T F T F T -The process of reaching a specific
conclusion by applying general assumptions,
F F T T T T procedure, or principles. (general-specific)

F F F T T T
Example 5:
Thus, the argument is valid. Premise 1: All Philippine currencies are
produced by the BSP.
Premise 2: She has money in Philippine
currency in her pocket.
Unit 3: Problem Solving and Reasoning
Conclusion: Therefore, her money is
produced by the BSP.

3.1. Inductive Reasoning

Example 6:
-The process of reaching a general Pick a number by multiplying the number by
conclusion by examining specific examples. 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2,
(specific-general) and subtract 3.
Conjecture - conclusion in inductive
reasoning
Let x be the number x

Example 1:
Multiply by 8 8x
Premise 1: You passed all your subjects in
Grade 11. Add 6 to the product 8x+6
Premise 2: You passed all your subjects in
Grade 12. Divide the sum by 2 (8x+6)/2 =
Conclusion: You passed all your subjects in 4x+3
SHS.
Subtract 3 4x+3-3
Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to
predict the next number in the list. Answer 4x
(a) 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, __
(b) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, __
3.3 Problem Solving Strategies
Example 3: Pick a number by multiplying the
number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, and subtract 3. Polya’s Four Step Approach

1. Understand the problem.

2. Devise a plan. to answer queries, test hypotheses, and
3. Carry out the plan. evaluate outcomes.
4. Review the solution.

Methods of Data Collection

Example 7:
Determine the digit 100 places to the right of 1. Interview - A person known as the
the decimal point in the decimal interviewer asks questions to other person/s
representation of 7/27. known as the interviewee/s.
0.259259
Therefore, the digit is 2 2. Questionnaires - Consist of a set of
questions printed or typed in a systematic
Example 8: order on a form or set of forms.
Mr. Postman wishes to walk along the streets
from point A to point B. How many can he 3. Experiment - Data collection method
take? where a researcher changes some variables
and observes their effect on other variables.

Eliminating Possibilities
4. Direct Observation - The researcher takes
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, a participatory stance, observing the setting
and Brian has a different occupation (editor, in which the subject of their observation,
banker, chef, or dentist). From the following while taking down notes, video/audio
clues, determine the occupation of each recording, photos, etc.
neighbor.
5. Use of existing records - Uses data which
1. Maria gets home from work after the have been previously collected by another
banker but before the dentist. person or institution for some other purposes.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home
from work, is not the editor.
4.2 Methods of Data Presentation
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work
at the same time. 1. Textual Method - Textual presentation of
4. The banker lives next door to Brian. data incorporates important figures in a
paragraph of text.
- used to elaborate important figures given
editor banker chef dentist
by a table or figure.

Sean X3 / X3 X4
2. Tabular Method - Tabular presentation of
Maria / X1 X3 X1 data arranges figures in a systematic manner
- in rows and columns.
Sarah X2 X2 / X3
A statistical table has 4 main parts
Brian X3 X4 X3 / ● Table Heading -contains the table
title and number
Therefore, Sean is the banker, Maria is the
● Caption - contains the hearing of the
editor, Sarah is the chef, and Brian is the
columns
dentist.
● Stubs - contains the heading of the
row.
UNIT 4: Data Management and Data ● Body - contains figures from the
Collection data

-process of gathering and measuring

information on variables of interest in an
established systematic way that enables one
Example 4:
Table 4. Mean Weight of Lettuce Plant
 Treatment Mean Weight Overall
Mean
Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3

Water 10.51 18.29 14.23 14.34

VermiTea 15.73 14.96 18.42 16.37

Fermented 12.93 14.29 15.8 14.34

Plant J

Fermented 16.69 19.51 9.92 15.37

Fruit J Figure 2b. Employment Status of XYZ
University Faculty Members
Plantmate 27.97 30.53 22.15 26.88

C. Pie Graph - A circle divided into several

3. Graphical Method - Employs the use of sections. Each section indicates the
graphs such as line, bar/column, and pie percentage of each category.
graphs.
-Graphical presentations of data portrays Example:
numerical figures or relationships among
variables in pictorial form.

a. Line Graph (Time-series plot)

- Illustrates changes over time
plotted using lines.
Example:

Figure 3. Distribution of BS Math Students in

XYZ University by Year Level

4.3 Measures of Central Location

Which Group is Smarter?

b. Bar/Column Graph
- the most commonly used graph to
illustrate frequencies of categorical
data using rectangular bars which
can be plotted vertically (column)
and/or horizontally (bar).
Example:

Figure 2a. Employment Status of XYZ

Which Group is Smarter Now?
University Faculty Members
 Class A - Average IQ Class B - Average IQ Mean =
110.54 110.23 (10+11+11+15+15+15+19+20+21+21+22+22+24+25)
14
= 14 Mean = 17.9K
251𝑘

They’re roughly the same

With summary descriptive statistics, it is much
Example 2:
easier to answer our question.

Measures of Central Location

- It represent the value(s) where the data

observations tend to concentrate or cluster
- These measures help us to represent the
entire mass of the data by a single value.

Mean - Average The Mean

Median - Middle Score
Mode - Most frequently occurring value Advantages Disadvantages

Takes into account Very sensitive

Mean all the available measure
- Adding all the values of the data set and information
dividing the sum by the number of values. Can be combined Can only be used
- Always exists for quantitative or numerical with means of other on interval or ratio
data or at least an interval level of groups to give the data.
measurement. overall mean.

If the values of data set, 𝑥1,𝑥2,𝑥3,...,𝑥𝑁is

population of N numbers, then the mean of
the population is
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3,...+𝑥𝑁
μ = 𝑁
If the values of a data set, 𝑥1,𝑥2,𝑥3,...,𝑥𝑁 is a
sample of size n then the sample mean is Quick Test
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3,...+𝑥𝑛
𝑥̄ = 𝑛

T or F: The mean is not a sensitive measure.

Ans: F
Example 1: T or F: The mean is obtained by adding all
Consider the following monthly salaries of 14 the values of the data set and dividing the
employees of CSU: sum by the number of values. Ans: T
Y or N: The sex of the 4 students are as
follows, Female, Male, Male, Female. Can
Monthly we compute the mean sex of the 4
Salary: 10k 11k 11k 15k 15k 15k 19k 20k students? Ans: N
Six (6) students are randomly selected in a
Statistics class of 20 students received test
21k 21k 22k 22k 24k 25k grades of 92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90. Find
the mean test grades of the six (6)
Assume that this is a population, calculate students. Ans: x̄ = 82.50
the average monthly salary of 14 employees
of CSU.
 Median

- The middle value of a data set when

arranged in ascending or descending order.
- It can be used at all levels above nominal.

Example:

Example 2:

If the values of a data set, 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3,..., 𝑥𝑁is a

population of N numbers, then the median
of the population is

The Median

Advantages Disadvantages

If the values of a data set, 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3,..., 𝑥𝑛 is a Unaffected by Only considers
extreme scores order-value
sample of n numbers, then the median of
Can be used to all ignored.
the sample
levels above
nominal.

Quick Test

Example 1: Consider the following monthly

T or F: The median is affected by extreme
salaries of 14 employees of CSU:
score. Ans: F
T or F: The median is the middle score. Ans:
T
Y or N: The sex of the 4 students are as
follows, Female, Male, Male, Female. Can
Assume that this is a population, calculate
we compute the median sex of the 4
the median monthly salary of the 14
students? Ans: N
employees of CSU.
Find the median of the values 17, 13, 15,
26, 23, 29, 18, 22, 15. Assume that this is a
Solution:
population.
Ascending Order: 13, 15, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23,
26, 29
Ans: = 18
 compute could make this
Mode Unaffected by measure
extreme scores unrepresentative.
- Refers to the most frequent value in the
Can be used at any
data set.
level of
- The mode can be used for any level of
measurement.
measurements.
- When all the data values have an equal
frequency, the mode does not exist, data
Quick Test
sets which have one most frequent value are
said to be unimodal, bimodal if two,
trimodal if three, multimodal if more than
T or F: The mode is not affected by
three.
extreme scores. Ans: T
T or F: The mode is the most frequently
occurring value. Ans: T
The sex of the 4 students are as follows,
Female, Male, Male, and Female. Find the
Mode. Ans: The mode does not exists
Mode for Population and Sample
Find the mode of the values 17, 13, 15, 26,
23, 29, 18, 22, 15. Assume that this is a
Notations for Mode
population
- the mode of a population
Ans: = 15
x̂ - the mode of a sample

Example: 4.4 Measures of Dispersion

Consider the following monthly salaries of 14
employees of CSU: Who is the Valedictorian?

Assume that this is a population, calculate

the mode monthly salary of the 14
employees of CSU. Average Grade of Average Grade of
Student A Student B
Solution: 93.20 93.20

Measures of Dispersion

- It describes how spread the data is.

Specifically, it measures the variation of the
data values among themselves and around
the average or the mean.
- Range, Standard Deviation, Variance,
Coefficient of Variation

Range
The Mode
- The range of a set of data values is the
Advantages Disadvantages difference between the greatest data value
and the least data value.
Quick and easy to A given sub-group
Range = Greatest Data Value - Least Data
Value
Example 1: The following numbers were
Example: obtained by sampling a population.
Find the range of the grades of Students A 1, 2, 5, 7, 8
and B.
FInd the sample standard deviation, correct
to two decimal places. Use:

Solution: Procedure for Computing a Standard

Deviation
1. Determine the mean of the n or N
numbers.
2. For each number, calculate the
deviation (difference) between the
number and the mean of the
numbers.
3. Calculate the square of each of the
deviations and find the sum of these
squared deviations.
The Standard Deviation
4. If the data is a population, then
- The standard deviation of a set of divide the sum by N. If the data is a
numerical data makes use of the individual sample, then divide the sum by n-1.
amount that each data value deviates from 5. Find the square root of the quotient
the mean. in Step 4.
● The closer the standard deviation is
to zero (0), the lower the data Solution to Example 1:
variability and the more reliable the Step 1. The mean of the numbers is
mean is.
● The standard deviation equal to zero
(0) indicates that every value in the
dataset is exactly equal to the
mean. Step 2. For each number, calculate the
● The higher the standard deviation, deviation (difference) between the number
the more variation there is on the and the mean.
data and the less accurate the
mean is.

If 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3,..., 𝑥𝑁 is a population of N numbers

with a mean of µ, then the standard
deviation of the population is

If 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3,..., 𝑥𝑛𝑛 is a population of n numbers Step 3. Calculate the square of each of the
with a mean of 𝑥, then the standard deviations in Step 2. Then, find the sum of
deviation of the population is these squared deviations.
 Quick Test

T or F: The range is not a sensitive

measure.. Ans: F
T or F: If the standard deviation is equal to
zero (0), then all the data values are
identical. Ans: T
The table below lists the scores of a
The Variance basketball player for the last five (5)
games of the 2020 NBA playoffs.
- The variance for a given set of data is the
square of the standard deviation of the
data. 2
Ans: Range = 20 s = 9.70 𝑠 = 94
● The larger the variance, the farther
the individual cases are from the
mean.
● The smaller the variance, the closer
the individual scores are to the
mean.

Example 2: The following numbers were

obtained by sampling a population.
1, 2, 5, 7, 8
Find the sample variance, correct to two
decimal places.
Use:

Solution to Example 2:

Who is the Valedictorian? Student A