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The document explains hyperparameters in machine learning, which are configurable values set before training that influence model learning. It categorizes hyperparameters into six types: model, training, regularization, optimization, data processing, and reinforcement learning, each with specific examples. Additionally, it includes Python code to implement an XOR gate using two neurons with different thresholds.

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2 views2 pages

All ANN

The document explains hyperparameters in machine learning, which are configurable values set before training that influence model learning. It categorizes hyperparameters into six types: model, training, regularization, optimization, data processing, and reinforcement learning, each with specific examples. Additionally, it includes Python code to implement an XOR gate using two neurons with different thresholds.

Uploaded by

eyemusican333
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Hyperparameter
A hyperparameter is a configurable value that is set prior to training and influences how a
machine learning model learns. Unlike model parameters, which are learned from the
data, hyperparameters are manually adjusted to optimize performance. Proper tuning of
hyperparameters is essential for achieving high accuracy and effective generalization in
machine learning models.

2. Types of Hyperparameters
1. Model Hyperparameters
These define the model's architecture and complexity, affecting its ability to learn
patterns and its computational efficiency.
Examples: Number of layers in a neural network, neurons per layer, and activation
functions like ReLU, sigmoid, or tanh.
2. Training Hyperparameters
These control how the model learns from the training data. Tuning them correctly
can greatly impact the model’s convergence speed and overall performance.
Examples: Learning rate, batch size, number of epochs, and the choice of loss
function.
3. Regularization Hyperparameters
These helps prevent overfitting by applying constraints, ensuring the model
generalizes well to new, unseen data instead of memorizing the training set.
Examples: L1/L2 regularization (weight decay), dropout rate, and early stopping.
4. Optimization Hyperparameters
These influence the optimization algorithm's efficiency. They determine how
model parameters are updated during training to minimize the loss function.
Examples: Momentum in gradient descent, beta values in Adam optimizer, and
learning rate decay.
5. Data Processing Hyperparameters
These control how data is prepared and processed before training. Proper data
handling can enhance model stability and speed up training convergence.
Examples: Data augmentation methods (rotation, flipping, cropping), and feature
scaling techniques (normalization, standardization).
6. Hyperparameters for Reinforcement Learning
These govern the strategies for balancing exploration and exploitation. Proper
tuning is essential for developing optimal decision-making policies.
Examples: Discount factor in Q-learning, epsilon in epsilon-greedy strategy, and
reward shaping parameters.
3. Python Code for XOR GATE Using Two Neurons with Different
Thresholds
import numpy as np

def step_function(x, threshold):


return np.where(x >= threshold, 1, 0)

# XOR dataset
X = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
y = np.array([[0], [1], [1], [0]])

# Initialize weights and biases


weights = np.ones((2, 2))
# Two neurons, each with two inputs
biases = np.array([1.0, 1.5])
# Different thresholds for two neurons

# Compute outputs for both neurons


neuron1_output = step_function(np.dot(X, weights[:, 0]) + biases[0],1.0)
neuron2_output = step_function(np.dot(X, weights[:, 1]) + biases[1], 1.5)

# XOR final output (simulating a second-layer neuron)


xor_output = step_function(neuron1_output + neuron2_output, 1.5)

# Display trained output

print("Trained XOR Output:", xor_output)

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