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OSI Model

The document outlines the OSI model, detailing its seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, each with specific functions in data communication. It highlights the advantages of the OSI model for users and operators in network building, troubleshooting, and interoperability among devices. Additionally, it emphasizes how the model aids manufacturers and vendors in defining product compatibility and functionality across network layers.

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Rohit Paul
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12 views3 pages

OSI Model

The document outlines the OSI model, detailing its seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, each with specific functions in data communication. It highlights the advantages of the OSI model for users and operators in network building, troubleshooting, and interoperability among devices. Additionally, it emphasizes how the model aids manufacturers and vendors in defining product compatibility and functionality across network layers.

Uploaded by

Rohit Paul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

Application Layer

The application layer is used by end-user software such as web


browsers and email clients. It provides protocols that allow
software to send and receive information and present meaningful
data to users. A few examples of application layer protocols are
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).

6. Presentation Layer

The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It


defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress
data so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation
layer takes any data transmitted by the application layer and
prepares it for transmission over the session layer.

5. Session Layer

The session layer creates communication channels, called


sessions, between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions,
ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being
transferred, and closing them when communication ends. The
session layer can also set checkpoints during a data transfer—if
the session is interrupted, devices can resume data transfer from
the last checkpoint.

4. Transport Layer

The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and
breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting end. It is
responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end,
turning it back into data that can be used by the session layer.
The transport layer carries out flow control, sending data at a rate
that matches the connection speed of the receiving device, and
error control, checking if data was received incorrectly and if not,
requesting it again.

3. Network Layer
The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up
segments into network packets, and reassembling the packets on
the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the
best path across a physical network. The network layer uses
network addresses (typically Internet Protocol addresses) to route
packets to a destination node.

2. Data Link Layer

The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection


between two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks
up packets into frames and sends them from source to
destination. This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link
Control (LLC), which identifies network protocols, performs error
checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access Control
(MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define
permissions to transmit and receive data.

1. Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless


connection between network nodes. It defines the connector, the
electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices,
and is responsible for transmission of the raw data, which is
simply a series of 0s and 1s, while taking care of bit rate control.

Advantages of OSI Model

The OSI model helps users and operators of computer


networks:

 Determine the required hardware and software to build their


network.
 Understand and communicate the process followed by
components communicating across a network.
 Perform troubleshooting, by identifying which network layer
is causing an issue and focusing efforts on that layer.

The OSI model helps network device manufacturers and


networking software vendors:
 Create devices and software that can communicate with
products from any other vendor, allowing open
interoperability
 Define which parts of the network their products should work
with.
 Communicate to users at which network layers their product
operates – for example, only at the application layer, or
across the stack

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