MTH620 – Project for Mathematics

Title of the project

Modeling with First Order Differential Equations

Assignment #03
Submitted by:
MC220201002 RIDA RIAZ
MC220202909 MISBAH NAZIR
MC220204791 KAINAT FATIMA
MC220202004 FAISAL MEHMOOD
MC220203339 NOOR UL NISA
MC220202813 HINA NAZ

Supervised by:
ZULFIQAR AHMAD NOOR

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN
2023
 DEDICATED TO
Our

Parents

And

Teachers
who have been our guides, mentors and friends. They
have shown us the beauty of learning, the joy of
discovery, and power of words.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises to Allah Almighty, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, who gave us the
strength to complete our task effectively.
Our parents never ceased to believe in us. We thank them for encouraging us, guiding us, and
being there to strengthen our confidence every time we felt weak or discouraged.
We would like to thank our supervisor, Sir ZULFIQAR AHMAD NOOR
for giving us the opportunity to work on this assignment and for believing in us.
We also extend our gratitude to all the other members who were involved in this project, for
helping us with the planning and execution of this assignment. They were always ready to clear
our doubts and provide us with all the necessary information and equipment. We would also like
to thank our classmates who have extended their moral support throughout the course of this
assignment.
We are greatly obliged to the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Virtual University of Pakistan, for providing opportunities and preparing all the resources for
students to complete our projects.
Last but not least, we would also like to express our gratitude to all those who played a role, both
directly and indirectly, in the completion of this assignment.
RIDA RIAZ
MISBAH NAZIR
KAINAT FATIMA
NOOR UL NISA
HINA NAZ
FAISAL MEHMOOD

History:
The history of first-order differential equations is deeply intertwined with the development of
calculus and mathematical analysis. The origins of differential equations can be traced back to
the pioneering work of mathematicians such as Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in
the 17th century. These visionaries laid the groundwork for calculus, providing tools to describe
and analyze changing quantities. The first-order differential equations emerged organically as
scientists and mathematicians sought to mathematically model diverse phenomena, ranging from
the motion of celestial bodies to population dynamics and fluid flow. The 18th and 19th centuries
witnessed significant advancements in the understanding of differential equations, with
luminaries like Leonhard Euler, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and Pierre-Simon Laplace contributing
seminal ideas. The formalization of the theory of differential equations became a cornerstone of
mathematical physics and engineering, enabling scientists to formulate and solve problems in a
wide array of disciplines. Over time, the study of first-order differential equations evolved,
incorporating new techniques and methods, and continues to be a vital tool in contemporary
scientific and technological advancements.
INTRODUCTION: -
Mathematicians & physicists tend to not agree on a whole lot. One incontrovertible truth that
seems to permeate every STEM topic & unify both parties, however, is the principal belief
that analyzing the dynamic relationships between individual components leads to a greater
understanding of a system as a whole. In sharp contrast to the more-abstract topics explored in
this series, such as logic number theory&see we’re now headed over to the universally-
applicable world of measuring& interpreting change.
Differential equations is a branch of mathematics that starts with one, or many, recorded
observations of change, & ends with one, or many, functions that predict future outcomes.
An algebraic equation, such as a quadratic equation, is solved with a value or set of values;
a differential equation, by contrast, is solved with a function or a class of functions. “DFQ” for
short, virtually all STEM undergraduate programs qualify it as a core requirement for a simple
reason: DFQ is a fantastic tool for modeling situations in any field or industry
Motivation for Using Differential Equation in Modeling Real World Phenomenon:
Differential equations are powerful tools for modeling dynamic systems and describing how
quantities change over time. Many natural phenomena, such as population growth, chemical
reactions, and the motion of objects, can be accurately represented using differential equations.
By understanding and solving these equations, we gain insights into the behavior of systems in
various fields.
In real-life application, models typically involve objects & recorded rates of change between
them (derivatives/differentials) — the goal of DFQ is to define a general relationship between
the two. Systems of this kind are extremely common in natural
phenomena, which is precisely why DFQ plays a prominent role in
topics ranging from physics to economics & biology.

Differential Equation
 A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one (or
several) variables that relates the function to its derivatives.
A solution to a differential equation is a function that satisfies the differential
equation.

Order of Differential Equation:

The order of a differential equation is the highest power of the derivative is called order of
differential equation.

Types and Methods to Solve First-Order Differential Equations:

There are various types of first-order differential equations, and different methods can be applied
to solve them. Some common types include:

Ordinary Differential Equation:

If an equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables
w. r. t a single variable, then it is said to be an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). For
Example the differential equation

is an ordinary differential equation.

Partial Differential Equation

An equation that involves partial derivatives of one or more dependent variables
with respect to (two or more) independent variables is called a Partial Differential Equation
(PDEs) For example the equation
is a partial differential equation.
Linear Differential Equation

The linear differential equation is of the form , where P and Q are numeric
constants or functions in x. It consists of a y and a derivative of y. The differential is a first-order
differentiation and is called the first-order linear differential equation.
For example

Non Linear Differential Equation

Nonlinear differential equations are those in which the dependent variable and its derivatives
appear in a nonlinear combination.
A non-linear differential equation is one in which the unknown function and its derivatives don't
have a straight line when plotted in a graph (the linearity or non-linearity in the arguments of the
function are not considered here).
For example:

Separable Differential Equations:

These equations can be separated into variables, and then integrated separately.
Exact Differential Equations:
Let us first rewrite the given differential equation

Where
This equation is an exact differential equation if the following condition is satisfied

This condition of exactness insures the existence of a function F(x, y) such that

These equations can be solved by recognizing them as the total differential of some function and
integrating.
3𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦, ( ,𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦,
∂ M( x, y) ∂ N (x , y )
=2 , =2
∂y ∂y
We can conclude that the differential equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact
differential equation

= 𝑀 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 and ( ,𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦.

∂ F (x , y) ∂ F (x , y)
∂y ∂y

𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) =∫ M ( x , y ) ∂ x+ h ¿¿ ) = ∫ ( 3 x +2 y ) ∂ x +h y=¿ ¿ 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + ℎ𝑦

3
2
∂F (x, y) d h( y )
= 2x +
∂y dx

= 𝑁 (𝑥, ) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦.
∂F (x, y)
∂y
d h( y ) dh( y)
2x+y=2x + = y=
dy dy

Combining the constants 𝐶0 and 𝐶1 we may write this solution as

Homogeneous Differential Equations:

A differential equation of the form

Is said to be homogeneous if the function f (x, y) is homogeneous, which means

For some real number n, for any number t.

Homogeneous equations can be solved using substitution methods that transform them into
separable or linear forms.
Bernoulli's Differential Equations:

Bernoulli's equations can be transformed into linear equations through suitable substitutions.
Integrating Factors:
If the equation

is not exact, then we must have

Therefore, we look for a function u (x, y) such that the equation

Becomes exact The function u (x, y) (if it exists) is called the integrating factor (IF)
and it satisfies the equation due to the condition of exactness.

Application of First Order Differential Equations:-

There are many applications of the 1st order differential equation but here we discuss some
a) Population Growth Model
b) Radioactive Decay
c) Continuous Compound Interest:
a) Population Growth Model:
The rate of change of population is proportional to the existing population.
Population growth can be modeled using various mathematical equations. One of the most
common models is the exponential growth model, which describes a population that grows at a
rate proportional to its current size. The general form of the exponential growth equation is:
Where:

is the rate of change of the population with respect to time.

P is the population size.
r is the growth rate, and

If P (t) measures the population of a species at any time t then because of the above
mentioned assumption we can write

where the rate kis constant of proportionality. Clearly the above equation is linear as
well as separable. To solve this equation we multiply the equation with the integrating
factor to obtain

Integrating both sides we obtain

or
If P0 is the initial population then . So that and obtain

Clearly, we must have k >0 for growth and k <0 for the decay.
i). Exponential Growth
ii). Logistic Growth
i. Exponential Growth:
A population's per capita (per individual) growth rate
stays the same regardless of population size, making
the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger.
The exponential growth model is a mathematical
representation that describes a population's growth
over time when the growth rate is proportional to the
current population size.
Populations may grow exponentially for some period,
but they will ultimately be limited by resource
availability
Model Equation:

Bacteria grown in the lab provide an excellent example of exponential growth.

In exponential growth, the population’s growth rate increases over time, in proportion to the size
of the population.
Let’s take a look at how this works. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (splitting in half), and
the time between divisions is about an hour for many bacterial species. To see how this
exponential growth, let's start by placing [1000] bacteria in a flask with an unlimited supply of
nutrients.
After [1] hour: Each bacterium will divide, yielding [2000] bacteria (an increase
of [1000] bacteria.
After [2] hours: Each of the [2000] bacteria will divide, producing [4000] (an increase
of [2000] bacteria.
After [3] hours: Each of the [4000] bacteria will divide, producing [8000] (an increase of [4000]
ii) Logistic Method:
A population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a
maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity [k]
Or
Population grows in an environment with limited resources

The logistic differential equation describes the situation where a population

grows proportionally to its size, but stops growing when it reaches the size of K
P is the population size,
t is time,
r is the growth rate,
K is the carrying capacity (maximum sustainable population size).

(it is non linear)

Assume r is positive

Put values in (I )

By integration
Put the value of c. c is arbitrary as when

b) Radioactive Decay:
Many radioactive materials disintegrate at a rate proportional to the amount
present. Therefore, if A(t) is the amount of a radioactive substance present at time t ,
then the rate of change of A(t)with respect to time t is given by

is the rate of change of the quantity of radioactive substance with respect to time,
k is the decay constant,
A is the quantity of the radioactive substance.

Where k is a constant of proportionality. Let the initial amount of the material be

Then . As discussed in the population growth model the solution of the
differential equation is
The constant k can be determined using half-life of the radioactive material.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for one-half of the atoms in an
initial amount to disintegrate or transmute into atoms of another element. The halflife
measures stability of a radioactive substance. The longer the half-life of a substance,
the more stable it is. If T denotes the half-life then

Therefore, using this condition and the solution of the model we obtain

c) CONTINUOUS COMPOUND INTREST:

General solution

Where

 rate of change of the investment with respect to time

 is the interest rate per unit time.
 P is the amount of money in the account.


Model:

If the nominal interest rate 3% ,how much 5000 poses worth in 10 years in a continuously
compound account?

Application of first order differential equation:-

d) Cooling of Bodies (Newton's Law of Cooling):
The rate of change of temperature of a body is proportional to the temperature difference
between the body and its surrounding medium.
 is the time rate of change of the temperature of the body
T is the temperature of the body at time t,

is the surrounding medium temperature,

k is a positive constant of proportionality.
Example 1:

A body of unknown temperature is placed in a refrigerator at a constant temperature of 0 ∘ F , If

after 20 minutes the temperature of the body is 40 ∘, and after 40 minutes the temperature of the
body is 20 ∘, find the initial temperature of the body.

Solution:

Where
T temperature of the body at time t

temperature of surrounding

k Positive constant depends on the nature and area of the body surface under consideration

Here the surrounding temperature is

So that means
Integrating we get

where C is integration constant.

e) Mixtures and Chemical Reactions:

A(t) is the amount of the substance dissolved in the liquid in the tank at any time t.

Liquid is entering and leaving a tank. The liquid is entering and leaving the tank .

The liquid entering the tank will contain a different concentration of substance dissolved in it.

=Rate at which A (t) is changing in the tank .

= Rate at which A (t) is entering the tank .

= Rate at which A (t) is leaving in the tank .

Problem:-
A large tank holds 200gallons of brine Solution with 40lbs of Salt . A concentration of 2lbs/gal
In at a rate of 4 gal/min .The concentration leaving the talk is pumped out at a rate of 4gal/min.
How much salt is in the tank after 1 hour? How much salt is in the tank after a very long time?
f) Fluid Draining from a Tank:
The rate at which fluid drains from a tank through a small hole at the bottom. It states that the
velocity of the fluid leaving the tank is proportional to the square root of the depth of fluid. This
can be represented as

h(t) is the height of the fluid at time

k is a positive constant.
g) Velocity of a Falling Body (Air Resistance):
The rate of change of velocity is proportional to the difference between the terminal velocity and
the current velocity.
Newton’s second law of motion: The net force acting on a body is equal to the time rate of
change of the momentum of the body; or, for constant mass,

where F is the net force on the body and v is the velocity of the body, both at time t.
For problem there are two forces acting on the body
(1) The force due to gravity given by the weight w of the body which equals mg, and
(2) the force due to air resistance given by -kv where k ≥ 0 is a constant of proportionality. The
minus sign is required because this force opposes the velocity; that is, it acts in
the upward, or negative, direction. The net force F on the body is, therefore,

Substituting this result we obtain

v(t) is the velocity of the falling body at time t,

m is the mass of the body,
g is the acceleration due to gravity,
k is a positive constant.
as the equation of motion for the body.
If air resistance is negligible or nonexistent, then k = 0 and simplifies
h) Current in a Series Circuit (RC Circuit):
The rate of change of the current in the circuit is proportional to the difference between the
applied voltage and the current voltage.
i(t) is the current in the circuit at time t,
R is the resistance,
C is the capacitance,
q is the charge.