MySQL Clauses

MySQL WHERE Clause

MySQL WHERE Clause is used with SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and
DELETE clause to filter the results. It specifies a specific position
where you have to do the operation.
Syntax:
WHERE conditions;
Parameter:
conditions: It specifies the conditions that must be fulfilled for
records to be selected.
MySQL WHERE Clause with AND condition
In this example, we are retrieving data from the table "officers"
with AND condition.
Execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE address = 'Lucknow'
AND officer_id < 5;
WHERE Clause with OR condition
Execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE address = 'Lucknow'
OR address = 'Mau';
MySQL WHERE Clause with combination of AND & OR
conditions
You can also use the AND & OR conditions altogether with the
WHERE clause.
See this example:
Execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE (address = 'Mau' AND officer_name = 'Ajeet')
OR (officer_id < 5);
MySQL Distinct Clause
MySQL DISTINCT clause is used to remove duplicate records from the table
and fetch only the unique records. The DISTINCT clause is only used with the
SELECT statement.
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT expressions
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions];
Parameters
expressions: specify the columns or calculations that you want to retrieve.
tables: specify the name of the tables from where you retrieve records.
There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause.
WHERE conditions: It is optional. It specifies the conditions that must be met
for the records to be selected.
Note:
If you put only one expression in the DISTINCT clause, the query will return
the unique values for that expression.
If you put more than one expression in the DISTINCT clause, the query will
retrieve unique combinations for the expressions listed.
In MySQL, the DISTINCT clause doesn't ignore NULL values. So if you are using
the DISTINCT clause in your SQL statement, your result set will include NULL
as a distinct value.
SELECT DISTINCT address
FROM officers;
MySQL DISTINCT Clause with multiple expressions
If you use multiple expressions with DISTINCT Clause then MySQL DISTINCT
clause will remove duplicates from more than one field in your SELECT
statement.
Use the following query:
SELECT DISTINCT officer_name, address
FROM officers;
MySQL FROM Clause
The MySQL FROM Clause is used to select some records from a table.
It can also be used to retrieve records from multiple tables using
JOIN condition.
Syntax:
FROM table1
[ { INNER JOIN | LEFT [OUTER] JOIN| RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN } table2
ON table1.column1 = table2.column1 ]
Parameters
table1 and table2: specify tables used in the MySQL statement. The
two tables are joined based on table1.column1 = table2.column1.
Note:
If you are using the FROM clause in a MySQL statement then at least
one table must have been selected.
If you are using two or more tables in the MySQL FROM clause, these
tables are generally joined using INNER or OUTER joins.
MySQL FROM Clause: Retrieve data from one table
The following query specifies how to retrieve data from a single
table.
Use the following Query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE officer_id <= 3;
MySQL FROM Clause: Retrieve data from two tables with inner join
Let's take an example to retrieve data from two tables using INNER JOIN.
Here, we have two tables "officers" and "students".
Execute the following query:
SELECT officers.officer_id, students.student_name
FROM students
INNER JOIN officers
ON students.student_id = officers.officer_id;
MySQL FROM Clause: Retrieve data from two tables using outer join
Execute the following query:
SELECT officers.officer_id, students.student_name
FROM officers
LEFT OUTER JOIN students
ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;
MySQL ORDER BY Clause
The MYSQL ORDER BY Clause is used to sort the records in ascending or
descending order.
Syntax:
SELECT expressions
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC ];
Parameters
expressions: It specifies the columns that you want to retrieve.
tables: It specifies the tables, from where you want to retrieve records.
There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause.
WHERE conditions: It is optional. It specifies conditions that must be
fulfilled for the records to be selected.
ASC: It is optional. It sorts the result set in ascending order by expression
(default, if no modifier is provider).
DESC: It is also optional. It sorts the result set in descending order by
expression.
MySQL ORDER BY: without using ASC/DESC attribute
If you use MySQL ORDER BY clause without specifying the ASC and
DESC modifier then by default you will get the result in ascending
order.
Execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE address = 'Lucknow'
ORDER BY officer_name;
MySQL ORDER BY: with ASC attribute
Let's take an example to retrieve the data in ascending order.
Execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE address = 'Lucknow'
ORDER BY officer_name ASC;
MySQL ORDER BY: with DESC attribute
SELECT *
FROM officers
WHERE address = 'Lucknow'
ORDER BY officer_name DESC;
MySQL ORDER BY: using both ASC and DESC attributes
Execute the following query:
SELECT officer_name, address
FROM officers
WHERE officer_id < 5
ORDER BY officer_name DESC, address ASC;
MySQL GROUP BY Clause
The MYSQL GROUP BY Clause is used to collect data from multiple records
and group the result by one or more column. It is generally used in a
SELECT statement.
You can also use some aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX,
AVG etc. on the grouped column.
Syntax:
SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n,
aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
GROUP BY expression1, expression2, ... expression_n;
Parameters
expression1, expression2, ... expression_n: It specifies the expressions
that are not encapsulated within an aggregate function and must be
included in the GROUP BY clause.
aggregate_function: It specifies a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN,
MAX, or AVG etc. tables: It specifies the tables, from where you want to
retrieve the records. There must be at least one table listed in the FROM
clause.
WHERE conditions: It is optional. It specifies the conditions that must be
fulfilled for the records to be selected.
(i) MySQL GROUP BY Clause with COUNT function
Consider a table named "officers" table, having the following
records.
Execute the following query:
SELECT address, COUNT(*)
FROM officers
GROUP BY address;
MySQL HAVING Clause
MySQL HAVING Clause is used with GROUP BY clause. It always returns
the rows where condition is TRUE.
Syntax:
SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n,
aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
GROUP BY expression1, expression2, ... expression_n
HAVING condition;
Parameters
aggregate_function: It specifies any one of the aggregate function
such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, MAX, or AVG.
expression1, expression2, ... expression_n: It specifies the
expressions that are not encapsulated within an aggregate function
and must be included in the GROUP BY clause.
WHERE conditions: It is optional. It specifies the conditions for the
records to be selected.
HAVING condition: It is used to restrict the groups of returned rows. It
shows only those groups in result set whose conditions are TRUE.
HAVING Clause with SUM function
Consider a table "employees" table having the following data.
Execute the following query:
SELECT emp_name, SUM(working_hours) AS "Total working hours"
FROM employees
GROUP BY emp_name
HAVING SUM(working_hours) > 5;