FIRST AID

Physical Education and Health 7

Quarter 4 Reviewer

- Accident - an unexpected event that causes injury or harm to people or

property.

- Emergency - a sudden threat to life or health needing quick action to stop

more harm.

- Emergency Action Principle - a set of quick and decisive steps during

emergencies. It involves assessing the situation, prioritizing actions to prevent
more harm, and providing first aid until professional help arrives.

- First aider – someone who is trained to help injured or ill people in

emergencies. They know basic first aid and can provide immediate care until
medical help arrives.

- First Aid – an immediate help provided to a sick or injured person until

professional medical help arrives or becomes available.

- Victim - someone who has been hurt or harmed and needs help.

- First aid management – an immediate care and treatment provided to

someone who has been injured or falls ill until professional medical help
arrives. It involves assessing the situation, applying appropriate first aid
techniques, and ensuring the safety and well-being of the person in need.

- Injury – a physical harm to the body from accidents or harmful events,

ranging from minor cuts to severe fractures, needing proper treatment based
on severity

- Signs- an observable indication of a medical condition or injury, such as

changes in skin color, abnormal breathing, swelling, or bleeding.

- Symptoms - a subjective experience indicating a medical condition or injury,

such as pain, dizziness, or weakness.

Principles of First Aid

Do’s in giving first aid Don’ts in giving first aid
√ 1. Remain calm. × 1. Avoid giving food and drink to
√ 2. Provide reassurance and someone unconscious.
comfort to the victim. × 2. Refrain from moving an
√ 3. Look for a medical bracelet injured person unless it is
indicating a condition like epilepsy necessary to position them in the
or diabetes. Indicating a recovery position
condition such as epilepsy or
diabetes.
√ 4. Loosen any tight clothing.
√ 5. Keep the victim covered to
minimize shock.
First Aid is immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or
injured. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is unavailable or
delayed. It can mean the difference between life and death in extreme cases.
However, we must know the limits of the first aid we can give because improper first
aid can do more harm than good in some instances. Anyone who gives first aid is a
first aider.

Roles of First Aid:

● It is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physicians
● It is not intended to compete with or to take the place of the services of the
physician
● It ends when the services of the physicians begin.
Objectives of First Aid:
● To alleviate suffering
● To prevent added/further injury or danger
● To prolong life
Characteristics of a good First Aider:
● Gentle-does not cause pain and panic
● Observant-notices all signs.
● Resourceful-makes the best use of things at hand
● Tactful-do not frighten the victim
● Sympathetic comports and reassures

DAY 2
SUB-TOPIC 2: Aims to Lessen Pain, Prevent Further Injury, and
Prolong Life

1. Explicitation:

First Aid Instructions for Medical Emergencies

ABCs of First Aid:

When someone is unconscious or not responding, it's essential to
follow the basic principle of first aid, known as ABC: airway, breathing,
and circulation.

Airway: If a person is not breathing, the first step is to ensure their

airway is clear.
Breathing: If clearing the airway doesn't restore breathing, rescue
breathing should be administered.
Circulation: While giving rescue breaths, maintaining blood flow is
critical through chest compressions. If the person remains
unresponsive, checking their pulse is necessary. If no pulse is found,
chest compressions should be initiated.

Some first aid courses may also include D and E: D could stand for
Disability assessment, severe bleeding, or automated external
defibrillator (AED), a device that delivers an electric shock to the heart. E
could stand for Examination, involving assessing the person for signs of
injury, bleeding, allergies, or other issues once they are breathing and
have a pulse.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a vital emergency procedure

that everyone should know. In instances of cardiac arrest (when the
heart stops beating), administering CPR and/or using an automated
external defibrillator (AED) can help restart the heart and restore
blood circulation until medical help arrives. This intervention can
potentially save a person's life.
 AEDs are widely available in many public locations and businesses.
These first aid devices are designed to be easy to use, even for
individuals without formal training.
According to the National Library of Medicine's guidance on bleeding:

If available, don disposable gloves to safeguard against infectious

diseases such as viral hepatitis and HIV/AIDS, which can be
transmitted through contact with an individual's blood
1. Flush the wound with water.
2. Cover the wound with gauze or a clean cloth (e.g., towel, blanket,
clothing).
3. Apply direct pressure to the wound to staunch bleeding and
promote clotting, allowing the blood to naturally thicken and halt
blood loss.
4. If feasible, elevate the bleeding area above the heart level.
5. Avoid removing the cloth if it becomes saturated, as this could
disrupt the clotting process and lead to further bleeding. Instead,
add additional layers as necessary. Once bleeding has ceased,
apply a fresh bandage to the wound.
The Heimlich maneuver involves a sequence of abdominal thrusts
aimed at clearing an obstructed airway in individuals experiencing choking.
It is essential to note that this first aid procedure should be administered
solely in cases where a person is genuinely choking.

Bites are Injuries from animal or human teeth or Insect. They can cause puncture
wounds, cuts, or scrapes on the skin. Bites can vary in seriousness and may lead to
infections or venom.

Wounds are injuries that cause damage to the skin or underlying tissues. They can
range from minor cuts and scrapes to more serious injuries like puncture wounds or
lacerations. Wounds may result from accidents, falls, or contact with sharp objects

Burns are injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation that damage
the skin and tissues. They can vary in severity, from minor redness and discomfort to
severe tissue damage and loss.
Bleeding refers to the loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. It can occur
externally, visible from cuts or wounds, or internally, which may not be immediately
appearance.

Fainting refers to a temporary loss of consciousness typically caused by a

temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain. It often occurs due to a sudden drop
in blood pressure or a lack of oxygen reaching the brain.

Poisoning, in the context of first aid, refers to the ingestion, inhalation, or

absorption of substances that are harmful to the body. These substances, known as
poisons, can include chemicals, medications, plants, or household products.

Choking occurs when an object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking
the flow of air. This obstruction prevents the person from breathing effectively and
can quickly lead to a life-threatening situation.

Hyperventilation refers to rapid or shallow breathing that leads to an excessive

intake of oxygen and reduced levels of carbon dioxide in the body

A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually
by a blood clot. This leads to damage or death of the heart muscle cells.
A stroke occurs when there is an interruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in
damage to brain cells. This interruption can happen due to a blockage in a blood
vessel (ischemic stroke) or the bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)

Bites
Signs: Visible bite marks, swelling, redness, pain, puncture wounds, bleeding.
Symptoms: Pain, localized numbness or tingling, itching, inflammation, fever (in
some cases).

Wounds
Signs: Open skin, bleeding, swelling, redness, presence of foreign objects.
Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, warmth, pus or discharge, fever (if infection develops).

Burns
Signs: Redness, blistering, swelling, charred or blackened skin, peeling. Symptoms:
Pain, tenderness, difficulty moving, shock (in severe cases).

Bleeding
Signs: Visible blood, bleeding from a wound, blood pooling on the skin or ground.
Symptoms: Weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat, low blood
pressure.

Fainting
Signs: Loss of consciousness, pale or flushed skin, sweating, shallow breathing.
Symptoms: Dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, nausea, confusion.

Poisoning
Signs: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, difficulty breathing.
Symptoms: Dizziness, headache, weakness, confusion, seizures, loss of
consciousness.

Choking
Signs: Inability to speak or breathe, clutching at throat, cyanosis (blue skin).
Symptoms: Gasping for air, wheezing, coughing, panic, loss of consciousness.
Hyperventilation
Signs: Rapid breathing, deep breathing, chest pain, dizziness, tingling in extremities.
Symptoms: Shortness of breath, feeling of suffocation, numbness or tingling in
fingers or lips.

Heart Attack
Signs: Chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, cold
sweat.
Symptoms: Pain or discomfort in arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach, fatigue, anxiety.

Stroke
Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of
the body), confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, difficulty walking,
severe headache.

First Aid Management

Bites - Clean the wound with soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and
cover it with a sterile bandage. Seek medical attention if it's a severe bite or if there
are signs of infection.
Wounds - Clean the wound with mild soap and water, apply pressure to stop
bleeding, and cover with a sterile bandage or clean cloth. Seek medical attention if
the wound is deep, large, or shows signs of infection.

Burns - Cool the burn under cool, running water for at least 10 minutes, cover the
burn with a sterile dressing, and seek medical attention for severe burns, burns to
the face, or burns that cover a large area of the body.

Bleeding - Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage,
elevate the wound if possible, and continue applying pressure until bleeding stops.
Seek medical attention if bleeding is severe or cannot be controlled.

Fainting - Lay the person flat and elevate their legs, loosen any tight clothing, and
provide fresh air. If the person does not regain consciousness within a minute, seek
medical attention.

Poisoning- Call poison control immediately for guidance, remove any contaminated
clothing, and rinse the affected area with water if appropriate. Seek medical
attention if symptoms are severe or if the substance ingested is toxic

Choking - Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) to dislodge the

obstruction, encourage coughing if the person is able to cough, and seek medical
attention if the obstruction cannot be cleared.

Hyperventilation - Encourage slow breathing, breathing into a paper bag if

available, and reassurance. Remove the person from stressful situations if possible
and seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Heart attack - Call emergency services immediately, help the person rest in a
comfortable position, and assist with any prescribed medication (e.g., aspirin).
Monitor the person's vital signs and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.
Stroke - Recognize the signs of stroke (FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech
difficulty, Time to call emergency services), keep the person calm and comfortable,
and provide reassurance while waiting for medical help.

WEEK 3
Scenarios related to distracted driving:
Texting While Driving: Imagine you're driving down the highway, and your phone
buzzes with a new message. You glance down to read it and start typing a reply. In
those few seconds, your attention is off the road, and you fail to notice the slowing
traffic ahead. Suddenly, you're too close to the car in front of you, and a collision
occurs.
Eating Behind the Wheel: Picture yourself driving to work during rush hour. You're
running late, so you decide to grab breakfast on the go. As you unwrap that
breakfast sandwich, your focus shifts from the road to your meal. Without realizing it,
you drift into the adjacent lane, narrowly avoiding a collision with another vehicle.
Adjusting the Radio or GPS: You're driving on a winding road, enjoying your
favorite song on the radio. Suddenly, you remember you need to change the station.
You take your eyes off the road to find the right button, and in that split second, you
veer off course and hit the curb.
Talking to Passengers: Imagine you're driving with friends, engaged in a lively
conversation. Your attention shifts from the road to your passengers as you laugh
and gesture. During this distraction, you miss a stop sign, and the car behind you
honks loudly to avoid a collision.
WEEK 4

Open Water Swimming Safety: Rules and Gear

Swimming in open water can be invigorating, but it comes with risks. Here are some
safety tips for open water swimmers:
1. Water Quality Awareness:
 Check the quality of the water you plan to swim in. Look out for
swimmer’s itch, infections, parasites, bacteria, and more.
 Municipalities often test water quality and post results online. If the
water quality isn’t optimal, consider using earplugs, nose plugs, and
goggles to protect yourself.
 Avoid swallowing water, swimming with open cuts, or swimming after
significant rainfall.
 Shower after your swim and wash your hands before handling food.
2. Leave a Trip Plan:
 If swimming alone, inform someone of your swim location and expected
return time.
 Send a message before and after your swim to let them know you’re
safe.
3. Drowning Risks:
 Drowning is the primary danger in open water. 79% of all drownings
occur there.
 Swimmers risk fatigue, cramps, currents, and more. Lifeguards are
usually absent, so be cautious.
 Watch out for floating objects, debris, marine animals, and watercraft.
4. Temperature and Depth:
 Open water is colder than pools. Hypothermia and cold-water shock are
real risks.
 Wearing a wetsuit can help regulate body temperature.
5. Infection Prevention
 Open water contains bacteria. Choose the best time to swim to avoid
infection.
 Wash thoroughly after swimming.

Dangers and Possible Incidents in The Water

1. Water Hazards in Natural Settings:
 Water Currents: Strong currents can tire you out and sweep you away.
Always be cautious when swimming in rivers or oceans.
 Distance Across Water: Water may appear shorter than it is. Be
aware of the distance when swimming across open water.
 Cold Water: Cold water can shock your body and make swimming
difficult. Hypothermia is a real risk, especially in colder climates.
2. Contaminated Water and Health Risks:
 Unsafe Water: Water contaminated with germs, parasites, or toxic
chemicals poses health risks.
 Diseases: Contaminated water can transmit diseases such as cholera,
typhoid, and polio1.
3. Emergency Preparedness:
 Learn basic first aid and CPR.
 Understand how to respond to water-related emergencies.

Pool Safety and Self-Management Skills

For pool safety and self-management skills, consider the following:
1. Supervision:
 Never leave a child alone around water.
 Actively supervise children in, around, and on water.
  Empty baths, buckets, and wading pools immediately after use.
2. Swim Lessons:
 Find age-appropriate swim lessons for your child.
Remember that lessons don’t make a child “drown-proof.”
 Lifeguards aren’t babysitters; always keep your eyes on your child.
 Teach children not to play around drains and suction fittings.
3. Boating Safety:
 Never consume alcohol when operating a boat.
 Ensure everyone wears U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets.
4. Waterpower:
 Even rivers and lakes can have undertows.
 Always have a first aid kit and emergency contacts handy.
 Learn CPR.
5. Missing Child? Check the Water First:
 If a child is missing, check the water immediately.

WEEK 5

BANDAGING- application of a bandage or dressing to a wound or injury to

provide protection, support, and compression. Bandaging serves several
purposes, including controlling bleeding, immobilizing injured body parts,
reducing swelling, and preventing contamination of the wound

Bone- a rigid, hard tissue that forms the structural framework of the body and
provides support, protection, and anchorage for muscles. Bones are composed
primarily of calcium phosphate and collagen fibers, giving them strength and
resilience. They also serve as attachment points for muscles, allowing for
movement and locomotion

COLD COMPRESS- a therapeutic device used to apply cold temperature to an

injured or inflamed area of the body. Unlike an ice compress, which typically
contains actual ice or frozen gel packs, a cold compress may consist of a
variety of materials designed to retain cold temperatures, such as gel-filled
packs, instant cold packs, or refrigerated items like frozen vegetables wrapped
in a cloth.

JOINTS- are points in the body where two or more bones meet. Joints allow for
movement and flexibility in the body.

LIGAMENTS- a tough, fibrous bands of tissue that connect bones to other

bones in joints, providing stability and support. Ligaments help to prevent
excessive movement or dislocation of joints, allowing for smooth and controlled
movement.

MUSCLE- a soft tissue in the body that contracts and relaxes to produce
movement. Muscles are responsible for various movements in the body,
including voluntary movements such as walking, running, and lifting objects, as
well as involuntary movements such as the beating of the heart and the
movement of internal organs SWELLING- the enlargement or puffiness of a
body part due to an accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Swelling is a common
response to injury, infection, or inflammation and is often accompanied by
pain, redness, and warmth in the affected area
TENDON- a tendon is a fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. Tendons
are responsible for transmitting the force generated by muscles to the bones,
allowing for movement of the joints.