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Lesson 02

The document provides an overview of computer network models, focusing on the OSI and TCP/IP models. It details the seven layers of the OSI model, including their functions such as data transmission, error control, and application services. The TCP/IP model is also introduced as the historical standard for the Internet, consisting of four layers that facilitate network communication.

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2 views

Lesson 02

The document provides an overview of computer network models, focusing on the OSI and TCP/IP models. It details the seven layers of the OSI model, including their functions such as data transmission, error control, and application services. The TCP/IP model is also introduced as the historical standard for the Internet, consisting of four layers that facilitate network communication.

Uploaded by

dreamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 02

Computer Network Models

SE1214
Year 01 Semester 02

W.C.Deshapriya
How to transfer data over network ?
● The concept of layers are used to describe communication from one
computer to another.
● The information that travels on a network is generally referred to as data
packet.
● A packet is a logically grouped unit of information that moves between
computer systems.
What is a network Model?
● A data communications protocol is a set of rules or an agreement that
determines the format and transmission of data
● A protocol in one layer performs a certain set of operations on data as it
prepares the data to be sent over the network.
● Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference the model was released in
1984 to provide vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater
compatibility among various network technologies.

● In the OSI model, there are seven layers.


● The historical and technical standard of the Internet is the TCP/IP
model.
Network Model

Ex: It is a series of steps


OSI Network Model
OSI reference model
OSI reference model
• application: supporting network applications- FTP, SMTP,
HTTP
• presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of
data - encryption, compression, machine-specific
conventions
• session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data.
• transport: process-process data transfer -TCP, UDP
• network: routing of datagrams from source to destination-
IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi)
• physical: bits “on the wire”
Function of OSI model
Physical Layer (Layer - 1)

• The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the


individual bits from one node to another node.
• It establishes, maintains and deactivates the
physical connection.
Physical layer Functions (Layer - 1)
• Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can be
connected physically.
• Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is
simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex mode between the two devices on
the network.
• Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged.
Data-link Layer (Layer - 2)

• responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.


• It defines the format of the data on the network.
• It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or
more devices.
Data-link layer Functions (Layer - 2)
• Framing: The data link layer translates the physical's bit stream into
packets known as Frames. The Data link layer adds the header and
trailer to the frame.
• Physical Addressing: The Data link layer adds a header to the frame
that contains a destination address.
Network Layer (Layer - 3)

• It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks the location of


devices on the network.
• It determines the best path to move data from source to the
destination.
• The protocols used to route the network traffic
are known as Network layer protocols. Ex: IPv4 and Ipv6.
Network layer Functions (Layer - 3)
• Internetworking: An internetworking is the main responsibility of the
network layer.
• Addressing: A Network layer adds the source and destination address
to the header of the frame.
• Routing: Routing is the major component of the network layer, and it
determines the best optimal path out of the multiple paths from
source to the destination.
Transport Layer (Layer - 4)

• Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that messages are transmitted in


the order in which they are sent and there is no duplication of data.
• The main responsibility of the transport layer is to
transfer the data completely.
Transport layer Functions
• Service-point addressing: Computers run several programs
simultaneously, the transmission of data from source to the destination
not only from one computer to another computer but also from one
process to another process.
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Error control
• Connection control
• Flow control
Session Layer (Layer - 5)

• It is a layer 5 in the OSI model.


• The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the
collaboration between communicating devices.
Session layer Functions (Layer - 5)
• Dialog control: Session layer acts as a dialog controller that creates a
dialog between two processes.
• Synchronization: Session layer adds some checkpoints when
transmitting the data in a sequence.
Presentation Layer (Layer - 6)

• A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax of the


information exchanged between the two systems.
• It acts as a data translator for a network.
• This layer is a part of the operating system that converts
the data from one format to another format.
• The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.
Presentation Layer Functions
• Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the information
in the form of character strings, numbers. Different computers use
different encoding methods.
• Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy.
• Compression: Data compression is a process of reduces the number
of bits to be transmitted.
Application Layer (Layer - 7)

• An application layer work as a window for users and


application processes to access network service.
• It handles issues such as network transparency, resource
allocation, etc.
• An application layer is not an application, but it
performs the application layer functions.
• This layer provides the network services to the end-
users.
Application Layer Functions (Layer - 7)
• File transfer, access, and management (FTAM): An application layer
allows a user to access the files in a computer,
• Mail services: An application layer provides the facility for email
forwarding and storage.
• Directory services: An application provides the distributed database
sources and is used to provide that global information about various
objects.
• Supported protocols: FTP, SMTP, HTTP
TCP/IP model
● The historical and technical standard of the Internet is the TCP/IP model.
● TCP/IP was developed as an open standard.
● It has the following four layers:

● Application layer
● Transport layer
● Internet layer
● Network access layer
OSI Model vs TCP/IP model
Supported protocells for TCP/IP model
Thanks!

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