Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following:

a) Define Bandwidth.
Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer capacity of a network or communication channel,
measured in bits per second (bps).

b) What is throughput?
Throughput is the actual amount of data successfully transmitted over a network in a given
time, often lower than bandwidth due to latency or congestion.

c) What is Jitter?
Jitter is the variation in packet delay during transmission, causing uneven arrival times and
affecting real-time applications like VoIP.

d) List the control access protocols.

• CSMA/CD (Ethernet)

• CSMA/CA (Wi-Fi)

• Token Ring

• Polling

e) Define packetizing.
Packetizing divides data into smaller packets for transmission, each containing headers
(source/destination addresses) and payload.

f) Write IPv6 address space.

IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits
(e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

g) List UDP services.

• DNS queries

• VoIP (e.g., Skype)

• Streaming media (e.g., YouTube)

• Online gaming

h) Write the list of states for TCP.

• LISTEN, SYN-SENT, SYN-RECEIVED, ESTABLISHED, FIN-WAIT-1, FIN-WAIT-2, CLOSE-

WAIT, CLOSING, LAST-ACK, TIME-WAIT, CLOSED.
i) What is full duplex communication?
Full duplex allows simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., telephone calls), where
both devices can send and receive data at the same time.

j) Write the registered ports.

Registered ports range from 1024 to 49151 (e.g., port 3306 for MySQL).

Q2) Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Note on BSS (Basic Service Set).

A BSS is a group of wireless devices connected to a single access point (AP) in a Wi-Fi
network. It forms the basic unit of a wireless LAN.

b) Layers in the TCP/IP reference model.

1. Application Layer (HTTP, FTP)

2. Transport Layer (TCP, UDP)

3. Internet Layer (IP)

4. Link Layer (Ethernet, Wi-Fi)

c) NetID & Host ID of IP address 117.149.29.4.

• Class A address (117 in 1–126 range).

• NetID: 117.0.0.0

• Host ID: 0.149.29.4

d) Two sub-layers of the Data Link Layer.

1. Logical Link Control (LLC): Error checking and flow control.

2. Media Access Control (MAC): Addressing and channel access.

e) Control bits/flags in TCP segment.

• URG: Urgent data

• ACK: Acknowledgment

• PSH: Push buffered data

• RST: Reset connection

 • SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers

• FIN: Terminate connection

Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following:

a) Propagation time for a 2.5 Kbyte message.

• Message size: 2.5 KB = 20,480 bits.

• Transmission time: 20,4801×109≈0.000020481×10920,480≈0.00002048 seconds.

• Propagation time: 12,000,0002.4×108=0.052.4×10812,000,000=0.05 seconds.

• Total time: 0.05+0.00002048≈0.050020.05+0.00002048≈0.05002 seconds.

b) Design issues of the Data Link Layer.

• Framing: Defining packet boundaries.

• Error Control: CRC checks.

• Flow Control: Sliding window protocol.

• Media Access: Managing shared channels (e.g., CSMA).

c) Main properties of routing.

• Correctness: Accurate path determination.

• Efficiency: Minimal delay.

• Robustness: Handling link failures.

• Scalability: Supporting network growth.

Q4) Attempt any TWO of the following:

a) TCP vs UDP

TCP UDP

Connection-oriented Connectionless

Reliable (retransmits lost packets) Unreliable (no retransmission)

TCP UDP

Flow control and error checking No flow control

Slower (e.g., web browsing) Faster (e.g., streaming)

b) Sliding window in TCP

• Allows multiple packets to be sent without waiting for individual ACKs.

• Window size adjusts based on receiver’s buffer capacity to prevent overflow.

c) IPv6 base header format

• Fields: Version (4 bits), Traffic Class (8 bits), Flow Label (20 bits), Payload Length (16
bits), Next Header (8 bits), Hop Limit (8 bits), Source Address (128 bits), Destination
Address (128 bits).

Q5) Attempt any ONE of the following:

a) Bus Topology

• All devices share a single backbone cable (bus).

• Data is broadcasted; devices check if the data is addressed to them.

• Advantages: Low cost, simple setup.

• Disadvantages: Single point of failure; performance degrades with heavy traffic.

b) IPv4 vs IPv6

IPv4 IPv6

32-bit address (4.3 billion addresses) 128-bit address (3.4×10³⁸ addresses)

Header includes checksum No header checksum

NAT required for address conservation No NAT needed

Fragmentation by sender/router Fragmentation by sender only

No built-in security IPSec mandatory

Q1) Attempt any Five:

a) Use of UART in communication:
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) facilitates serial communication
between devices by converting parallel data to serial for transmission and vice versa. It
enables asynchronous communication (no shared clock) between microcontrollers,
sensors, and peripherals.

b) Flexibility in SOCs:
Flexibility in System-on-Chip (SoC) refers to the ability to integrate customizable
components (e.g., CPU, GPU, I/O) on a single chip, allowing adaptation for diverse
applications like IoT, smartphones, or embedded systems.

c) Role of watchdog module in SOCs:

The watchdog module monitors system operation. If the software fails to reset the
watchdog timer periodically (indicating a hang/crash), it triggers a system reset to ensure
reliability.

d) Use of print str[o] in Python:

Likely a typo. If o is a variable, it prints the character at index o in string str. If intended
as str[0], it prints the first character.

e) Two standard Python datatypes:

1. Integer (int)

2. List (list)

f) Use of GPIO.cleanup():
Resets Raspberry Pi GPIO pins to default input mode, preventing accidental short circuits
or damage after program execution.

Q2) Answer the following:

a) Embedded System Layout:

An embedded system comprises:

• Microcontroller/Processor (core unit).

• Memory (RAM/ROM for data and code).

• Input/Output Interfaces (GPIO, ADC, DAC).

• Communication Modules (UART, SPI, I2C).

• Power Supply.
Diagram Flow:

Copy

[Microcontroller] ↔ [Memory] ↔ [I/O Interfaces] ↔ [Sensors/Actuators]

[Communication Modules]

b) PIR Sensor Interfacing with Raspberry Pi:

Circuit Diagram:

• PIR Sensor Pins:

o VCC → Raspberry Pi 5V.

o GND → Raspberry Pi GND.

o OUT → GPIO17 (BCM numbering).

Python Program:

python

Copy

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

PIR_PIN = 17

GPIO.setup(PIR_PIN, GPIO.IN)

try:

while True:

if GPIO.input(PIR_PIN):

print("Motion Detected!")

time.sleep(0.1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:

GPIO.cleanup()

Q3) Answer the following:

a) Branch Prediction and Folding:

• Branch Prediction: CPU predicts the outcome of conditional branches

(e.g., if statements) to preload instructions, reducing pipeline stalls.

• Folding: Merging multiple instructions into a single operation to optimize execution

(e.g., combining arithmetic and load operations).

b) Assignment Operators in Python:

1. = (Assign)

2. += (Add and assign)

3. -= (Subtract and assign)

4. *= (Multiply and assign)

Multiplication Program:

python

Copy

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

print("Product:", a * b)

Q4) Answer the following:

a) Library Functions:

• print(tuple[0]): Prints the first element of the tuple.

• dict(d): Converts iterable d (e.g., list of key-value pairs) into a dictionary.

• time(): Returns current time in seconds since epoch (requires import time).
b) LCD Interfacing with Raspberry Pi:
Circuit Diagram (16x2 LCD):

• LCD Pins:

o VSS, VDD, VO → GND, 5V, Potentiometer (contrast).

o RS, E → GPIO26, GPIO19.

o D4-D7 → GPIO13, GPIO6, GPIO5, GPIO11.

o R/W → GND (write mode).

Python Code (using RPLCD library):

python

Copy

from RPLCD import CharLCD

lcd = CharLCD(cols=16, rows=2, pin_rs=26, pin_e=19, pins_data=[13,6,5,11])

lcd.write_string("Hello, World!")

Q5) Short Notes (Any Four):

a) SOC (System on Chip):

Integrates CPU, GPU, RAM, I/O, and peripherals on a single chip. Used in smartphones and
IoT devices for compact design and low power consumption.

b) Microcontroller:
A self-contained system with processor, memory, and I/O, designed for embedded
applications (e.g., Arduino, PIC).

c) Digital Signal Processors (DSPs):

Specialized processors optimized for real-time signal processing (e.g., audio, video). Use
parallel architectures for fast FFT and filtering.

d) Network on a Chip (NoC):

A scalable on-chip communication architecture using routers and packet-switching to
connect multiple cores, enhancing performance in multi-core systems.
e) NOOBS (New Out Of Box Software):
Simplifies OS installation on Raspberry Pi by providing a menu-driven interface to
download and install OSes like Raspbian.

f) Bluetooth Module:
Enables wireless communication (2.4 GHz) between devices. Used in IoT, headphones, and
smart home devices (e.g., HC-05 module).

Wireless communication and iots

Q1) Answer the following (any Five):

a) Handoff:
Handoff is the process where a mobile device switches between network cells (e.g., from
one base station to another) without disrupting the ongoing call or data session.

b) Scalability of IoT:
Scalability in IoT refers to the system’s ability to efficiently support an increasing number of
devices, data volume, and services without degrading performance.

c) Applications of IoT:

1. Smart home automation (e.g., smart lights, thermostats).

2. Industrial IoT for predictive maintenance and asset tracking.

d) GPS:
Global Positioning System.

e) Full forms:

• IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service.

• SaaS: Software as a Service.

f) RFID System Elements:

1. RFID Tags

2. RFID Reader

3. Antenna

4. Software/Backend System

Q2) Answer the following:

a) GPS Architecture
Components:

1. Space Segment: Satellites (24+ in orbit).

2. Control Segment: Ground stations (monitor and control satellites).

3. User Segment: GPS receivers (devices that calculate location).

Diagram:

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[Satellites] → [Ground Control Stations] → [User Receivers]

Labeled Diagram Note: Satellites transmit signals; ground stations correct satellite data;
receivers compute position using trilateration.

b) Zigbee vs Bluetooth

Zigbee Bluetooth

Low power, long range (100m). Short range (10m), higher power.

Mesh networking. Star topology.

Used in smart homes/industrial IoT. Used for audio streaming, file transfer.

250 kbps data rate. Up to 3 Mbps (Bluetooth 5).

Q3) Answer the following:

a) Mobile Handset Block Diagram

Blocks:

1. RF Module: Handles signal transmission/reception (antenna, amplifier).

2. Baseband Processor: Manages call setup, data encoding.

3. Application Processor: Runs OS and apps (e.g., Android).

4. Memory: Stores data and OS.

5. User Interface: Screen, keypad, microphone.

Functions:

• RF Module: Converts digital signals to radio waves for transmission.

• Application Processor: Executes apps like messaging, browsing.

b) Zigbee Architecture Layers

1. Physical Layer (PHY): Manages signal transmission (2.4 GHz band).

2. MAC Layer: Controls channel access and data framing.

 3. Network Layer: Handles routing in mesh networks.

4. Application Layer: Supports device-specific functionalities (e.g., smart lighting).

Q4) Answer the following:

a) M2M vs IoT

M2M IoT

Direct machine-to-machine communication. Connects devices via the internet.

Uses closed, proprietary networks. Uses open IP-based networks.

Limited scalability. Highly scalable with cloud integration.

b) Smart City IoT System

Block Diagram:

Copy

[Sensors (Traffic, Air Quality)] → [IoT Gateway] → [Cloud Server] → [Control Center]

Explanation:
Sensors collect real-time data (e.g., traffic flow), transmitted via gateways to the cloud.
Analytics platforms process data to optimize city services (e.g., traffic lights, waste
management).

Q5) Short Notes (Any Four):

a) VLR in GSM NSS

VLR (Visitor Location Register) temporarily stores data of roaming users in a GSM network,
enabling call routing and authentication without querying the HLR constantly.

b) Private Cloud
A dedicated cloud infrastructure for a single organization, offering enhanced security and
control (e.g., hosted on-premises or by a third party).

c) Zigbee Mesh Topology

Devices relay data through neighboring nodes, creating self-healing networks. Ideal for
large-area coverage (e.g., smart lighting in buildings).

d) Z-Wave Features
 • Low-power, sub-1 GHz frequency.

• Supports 232 devices per network.

• Secure AES-128 encryption.

e) Secure IoT Connectivity

Uses protocols like TLS/SSL, MQTT with encryption, and device authentication (e.g.,
certificates) to protect data in transit.

f) 4G-LTE
4G Long-Term Evolution offers high-speed wireless communication (up to 100 Mbps) with
low latency, enabling mobile broadband, video streaming, and IoT applications.
Q1) Attempt any ONE of the following:

a) Comment on the appropriateness of the title of the poem La Belle Dame sans Merci.
John Keats’ La Belle Dame sans Merci (French for “The Beautiful Lady Without Mercy”) is a
ballad that explores themes of enchantment and peril. The title is apt as it encapsulates
the poem’s central conflict: the knight’s entrapment by a captivating yet cruel woman. The
French phrasing evokes medieval romance, aligning with the chivalric setting. “Sans merci”
underscores the lady’s mercilessness, contrasting her beauty with her destructive power.
The knight’s plight—described as “alone and palely loitering”—reflects how her allure
leads to his ruin. The title thus foreshadows the tragic irony of beauty intertwined with
danger, making it both evocative and thematically precise.

OR

b) How does the author deal with the idea of death and memory in A Shadow?
In A Shadow by Hans Christian Andersen, death and memory intertwine through the
metaphor of a sentient shadow. The protagonist’s shadow gains autonomy, symbolizing
how memories persist beyond death. When the shadow usurps the man’s identity, it
reflects memory’s power to dominate the living. The man’s eventual death leaves his
shadow thriving, illustrating how memories of the deceased can overshadow reality. The
story suggests that death does not erase presence; instead, memories become haunting
legacies. Andersen uses the shadow to critique the lingering grip of the past, showing how
unresolved memories can consume and control life.

Q2) Attempt any TWO of the following:

a) Rahul apologizes to the teacher for late project submission:

Rahul: “Ma’am, I’m deeply sorry for not submitting the project on time. My grandmother
was hospitalized, and I couldn’t complete it. I’ll submit it by tomorrow.”
Teacher: “I’m sorry to hear that, Rahul. Family comes first, but ensure you meet deadlines
in the future. Submit it tomorrow without fail.”

b) Renuka asks for leave, but her boss refuses:

Renuka: “Sir, I need a day off tomorrow for my sister’s wedding. Can I take leave?”
Boss: “Renuka, we’re swamped with the client’s deadline. Can you attend virtually? We’ll
compensate with a day off next week.”
c) Priti introduces Shital to her father:
Priti: “Dad, this is my friend Shital. We’re in the same robotics club!”
Father: “Nice to meet you, Shital! Priti’s told me about your project. How’s it going?”
Shital: “Great, Uncle! We’re testing the prototype this week.”

Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following:

a) Role of Visual Aids in Presentations:

Visual aids like graphs, slides, and videos enhance clarity and engagement. They simplify
complex data, maintain audience focus, and improve retention. For example, a pie chart
can instantly convey statistical trends, while images evoke emotional responses, making
presentations memorable.

b) Group Discussion (GD):

A GD is a structured conversation where participants discuss a topic to exchange ideas,
solve problems, or reach consensus. Key skills include active listening, logical
argumentation, and respect for diverse viewpoints. It assesses teamwork, communication,
and critical thinking.

c) Resume for Lab Assistant Post:

John Doe
Email: [email protected] | Phone: (123) 456-7890
Objective: Detail-oriented Biology graduate seeking to leverage lab skills in assisting
research.
Education: B.Sc. Biology, XYZ University (2023).
Skills:

• Proficient in microscopy, PCR, and sterile techniques.

• Knowledge of lab safety protocols.

• Data recording and analysis.

Experience: Lab Intern, ABC Labs (2022): Prepared samples, maintained
equipment.
References: Available on request.