With reference to SDGs, which of the following statements is/are correct?A.

The Global Goals are a

universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity.B. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, was adopted by all United Nations Member
States in 2015.

A) A only

B) B only

C) Both A and B

D) Neither A nor B

ANSWER: C

Consider the following statements, which of these statements is/are correct?A. SDGs apply to all
countriesB. It applies for developing countries only

A) A only

B) B only

C) Both A and B

D) Neither A nor B

ANSWER: A

Which SDG focuses on Responsible Consumption and Production?

A) SDG 9

B) SDG 11

C) SDG 12

D) SDG 14

ANSWER: C

Which SDG focuses on Life Above Water?

A) SDG 6

B) SDG 14

C) SDG 15

D) None of them

ANSWER: D

Which SDG focuses on Life On Land?

A) SDG 13
B) SDG 14

C) SDG 15

D) SDG 11

ANSWER: C

Which SDG is represented by the Book and Pen icon?

A) SDG 3

B) SDG 4

C) SDG 6

D) SDG 7

ANSWER: B

Which SDG is represented by the icon of three interconnected gears?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 12

D) SDG 16

ANSWER: B

Which SDG is represented by the icon of a dove carrying an olive branch?

A) SDG 13

B) SDG 14

C) SDG 15

D) SDG 16

ANSWER: D

SDG Index was released by:

A) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

B) World Economic Forum (WEF)

C) Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN)

D) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

ANSWER: C

Who is responsible for achieving the SDGs?

A) 193 UN Member States that committed to doing so

B) Everyday citizens, and non-profit organizations

C) Government, and for-profit organizations

D) All of them

ANSWER: D

What are the five basic principles that feed into all SDGs?

A) Poverty, Pollution, Profit, Positivity, and planet

B) Partnering, for People, Planet, Prosperity, and Peace

C) Education, Hunger reduction, Equality, Environment, and Infrastructure

D) None of them

ANSWER: B

What does the 3 Es principle stand for?

A) Economy, Environment, Equity

B) Economy, Environment, Equality

C) Economy, Ecology, Equity

D) Economist, Environment, Equity

ANSWER: A

"In the Wedding Cake Model of sustainable development, which layer includes SDG 6?"

A) Biosphere

B) Society

C) Economy

D) None of them

ANSWER: A

"In the Wedding Cake Model of sustainable development, which layer includes SDG 7?"

A) Biosphere

B) Society

C) Economy

D) None of them

ANSWER: B
"In the Wedding Cake Model of sustainable development, which layer includes SDG 16?"

A) Biosphere

B) Society

C) Economy

D) None of them

ANSWER: B

"In the Wedding Cake Model of sustainable development, which layer includes SDG 10?"

A) Biosphere

B) Society

C) Economy

D) None of them

ANSWER: C

In terms of the 'Systemic Hierarchy of SDGs' as defined by the Stockholm Resilience Centre, which
foundation includes SDG 7?

A) Environmental foundation

B) Social foundation

C) Economic foundation

D) None of them

ANSWER: B

According to the Stockholm Resilience Center (SRC), which outlines another way of viewing the SDGs,
what is the most important level?

A) Partnerships

B) Economy

C) Biosphere

D) Society

ANSWER: C

Which three aspects must be balanced to achieve sustainable development?

A) Social, political and technological.

B) Social, economic, and environmental

C) Technological, economic, and political

D) Technological, political, and environmental

ANSWER: B

If we examine the four kinds of sustainability, which kind matches the following definition? “It consists of
preserving biodiversity without foregoing economic and social progress”.

A) Environmental

B) Social

C) Economic

D) Political

ANSWER: A

In which year were the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nation?

A) 2013

B) 2014

C) 2015

D) 2016

ANSWER: C

How many SDGs and associated targets were agreed upon under the Agenda 2030?

A) 17 SDGs and 17 targets

B) 17 SDGs and 169 targets

C) 20 SDGs and 20 targets

D) 20 SDGs and 169 targets

ANSWER: B

Which of the following statements provides the correct understanding of the interlinkages between the
SDGs?

A) There are only positive interactions between the SDGs

B) The SDGs are interlinked with both positive interactions and trade-offs

C) Fulfilling one goal of the 17 SDGs cancels the fulfilling of other goals

ANSWER: B

Which of the following is an example of a “pull” factor in the achievement of sustainable development?
A) NGOs (Non-governmental organizations)

B) Companies

C) Governments

D) Civil society groups

ANSWER: B

Which is the definition of sustainability?

A) The quality of being able to continue over a period of time

B) The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level

C) The quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby
supporting long-term ecological balance

D) All options are correct

ANSWER: D

Fish stock, timber, coal, and water are called ______ goods?

A) private

B) common

C) social

D) public

ANSWER: B

In which of the following years did the SDGs come into force?

A) 2013

B) 2014

C) 2015

D) 2016

ANSWER: D

Complete this sentence: "_______ refers to the three central factors in measuring the sustainability and
societal impact of an investment in a company or business."

A) MDG

B) SDG

C) ESG
D) CSR

ANSWER: C

Complete this sentence: "The ________ are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all."

A) MDGs

B) SDGs

C) ESGs

D) CSRs

ANSWER: B

Which kind of growth refers to 'economic growth that ensures fair distribution of benefits across all
segments of society, reducing inequality and promoting social inclusion'?

A) Green growth

B) Inclusive growth

C) Sustainable growth

D) No option is correct

ANSWER: B

Sustainable development is not only related to three (economic, social, environmental) but involves four
complex interacting systems, with the fourth factor in the four pillars of sustainable development being:

A) Good governance

B) Culture

C) Technology

D) Ethics

ANSWER: A

The relationship between the pillars of sustainable development is:

A) Both are correct

B) None is correct

C) Interdependence

D) Mutual reinforcement

ANSWER: A

The overall relationships among the SDGs includes:

A) All are correct

B) Positive relationships

C) Negative relationships

D) Neutral relationships

ANSWER: A

Which of the following statements is NOT a limitation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

A) Because the MDGs did not focus on wicked problems.

B) Because of lacking ambition to act as a catalyst for progress.

C) Because of 'means-poor goals', the MDGs are relatively vague and lack clear indicators.

D) Because of lacking of solid analytical reasons for selecting these goals and excluding others.

ANSWER: A

Most sustainable development issues are wicked problems because:

A) There is incomplete knowledge about the issue, conflicting perspectives, and no definitive right or
wrong solutions.

B) They are predictable.

C) They are quantitative.

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: A

How are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) described in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development?

A) They are universal, applicable to all countries, and respect national contexts.

B) They are goals applied in some countries.

C) They are a collection of mandatory and international development models.

D) They are standalone goals that need to be implemented individually, one goal at a time, by each
country.

ANSWER: A

Which of the following is NOT part of a Sustainable Development Goal?

A) Profit maximization and cheap labor

B) Decent work and economic growth

C) Industry, innovation and infrastructure

D) Clean and affordable energy

ANSWER: A

The SDGs comprise of ______________________.

A) 17 Goals and 149 Targets

B) 16 Goals and 169 Targets

C) 17 Goals and 169 Targets

D) 18 Goals and 179 Targets

ANSWER: C

The 5 Ps principles of the Sustainable Development Goals do not include:

A) Power

B) Planet

C) People

D) Peace

ANSWER: A

Among the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which one is a completely new goal not
addressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

A) SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

B) SDG 5: Gender inequality

C) SDG 13: Climate action

D) SDG 4: Quality education

ANSWER: A

Which goal does not appear in the SDGs? The global fight against ______.

A) Hunger

B) Poverty

C) Climate change

D) Aliens

ANSWER: D

The concept of sustainable development in the Brundtland Report of 1987 emphasized the viewpoint of:

A) Intergeneration
B) Fast economic growth

C) Environmental protection

D) Democracy

ANSWER: A

In the societal triangulation model, the three main actors/stakeholders are:

A) Market, government, civil society

B) Police, military, legal system

C) Executive, legislature, judiciary

D) Public sector, private sector, foreign sector

ANSWER: A

The fundamental goals of sustainable development do not include:

A) Military power

B) Economic prosperity

C) Social inclusion and cohesion

D) Environmental sustainability

ANSWER: A

How many countries have signed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?

A) 185

B) 191

C) 192

D) 193

ANSWER: D

What is the third goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?

A) End Poverty

B) Zero Hunger

C) Good Health & Well-being

D) Gender Equality

ANSWER: C

What is the second goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?

A) End Poverty

B) Zero Hunger

C) Good Health & Well-being

D) Gender Equality

ANSWER: B

What is the eighth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals?

A) Clean Water & Sanitation

B) Affordable & Clean Energy

C) Decent Work & Economic Growth

D) Reduced Inequalities

ANSWER: C

What does the acronym “SCP” stand for?

A) Sustainable Carbon Policy

B) Sustainable Consumption and Production

C) Sustainable Country Partnerships

D) Sustainable Consumption Policies

ANSWER: B

What is the approximate pay gap between men and women across all regions?

A) 6%

B) 15%

C) 23%

D) 32%

ANSWER: C

In terms of economic growth, which countries are leading the transition towards renewable energies
around the world?

A) China, India and Korea

B) United States, Germany and Japan

C) China, United States and Japan

ANSWER: C
What is green GDP?

A) A measure consisting solely of sustainable activities such as construction of windmills

B) An attempt to calculate the costs of Agenda 2030 for each country

C) An attempt to account for the effects of economic activity on the environment

ANSWER: C

How would the reconstruction of buildings and roads after a natural disaster affect the GDP?

A) Nothing happens to GDP, since reconstruction of buildings and infrastructure will add no new value

B) For a while it would increase GDP, because the reconstruction creates economic activity

C) GDP would decrease because of the costs to reconstruct

ANSWER: B

According to Kate Raworth, which of the following is the correct assessment of the statement:
“Inequality is inevitable when you have growth”?

A) Inequality is an outcome of the economic institutions that we have created

B) Wealth need to be concentrated in the hands of the wealthy in order to kick-start growth in the
economy

C) The Kuznets Curve support this statement emphasizing that it has to get worse, before it can get
better

ANSWER: A

How much of all household wealth does the 1% wealthiest of the global population own (today, in
2022)?

A) About 30% of all household wealth

B) About 40% of all household wealth

C) About 50% of all household wealth

D) About 60% of all household wealth

ANSWER: B

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), how many new jobs need to be created by
2030 to keep pace with the growth of the working age population?

A) 100 Million

B) 300 Million

C) 600 Million
D) 900 Million

ANSWER: C

What are the ways in which one can remain committed to a sustainable lifestyle?

A) Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

B) Take shorter showers

C) All the above

D) Shop local

ANSWER: C

To become truly excellent at innovations, organizations need innovation drivers throughout every level.
What is an innovation driver?

A) An innovation leader who supports and encourages creativity and entrepreneurship.

B) A project manager who requires employees to be entrepreneurial.

C) An employee who leaves his job to start their own innovative business.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: A

How much of all household income does the top 10% of the global population own (today, in 2022)?

A) About 40% of all household income

B) About 50% of all household income

C) About 60% of all household income

D) About 70% of all household income

ANSWER: B

Which SDG refers to "Decent Work and Economic Growth"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: A

Which SDG refers to "Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure"?

A) SDG 8
B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: B

Which SDG refers to "Reduced inequalities"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: C

Which SDG refers to "Responsible Consumption and Production"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D

Which SDG includes a target focused on "improving resource efficiency in consumption and production"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: A

Complete this sentence: "Usage of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs worldwide would result in saving ______
Billion annually worldwide."

A) US$ 1.2

B) US$ 12

C) US$ 120

D) US$ 1200

ANSWER: C
What is the most important variable that influences workers' safety?

A) Wearing protective clothes all the time.

B) The leadership of the manager.

C) Safety consciousness of the workers.

ANSWER: B

Which SDG includes a target focused on "promoting sustainable tourism"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: A

Which SDG includes a target focused on "increasing access of SMEs to financial services and markets"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: B

Which SDG includes a target focused on "adopting policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection
policies, and progressively achieve greater"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: C

Which SDG includes a target focused on "ensuring enhanced representation and voice for developing
countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to
deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10
D) SDG 12

ANSWER: C

Which SDG includes a target focused on "halving global food waste and reduce supply chain losses by
2030"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D

Which SDG includes a target focused on "achieving sustainable management and efficient use of natural
resources by 2030"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D

Which SDG includes a target focused on "promoting sustainable public procurement practices"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D

Which SDG includes a target focused on "ensuring people have information and awareness for
sustainable lifestyles by 2030"?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D
Which SDG calls for governments to develop and fund programs that enhance skills and vocational
training to improve employability and economic opportunities?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: A

Which SDG calls for businesses to design products and processes to minimize waste and maximize
resource reuse and recycling?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: D

What does “Sustainable Consumption and Production” include?

A) Doing More and Better With Less.

B) Decoupling Economic Growth from Environmental Degradation.

C) Increasing Resource Efficiency and Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

Prevention-focused managers ......

A) Try to achieve their goals by avoiding obstacles that could cause accidents.

B) Are better transformational leaders with respect to safety.

C) Have happier workers and fewer accidents on the work floor.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

Which SDG calls for individuals to use products and services from local startups and innovative
businesses?

A) SDG 8

B) SDG 9
C) SDG 10

D) SDG 12

ANSWER: B

Which of the following statements best describes "inclusive growth"?

A) Economic growth that creates numerous job opportunities across various promising sectors.

B) Economic growth where investors become increasingly wealthy from key industries.

C) Economic growth that helps reduce poverty.

D) Economic growth ensures that the benefits of economic development are shared widely and
equitably among all members of society, reducing inequalities and promoting overall well-being.

ANSWER: D

The economic growth model that integrates all three main pillars (economic, social, and environmental)
of sustainable development is called _________.

A) Green growth

B) Circular growth

C) Inclusive growth

D) Inclusive green growth

ANSWER: D

The GINI index is commonly used to measure ________.

A) income inequality

B) social inequality

C) horizontal inequality

D) gender inequality

ANSWER: A

When the GINI coefficient value is larger (approaching 1), it means ______________.

A) less income inequality within a population

B) greater income inequality within a population

C) less income equity within a population

D) greater income equity within a population

ANSWER: B
To assess the level of inequality in income distribution, which of the following coefficients is used?

A) GINI

B) HDI

C) MPI

D) FGT

ANSWER: A

Which measure is commonly used to express the average income of one person in a country?

A) PPP per capita

B) GDP per capita

C) CPI per capita

D) HDI per capita

ANSWER: B

Circular economy ________________.

A) considers waste as central and waste as a resource

B) has only one approach, which is the product design

C) focuses on waste incineration

D) lacks fundamental principles and merely aims to improve

ANSWER: A

Which of the following characteristics is true of the circular economy?

A) Take – Make – Use – Dispose

B) Produce – Use – Recycle – Replace

C) Produce – Use – Reuse – Recover – Recycle – Replenish

D) Reduce – Reuse – Recycle

ANSWER: C

In the economic aspect of sustainable development, which actor plays the key role?

A) Government/Public sector

B) Business/Private sector

C) Civil society/Household sector

D) Partnerships among actors

ANSWER: D

What is the main barrier to more sustainable consumer choices, such as artificial meat or recycled
water?

A) They don’t taste good

B) Negative emotional reactions such as disgust

C) Such products contain less nutritional value

ANSWER: B

Which of the following is NOT a target of SDG 8: “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all”?

A) Sustainable economic growth

B) Increase aid for trade support

C) Improve resource efficiency in consumption and production

D) Increase access to financial services and markets

ANSWER: D

How does an electronic company often drive the transition to a circular economy?

A) By adopting innovative business models and maximizing the lifetime value of products and services.

B) By aiming to have X per cent of their total sales from circular products and services by a certain year in
the future.

C) By using recycled materials in manufacturing and by refurbishing used products.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

Complete this sentence: "The fight against poverty _______________________."

A) is the ultimate goal of the 2030 Agenda

B) is not a prerequisite for sustainable development

C) has already been achieved to a large extent

ANSWER: A

What best defines a living wage?

A) It’s an income that enables people to live in a luxurious apartment in a big city.

B) It’s an income level that is sufficient to pay for food, housing, healthcare, education and other
necessities.
C) It’s an income that is equal to the minimum wage.

ANSWER: B

How can financial institutions help farmers to cope with price volatility?

A) Providing access to finance

B) Providing insurance and other risk management tools

C) Investing in rural infrastructure and agricultural research

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

How can businesses (especially in Coffee and Chocolate industries) make slavery-free production the
norm in the industry?

A) Putting a ‘slavery-free’ label on their products.

B) Funding charities to alleviate poverty.

C) Spending more money for their CSR activities.

D) Raising awareness, leading by example and inspiring others to act.

ANSWER: D

What innovative technological solutions can make cities more sustainable?

A) Sharing transportation platforms for bicycles or cars.

B) Digital apps to tailor public transport schedules to citizen’s needs.

C) Selling excess solar energy to neighbours.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

How does SDG 4: Quality Education support employment?

A) Education is a fundamental human right.

B) Education reduces the mismatch between a person's skills and job vacancies.

C) Education reduces inequalities and leads to better health and nutrition.

ANSWER: B

What is the main consequence of gender inequality for companies?

A) It ensures that women are protected and safe in the workplace.

B) It leads to more profits, as men can do certain difficult jobs better.

C) There is a loss of talent, because women are as intelligent and ambitious as men.

ANSWER: C

To which of the five current crises does the sentence “By 2030, the global poverty rate could reach
around 7%” correspond?

A) Economic

B) Sanitary

C) Political

D) Social

ANSWER: D

What are the causes of population growth, according to the United Nations?

A) Food security and biodiversity loss.

B) Fertility rates, increased longevity and international migration.

C) Over-exploitation of resources, migration and food security.

ANSWER: B

The Executive summary of the ICSU report highlights an analysis of GOAL 2 and the key interactions with
other goals. Which of the statements below best describes how agricultural production is related to
GOAL 13 on climate change?

A) Sustainable agricultural practices play an important role in climate adaptation and mitigation

B) There are no interactions between Goal 2 and Goal 13, because there are no greenhouse gas
emissions related to agricultural production

C) There is a positive relation, because the impacts of climate change such as extreme weather events
will enable more agricultural production

ANSWER: A

What makes a “livable” city?

A) Close to work; easy to get around

B) Affordable housing; plenty of things to do

C) Access to nutritious (and affordable) food; healthy environment

D) Socially and emotionally inclusive

E) All are correct.

ANSWER: E
Which statement is true?

A) Compared to 1990, 1.1 billion people have escaped extreme poverty, according to the UN.

B) Extreme poverty has been increasing year by year since then.

C) Extreme poverty has only existed in the Global South since then.

ANSWER: A

What does the Global Livability Index primarily measure?

A) The economic growth rate of cities worldwide.

B) The quality of life and overall livability of cities based on factors such as stability, healthcare, culture,
environment, and education.

C) The number of international tourists visiting cities each year.

D) The average cost of living in different cities around the world.

ANSWER: B

What does LEED Certification primarily focus on?

A) Measuring the profitability of commercial buildings.

B) Evaluating the aesthetic design of architectural structures.

C) Recognizing buildings and projects that meet high standards of environmental performance and
sustainability.

D) Assessing the historical significance of building structures.

ANSWER: C

What is a primary characteristic of industrial agriculture?

A) Emphasis on small-scale, organic farming practices that prioritize biodiversity.

B) Use of advanced technology, large-scale production, and monocultures to maximize crop yields and
efficiency.

C) Focus on traditional farming techniques with minimal use of modern machinery or synthetic inputs.

D) Reliance on local, seasonal produce and diversified farming systems to maintain soil health.

ANSWER: B

For which activity did the economist Muhammad Yunus from Bangladesh receive the Nobel Peace Prize
in 2006?

A) Popularising microcredits.

B) Succeeding in halving extreme poverty in Bangladesh.

C) Convincing his rich compatriots to share their wealth with the poor.

ANSWER: A

Complete this sentence: "______________ focuses on improving the health of soil, which has been
degraded by the use of heavy machinery, fertilizers and pesticides in intensive farming."

A) Regenerative agriculture

B) Organic agriculture

C) Industrial agriculture

D) Agroforestry

ANSWER: A

Complete this sentence: "______________ is a farming method that uses natural fertilizers such as
compost and manure and avoids all synthetic inputs."

A) Regenerative agriculture

B) Organic agriculture

C) Industrial agriculture

D) Agroforestry

ANSWER: B

Which index reflects the theory of absolute poverty?

A) Head count/MPI

B) GINI

C) GII

D) HDI

ANSWER: A

Income poverty is closely related to _______ poverty (poor health and low education levels) and is
accompanied by _______ poverty (vulnerability to adverse events such as illness, economic crises, and
natural disasters; lack of voice in society; inability to improve living conditions, etc.).

A) capital; environmental

B) human; social

C) cultural; political

D) economic; social

ANSWER: B
The Human Development Index (HDI) is evaluated based on the following aspects:

A) Education, Happiness, GDP per capita

B) Education, Life expectancy, GNI per capita

C) Education, Inequality, GNI per capita

D) Education, Life expectancy, GDP per capita

ANSWER: B

Complete this sentence: "The World Food Programme estimates the average daily energy requirement
for an adult at about 2,100 kilocalories. Extreme malnutrition and chronic hunger are said to exist at less
than _________."

A) 1200 kilocalories

B) 1400 kilocalories

C) 1600 kilocalories

D) 1800 kilocalories

ANSWER: B

Which of the following targets belongs to SDG 1: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere" in sustainable
development?

A) Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers

B) Reduce maternal mortality ratio

C) Increase the availability of early warning systems for global health risks

D) Implement global social protection systems

ANSWER: D

The Human Development Index (HDI) does not include:

A) Health/Life expectancy

B) Education/Schooling years

C) Income per capita/GNI per capita

D) Marital status/Divorce rate

ANSWER: D

The aspects of multidimensional poverty include:

A) Education, Life expectancy, Living wage

B) Nutrition, Education, Equality

C) Housing, Living standards, Employment

D) Health, Education, Living standards

ANSWER: D

Social aspect of sustainable development includes: _________.

A) SDG 1, SDG 2

B) SDG 3, SDG 4

C) SDG 5, SDG 11

D) All are correct

ANSWER: D

Which of the following targets does NOT belong to SDG 3: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages" in sustainable development?

A) Build resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters

B) Combat and eliminate infectious diseases

C) Prevent and treat substance abuse

D) Reduce morbidity and mortality from hazardous chemicals and pollution

ANSWER: A

Which of the following statements is related to SDG 3: "Health and well-being"?

A) By 2030, double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, including women and
marginalized groups.

B) By 2030, enhance international support for water and sanitation in developing countries, including
harvesting, desalination, efficiency, and recycling.

C) By 2030, achieve sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.

D) By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to below 70 per 100,000 live births.

ANSWER: D

Which of the following statements is correct about vulnerability?

A) Vulnerability encompasses a significant risk of severe future declines in well-being.

B) Certain socioeconomic groups are particularly more disadvantaged than others.

C) Vulnerable individuals are often more susceptible to changes when exposed to threats.

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: D
Which of the following targets belongs to SDG 5: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls" in sustainable development?

A) Ensure full participation of all individuals in leadership and decision-making processes.

B) Ensure equal opportunities and reduce inequalities of outcome by addressing discrimination.

C) Ensure that all people, particularly the most vulnerable, have access to essential services and
resources.

D) Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services.

ANSWER: A

What theory describes the relationship between economic growth and income inequality?

A) The Kuznets Curve theory

B) The Laffer Curve theory

C) The Environmental Kuznets Curve theory

D) The Yield Curve theory

ANSWER: A

Which index below measures the severity of poverty?

A) Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) Index

B) Human Development Index (HDI)

C) Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

D) Gini Coefficient

ANSWER: A

Complete this sentence: "Hunger is a problem of ________________________."

A) global food production

B) equitable distribution of food

C) the lack of knowledge about healthy nutrition

D) food politics

ANSWER: B

According to the sustainable development perspective, how is quality of life defined?

A) It is related to personal income and working environment.

B) It Includes good health, education, living environment, and social participation.

C) It is related to the consumption of luxury goods and services.

D) It is about traveling around the world, reading favorite books, and staying at comfortable hotels.

ANSWER: B

How many more teachers are needed to reach the goal of universal primary and secondary education by
2030?

A) 29 million

B) 49 million

C) 69 million

D) 89 million

ANSWER: C

Complete this sentence: "________________ region struggles the most with providing schools with
basic resources, such as electricity, internet and hygiene facilities."

A) Latin America and the Caribbean

B) Sub-Saharan Africa

C) South East Asia

D) Eastern Europe

ANSWER: B

Which country’s parliament has the highest number of women representatives?

A) Cuba

B) Brazil

C) Rwanda

D) UAE (United Arab Emirates)

ANSWER: C

Which among the following contributes the most to climate change?

A) Energy consumption

B) Deforestation

C) Agriculture

D) Construction

ANSWER: A
What proportion of people worldwide rely on forests for their subsistence needs, livelihoods,
employment, and income?

A) 15%

B) 25%

C) 35%

D) 45%

ANSWER: B

Fill in the blanks: "Human activity has altered nearly _____% of the earth’s surface."

A) 25

B) 50

C) 75

D) 100

ANSWER: C

What is the primary cause of climate change?

A) Increased volcanic activity that releases greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.

B) Human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.

C) Natural weather phenomena such as droughts and hurricanes.

ANSWER: B

Why would organizations want to invest in limiting climate change?

A) In the last four years, organizations leading action on climate change have financially outperformed
the global benchmark by 6%.

B) Operational improvements to reduce greenhouse gases can lead to vast cost reductions.

C) Operational improvements can lead to reduced dependency on natural resources.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

What are externalities?

A) Intended consequences of organizational actions that generate extra profit.

B) The consequences of an organization’s behavior that are not accounted for in the market prices.

C) Organization’s behavior in regards to external stakeholders such as partners and customers.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: B

How can society mitigate negative externalities of products such as pollutants?

A) Compensate with positive externalities, such as investing in education.

B) Suggest companies to donate to the non-profit organizations dealing with the pollution.

C) Tax the products that produce pollutants, thus approximating the true cost to society.

ANSWER: C

What is a Greenwashing?

A) Goods that are produced under sustainable environmental conditions.

B) Companies putting Fairtrade labels on their products.

C) Companies making false or unsubstantiated environmental claims.

ANSWER: C

How can we design and enforce effective sustainability standards?

A) By designing standards that incentivize adopters to engage in sustainable practices.

B) Accommodate specificities of local environmental contexts.

C) Precisely design and enforce criteria that are also flexible enough to reflect the diversity and dynamics
of local contexts.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

How can finance help sustainable development?

A) By increasing market prices of fossil fuels and energy from non-sustainable sources.

B) By donating to charities and non-profit organizations dealing with sustainable development.

C) By investing in sustainable opportunities while providing appropriate financial returns.

ANSWER: C

Who among the following is NOT the most vulnerable to the health risks caused by climate change?

A) Rural

B) Children

C) Elderly people

ANSWER: A
What are the measures taken by countries with respect to the Paris Agreement?

A) Solely mitigation measures

B) Solely adaptation measures

C) Mitigation and adaptation measures

ANSWER: C

Which sectors are most closely related to SDG 15 on the terrestrial ecosystems?

A) Health and education

B) Agri-food, energy and textiles

C) Construction and large cunsumption

ANSWER: B

Which statement best describes the concept of "decoupling" in the context of sustainable development?

A) Decoupling refers to the process of separating economic growth from environmental degradation.

B) Decoupling is the strategy of reducing economic growth to protect natural resources.

C) Decoupling involves increasing resource use in line with economic growth.

D) Decoupling is the practice of stopping all industrial activities to prevent pollution.

ANSWER: A

What does the term "resource curse" refer to?

A) A phenomenon where countries with abundant natural resources tend to have stronger and more
stable economies.

B) A situation where countries with abundant natural resources experience economic growth and high
levels of development.

C) A paradox where countries rich in natural resources often have less economic growth and poorer
development outcomes due to factors like corruption and conflict.

D) A strategy where countries deliberately avoid exploiting their natural resources to focus on
industrialization.

ANSWER: C

What does the term "Dutch disease" refer to in economics?

A) A situation where a country's manufacturing sector grows rapidly due to a boom in natural resource
exports.

B) A condition where the discovery of natural resources leads to a stronger currency, which negatively
impacts other export industries.
C) An economic strategy where countries diversify their exports to avoid reliance on a single resource.

D) A policy of heavily investing in the agricultural sector to boost economic growth.

ANSWER: B

What does the concept of the "Triple Bottom Line" refer to?

A) The practice of focusing solely on financial profits to measure a company's success.

B) A business approach that emphasizes environmental sustainability and reduces costs by minimizing
resource use.

C) The concept of measuring a company's success based on three factors: financial performance,
environmental impact, and social responsibility.

D) A framework that prioritizes rapid growth and expansion above all other considerations.

ANSWER: C

What is the primary purpose of implementing a carbon tax?

A) To generate revenue for government spending on environmental projects.

B) To penalize companies for making profits in carbon-intensive industries.

C) To provide subsidies to renewable energy companies.

D) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by making it more expensive to emit carbon dioxide, thereby
encouraging businesses and individuals to use cleaner energy sources.

ANSWER: D

Which of the following best defines a carbon tax?

A) A tax imposed on all natural resources to conserve the environment.

B) A tax levied on companies based on the amount of plastic waste they produce.

C) A tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels, aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

D) A tax that only applies to the automotive industry to reduce fuel consumption.

ANSWER: C

Which of the following best defines an Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) for carbon markets?

A) A system where companies receive unlimited free permits to emit carbon dioxide.

B) A market-based approach where companies can buy and sell allowances to emit a certain amount of
carbon dioxide, with a cap set on total emissions.

C) A regulation that forces all companies to completely eliminate carbon emissions by a fixed deadline.

D) A voluntary program where companies report their carbon emissions without any penalties.
ANSWER: B

Which of the following gases is responsible for the major effect on warming of the climate?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Methane

C) Nitrous oxide

ANSWER: A

What does a "Deposit-Refund System" in waste management entail?

A) A system where consumers pay a deposit on products and receive a refund when they return the
product for recycling or proper disposal.

B) A program where companies are required to pay a fee for each product they sell, which is used to
manage waste.

C) A method of waste management where consumers are charged additional taxes based on the amount
of waste they produce.

D) A scheme where producers are responsible for paying the cost of waste disposal without involving
consumer participation.

ANSWER: A

What is a Pigouvian tax?

A) A tax imposed on the income of individuals to reduce economic inequality.

B) A tax levied on goods and services to generate revenue for environmental projects.

C) A tax on activities that generate negative externalities, aimed at correcting market outcomes by
internalizing the social cost.

D) A tax on luxury items to discourage excessive consumption.

ANSWER: C

What is the path to Net Zero emissions?

A) Energy Efficiency: reduce energy consumption.

B) Electrification: convert oil and gas systems to electric.

C) Decarbonization: reduce or eliminate all sources of carbon emissions.

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: D

Where was the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference held in 2021?

A) Glasgow

B) Madrid

C) London

D) Amsterdam

ANSWER: A

Which one is not correct?

A) A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon emissions generated by the burning of fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas or oil).

B) The carbon tax is established by the government, and based on a $/ton of CO2 or CO2e. The more
GHG emissions generated, the greater the carbon tax.

C) The carbon tax incentivizes companies (and households) to reduce their carbon footprint.

D) As the carbon tax is often passed on to the consumer in a higher price for goods and services.
Therefore, it reduces incentives of companies to invest in new technology.

ANSWER: D

Which one is not correct about carbon taxes?

A) They are very effective at reducing emissions, including CO2 and other GHGs.

B) They mitigate the impact on climate change.

C) They encourage the transition to cleaner, zero-carbon energy sources.

D) Politicians are always interested in raising or creating new taxes, including carbon taxes.

ANSWER: D

Which one is not correct about the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)?

A) Emission caps are established by the government, which also determines the number of tradable
emission allowances.

B) Sources that proactively reduce their emissions end up with a surplus of allowances, which they can
sell on the carbon markets.

C) Sources that do little reduce their emissions end up having to purchase allowances, incurring an
additional cost (often passed on to consumers!)

D) Carbon markets only include ETS.

ANSWER: D

What theory describes the relationship between economic growth and environment?

A) The Environmental Kuznets Curve theory

B) Porter hypothesis

C) Hotelling’s rule

D) Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) theory

ANSWER: A

Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to protect the ozone layer?

A) SDG 7

B) SDG 14

C) SDG 13

D) SDG 15

ANSWER: C

Which of the following is not one of the five targets of SDG 7 "Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all" in sustainable development?

A) Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services

B) Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

C) Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds

D) Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

ANSWER: C

The description 'Ensure access to sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy for all' belongs to which
SDG among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A) SDG 7

B) SDG 9

C) SDG 13

D) SDG 14

ANSWER: A

The following indicators are commonly used to measure the environmental aspect of Sustainable
Development, except for?

A) Biodiversity index

B) Chemical use index

C) Global energy consumption index

D) Living planet index

ANSWER: B

Which of the following sectors is most directly and severely impacted by climate change?

A) Agriculture

B) Energy

C) Industry

D) Services

ANSWER: A

Where was the COP 28 UN Climate Change Conference held in 2023?

A) Dubai

B) Riyadh

C) New Delhi

D) Beijing

ANSWER: A

The two main sources of CO2 emissions are:

A) Cement and construction

B) Food and tourism

C) Petroleum and coal

D) Steel and natural gas

ANSWER: C

What percentage of carbon dioxide does the ocean absorb?

A) 15%

B) 30%

C) 45%

D) 60%

ANSWER: B

Oceans help produce what percentage of the Earth’s oxygen?

A) 10-30%

B) 20-40%

C) 50-80%
D) 70-90%

ANSWER: C

Fill in the blanks: "Oceans cover ____% of the Earth’s surface."

A) 51

B) 61

C) 71

D) 81

ANSWER: C

Fill in the blanks: "Over _____ billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their
livelihoods."

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

ANSWER: C

Which of the following statements stands correct for SDG 17?

A) SDG 17 recognizes multi-stakeholder partnerships as important vehicles for achieving the SDGs in all
countries, particularly developing countries.

B) It encourages and promotes effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships.

C) It builds on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

Which of the following best describes how corruption is addressed within ESG (Environmental, Social,
and Governance) criteria?

A) Corruption is solely addressed through environmental regulations and standards.

B) Corruption is managed by establishing clear anti-corruption policies and practices within the
governance framework.

C) Corruption is only addressed through financial reporting and auditing practices.

D) Corruption is not a concern within ESG criteria, as it focuses exclusively on environmental and social
factors.
ANSWER: B

How does SDG 16 address corruption at the firm level?

A) By promoting the development of renewable energy sources within companies.

B) By encouraging firms to implement robust anti-corruption measures and transparent practices.

C) By focusing solely on improving access to ethical education and training for employees.

D) By requiring firms to increase their sustainability report efforts.

ANSWER: B

What is a direct negative effect of corruption at the firm level according to SDG 16?

A) Reduced innovation and technological advancement.

B) Reduced corporate social responsibility and community engagement.

C) Reduced trust in institutions and increased operational inefficiencies.

D) Reduced financial performance and market competitiveness.

ANSWER: C

How does SDG 16 relate to justice at the firm level?

A) By promoting strict environmental regulations to enhance corporate accountability.

B) By ensuring that firms adopt transparent and fair practices in handling disputes and complaints.

C) By requiring companies to increase their investment in applied research and development for a better
world.

D) By encouraging firms to change from profit maximization to welfare maximization.

ANSWER: B

How does SDG 16 promote the development of inclusive economic institutions?

A) By encouraging exclusive business practices that favor large corporations over small enterprises.

B) By supporting the creation of economic institutions that provide equal opportunities, enhance
transparency, and ensure fair competition.

C) By focusing solely on increasing corporate profits regardless of social impact.

D) By increasing access to financial services and opportunities for marginalized communities.

ANSWER: B

What is a key characteristic of extractive economic institutions?

A) They promote broad and equitable distribution of wealth and resources across society.
B) They concentrate power and wealth in the hands of a few, often leading to inequality and limited
economic opportunities for the majority.

C) They focus on creating inclusive policies that support small businesses and entrepreneurship.

D) They encourage transparency and accountability in the management of public resources.

ANSWER: B

Who is responsible for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A) Governments

B) Corporations

C) Individuals

D) Everyone has a role to play in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

ANSWER: D

What is the reason for the necessity of partnerships in sustainable development?

A) A holistic approach is needed to address the complex issues of sustainable development.

B) Better utilization of resources and promotion of unified approaches.

C) Sustainable development encompasses multiple aspects: economic, social, environmental, and

institutional.

D) Most targets of the Global Goals are wicked problems.

E) All are correct.

ANSWER: E

According to the World Bank's WGI indicators, the key aspects of governance do not include:

A) Government effectiveness

B) Voice of local people and accountability

C) Corruption control

D) Military power

ANSWER: D

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that are directly related to the aspect of good
governance are:

A) SDGs 16, 17

B) SDGs 1, 2

C) SDGs 5, 10
D) SDGs 8, 12

ANSWER: A

The three aspects of SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions include _________.

A) Strong institutions, peace, justice

B) Laws, policies, regulations

C) Executive, legislature, judiciary

D) Transparency, accountability, impartiality

ANSWER: A

The participation of the people, diversity, and the rule of law belong to which of the following concepts?

A) Extractive economic institutions

B) Extractive political institutions

C) Inclusive political institutions

D) Inclusive economic institutions

ANSWER: C

SDG 16 (Peace, justice and strong institutions) includes:

A) Broadening and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global
governance.

B) Mobilizing financial resources for developing countries.

C) Promoting sustainable technology for developing countries.

D) Supporting developing countries to achieve debt sustainability.

ANSWER: A

Extractive economic institutions _____________.

A) are based on the legal framework

B) do not ensure property rights

C) create a level playing field for economic actors

D) support the functioning of the market economy

E) encourage innovation and advanced technological development

ANSWER: B

Why is SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions important to society?
A) Safe medicine is important in order to prevent microbial resistance.

B) In a safe environment, employees can produce more, thus economy grows.

C) Trust in safe and fair institutions is the basis for sustainable development.

ANSWER: C

Inclusive economic institutions ____________.

A) create a level playing field for economic actors

B) emphasize the role of centralized government management

C) create opportunities for the formation of monopolies

D) are based on social conduct rules/social norms

ANSWER: A

According to Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17), the key to achieving sustainable development
is ______.

A) Strengthening the management of natural resources.

B) Strengthening international cooperation and development funding.

C) Promoting cultural and linguistic diversity.

D) Strengthening border control and national security.

ANSWER: B

Good governance includes both the public sector and the ________ sector, particularly large
multinational corporations.

A) non-governmental

B) private

C) international

D) civil society

ANSWER: B

One of the principles of good governance is that parties must fulfill which of the following
responsibilities?

A) Accountability

B) Monitoring

C) Innovation

D) Citizenship
ANSWER: A

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inclusive economic institutions?

A) Dominant, well-functioning market system

B) The state supports the market system

C) A level playing field for all economic actors

D) Lack of or insufficient competition

ANSWER: D

"Enhancing the means of implementation and revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable
development" reflects the content of which SDG below?

A) SDG 16

B) SDG 17

C) SDG 10

D) SDG 5

ANSWER: B

What are the broad aims of SDG 17?

A) Finance: Mobilize financial resources for developing countries.

B) Technology: Promote the development and transfer of technologies.

C) Capacity-building: Enhance the capacity of developing countries.

D) All are correct.

E) Trade: Promote a universal, rules-based trading system.

F) Data Monitoring: Improve the availability and quality of data for monitoring progress.

G) Systemic Issues: Address systemic issues such as policy coherence and multi-stakeholder partnerships.

ANSWER: D

Complete this sentence: "The Pathfinders covers all targets for peaceful, just and inclusive societies,
linking the 12 targets from SDG16 to ______ targets from seven other goals that directly measure an
aspect of peace, justice or inclusion (SDG16+)."

A) 12

B) 16

C) 24

D) 36
ANSWER: C

According to SDG16+, Targets 4.5 (equal access to education), 5.1 (discrimination against women and
girls), 8.5 (equal pay), 8.8 (labor rights), and 10.4 (policies for greater equality) are elements of
________.

A) Just societies

B) Inclusive societies

C) Peaceful societies

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: A

According to SDG16+, Targets 4.A (education facilities), 5.2 (violence against women and girls), 5.3 (child
and forced marriage) 8.7 (forced labor, modern slavery), 10.7 (safe migration) and 11.7 (safe public
spaces) are elements of ________.

A) Just societies

B) Inclusive societies

C) Peaceful societies

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: C

What is essential for businesses to be able to achieving SDG16?

A) Provide sponsorship for higher courts and judges.

B) Teach their employees about international law and crime.

C) Public-private partnerships and contributing to reduction of corruption.

ANSWER: C

According to SDG16+, Targets 4.7 (promotion of global citizenship), 5.5 (women participation and
leadership), 10.2 (social, economic, political inclusion), 11.3 (inclusive urbanization), and 17.10
(equitable trade system) are elements of ________.

A) Just societies

B) Inclusive societies

C) Peaceful societies

D) All are correct.

ANSWER: C

What is a transformational partnership?

A) A partnership that develops new transformational value propositions.

B) A partnership between government and businesses.

C) A partnership based on a contract, one party is providing money to another party that delivers.

ANSWER: A

Successful transformational partnerships are focused on _________:

A) Shared vision and ambition between partners.

B) Pro-active engagement on board level based on guiding rather than directing.

C) Taking the time needed and providing sufficient resources to build the partnership.

D) All of the above

ANSWER: D

The framework of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Human Rights contains three pillars. What
are they?

A) Protect, respect and remedy

B) Assess, mitigate and prevent

C) Identify, evaluate and contrast

ANSWER: A

What’s the engine that makes a financial system work properly?

A) Liquidity and low default rates.

B) Minimizing risks and seeking opportunities.

C) Trust and transparency.

D) Resolving customers’ problems.

ANSWER: C

How can greenwashing be reduced?

A) By engaging key players to drive alignment with the sustainability standards.

B) Investing in marketing campaigns.

C) Alignment with the 2030 Agenda of the SDGs.

ANSWER: A

What’s the meaning of materiality?

A) Taking only short-term shareholder expectations into account.

B) Identifying the expectations of the company and its components, together with the expectations and
needs of the key stakeholders.

C) Promoting activities in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility.

ANSWER: B

With regard to the loss of biodiversity and ecosystems, what’s the framework that’s being created to
measure nature?

A) TCFD - Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures.

B) TNFD - Task Force on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures.

C) Mitigation, adaptation, protection of water resources, circular economy, pollution prevention and
biodiversity protection.

ANSWER: B

According to the Tomorrow’s Investment Rules 2.0 report, indicate the incorrect answer:

A) 62% of investors believe that non-financial information is key in all sectors and not just for energy.

B) Environmental and social risks have greater weight in the investment decisions of large institutional
investors, but 64% declare that companies don’t list them adequately.

C) 25% of institutional investors require boards of directors to endorse companies’ non-financial

information.

ANSWER: C

How do we measure progress through the SDG framework?

A) Through indicators used to measure the global status of the SDGs

B) Through media reports

C) Through statements given by politicians

ANSWER: A

Why is a ‘systems approach’ necessary for sustainable development?

A) A systems approach helps decision makers to understand the big picture with both positive and
negative interactions of sustainable development initiatives

B) A systems approach enables decision makers to cherry-pick a single SDG and highlight the
improvements without considering other SDGs

C) A systems approach enables decision makers to put all their effort into improvements of a few
selected SDGs

ANSWER: A

How does climate change relate to hunger and malnutrition?

A) There is no relationship between changes in our climate and hunger

B) There is a clear relationship between climate change and hunger, and the amount of starving people is
expected to decrease because of climate change

C) There is a clear relationship between climate change and hunger, and the numbers of under
nourished people are expected to increase because of climate change

ANSWER: C

What is the role of research in policy making?

A) Research is rarely useful for policy making

B) Research helps us understand the world better, thus enabling better decision making regarding our
interactions with the rest of the world

C) There is a limited interface between research and policy

ANSWER: B

Why might businesses want to engage in Agenda 2030?

A) Businesses that deliver solutions to problems raised by Agenda 2030 are essential in solving social and
environmental problems

B) The markets will not change in the coming decades, so the businesses have no incentive to engage in
the SDGs

C) The sustainable development of the business sector is not necessary in meeting the targets of Agenda
2030

ANSWER: A

Which one is correct?

A) CSR can be considered fundamental to a company’s culture - its core values. ESG is more a measure of
corporate performance along its sustainability goals.

B) ESG can be considered fundamental to a company’s culture - its core values. CSR is more a measure of
corporate performance along its sustainability goals.

ANSWER: A

Which one is not correct?

A) Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, is about integrating elements of social and environmental
responsibility into a company’s business practices.

B) CSR is a compulsory task, often to demonstrate a company’s willingness to be a good corporate

citizen.

C) Today, what was voluntary is now becoming required, often through ESG (Environmental, Social,
Governance) metrics or required as part of sustainability reporting.
ANSWER: B

Which of the following certifications aims to ensure that farmers are treated equitably?

A) USDA Organic

B) FairTrade

C) Energy Star

D) ISO 14001

ANSWER: B

Which of the following certifications aims to ensure that furniture products are environmentally
friendly?

A) FSC (Forest Stewardship Council)

B) FairTrade

C) Energy Star

D) LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

ANSWER: A

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) B-Corporations are certified by a 3rd party rating company: B-Labs.

B) B-Labs is a non-profit that promotes the interests of business with those of society.

C) Certified B-Corporations have incorporated minimum standards of social and environmental

responsibility.

D) Certified B Corporations are leaders in the global movement for an inclusive, equitable, and
regenerative economy.

ANSWER: C

What categories are covered by the Impact Assessment for certified B-Corps?

A) Governance, Workers, Community, Environment, and Customers

B) Human Resource, Finance, Technology, Marketing, and Sales

C) Legal Compliance, Product Design, Customer Satisfaction, Revenue Growth, and Corporate Social
Responsibility

D) Sustainable Advertising, Sustainable Operations, Sustainable Supply Chain, Sustainable Finance, and
Good Public Relations

ANSWER: A
Which one is not correct?

A) Third party certifications ensure product design, manufacturing and business practices meet strict
certification protocols.

B) Most certifications are highly specific, focused on areas such as greenhouse gas emissions, treatment
of workers, and how a product was made.

C) Certifications continue to evolve; USDA Organic is the next step in food certification, ensuring not only
organic inputs, but also worker fairness and animal welfare.

D) Certifications can be a trusted source demonstrating a company’s commitment to business practices

that have positive social and environmental impacts.

ANSWER: C

Complete this question: "________ is the process of conveying a false impression or misleading
information about how a company’s products are environmentally sound."

A) Upcycling

B) Carbon footprinting

C) Ethical Sourcing

D) Greenwashing

ANSWER: D

Complete this question: "________ is withholding information on climate strategy for fear that releasing
it will bring some form of reputational risk."

A) Green-hushing

B) Carbon footprinting

C) Ethical Sourcing

D) Greenwashing

ANSWER: A

When a company is identifying the SDGs it can work on most, which stage of the SDG Compass model
has it reached?

A) Understanding the SDGs

B) Defining priorities

C) Setting objectives

D) Integrating

E) Reporting and communicating

ANSWER: B

Complete this question: "________ is a form of deceptive advertising where a company claims the
product is environmentally friendly, when in fact it is not."

A) Green-hushing

B) Green advertising

C) Green pricing

D) Greenwashing

ANSWER: D

Complete this question: "________ is a new term where a company decides not to communicate its
product’s sustainability features, for fear of attacks of potential greenwashing, or as a way of alienating
certain markets."

A) Green-hushing

B) Sustainable marketing

C) Green placing

D) Greenwashing

ANSWER: A

Which one is correct about SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board) and ISSB (International
Sustainability Standards Board)?

A) SASB (in 2011) ultimately evolved into ISSB (in 2021), with largely the same goal, now on an
international scale.

B) ISSB (in 2011) ultimately evolved into SASB (in 2021), with largely the same goal, now on an
international scale.

C) None is correct.

ANSWER: A

Complete this sentence: "__________ provides standards for companies preparing a GHG emissions
inventory."

A) Greenhouse Gas Protocol

B) Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)

C) Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)

D) Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

ANSWER: A
Complete this sentence: "The __________ Sustainability Reporting Standards are perhaps the most
widely adopted protocols used by companies when creating their Sustainability Reports."

A) Greenhouse Gas Protocol (SGP)

B) Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)

C) Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)

D) Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

ANSWER: D

Complete this sentence: "The EU has released its latest version of its reporting standards, the
_________, impacting almost every company doing business within the European Union over the next
few years."

A) Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)

B) Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)

C) Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)

D) Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

ANSWER: C

Complete this sentence: "Sustainable business practices, with _______ as a foundation, are becoming
accepted by more and more in the business community as the way to create shared value among all
stakeholders!"

A) CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

B) SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)

C) ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance)

D) TBL (Triple Bottom Line)

ANSWER: C

Complete this sentence: "________ Entrepreneurship: startups formed specifically to address problems
related to people and planet: Education, Poverty, Health Care, Safe Food Production, Global Warming,
Clean Water, Clean Energy, etc."

A) Social

B) Business

C) Green

D) Sustainable

ANSWER: A
Visualizing the individual contribution to each SDG and obtaining the aggregation gives us a clear view of
each country’s contribution to sustainability. True or false?

A) True, it shows the actual progress made with respect to each of the objectives and goals.

B) False, it may be misleading, as developed countries look better but tend to use far more resources and
contribute more to climate change.

ANSWER: B

Complete this sentence: "The _______ is the company’s voice for sustainability, and is often listed on
annual reports."

A) CSO (Chief Sustainability Officer)

B) CFO (Chief Financial Officer)

C) CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

D) COO (Chief Operating Officer)

E) CMO (Chief Marketing Officer)

ANSWER: A

According to the United Nations, businesses need to meet basic responsibilities in the following key
areas:

A) (1) Human rights, (2) Labor, (3) Environment and (4) Anti-corruption

B) (1) Human rights, (2) Workers, (3) Staffs, and (4) Partbers

C) (1) Human rights, (2) Shareholders, (3) Banks and (4) Government

D) (1) Human rights, (2) Customers, (3) Suppliers, and (4) Investors

ANSWER: A

Which of the following is not a typical example of measuring, monitoring, and evaluating the
implementation of Sustainable Development Goals?

A) Collect proper data

B) Analyze the progress of goal implementation

C) Report results to stakeholders

D) Annually set new Sustainable Development Goals

ANSWER: D

Which of the following is not a challenge in measuring, monitoring, and evaluating the achievement of
Sustainable Development Goals?

A) The progress towards achieving the goals is too rapid.

B) Lack of data

C) Lack of international cooperation

D) Unreliable data

ANSWER: A

What is Sustainability report?

A) Reporting only on economic indicators.

B) Reporting only on environmental indicators.

C) Reporting on business performance and social and environmental impact.

D) Reporting only on governance indicators.

ANSWER: C

Which of the following is a key feature of a sustainability report?

A) Reporting solely on financial performance.

B) Focusing only on short-term business strategies.

C) Providing information on social and environmental impacts alongside financial performance.

D) Exclusively detailing annual revenue and profit margins.

ANSWER: C

How many related transformative solutions has the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions
Network (SDSN) proposed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals?

A) 4

B) 6

C) 8

D) 10

ANSWER: B

What does the Sustainable Development Index - SDI measure?

A) Green economic growth and green job creation

B) The combination of GDP, quality of life, and environmental criteria

C) Green GDP and environmental degradation

D) National debt, fiscal policies, and international trade patterns

ANSWER: B
To achieve SDG 1 "No Poverty," what actions can businesses undertake and report?

A) Have clear policies on income, wages, and employee benefits.

B) Publicly report on the company's business performance.

C) Implement and report on corporate social responsibility (CSR) results.

D) Donate to help the poor and advertise these images on social media.

ANSWER: A

To demonstrate SDG 4 “Quality Education,” what should businesses implement and report?

A) Health and safety at work.

B) The quality of air and water in the workplace.

C) The average number of training hours per year per employee, disaggregated by gender and employee
type.

D) Encourage workers and staffs to read as much as possible.

ANSWER: C

What is the CHRB report?

A) A report on the human rights disclosure of 229 global companies in five sectors identified as posing a
high risk to humans.

B) Report on the progress of the 2030 Agenda and human rights.

C) United Nations Report on Human Rights.

ANSWER: A

What should businesses report to demonstrate their implementation of SDG 8 “Decent Work and
Economic Growth”?

A) Report the average number of working hours per week, including overtime.

B) Report improvements in water use efficiency through the application of the 5R principles: Reduce,
Reuse, Restore, Recycle, and Replenish.

C) Report on the introduction of reliable healthcare and education services for the children of
employees.

D) Report on the business performance and dividend policy for shareholders.

ANSWER: A

The European Union has been a pioneer in the implementation of a common activity rating system to
encourage sustainable private investment. What’s this rating system known as?

A) Agenda 2030, promoted by the European Union.

B) EU Sustainable Finance Taxonomy, which includes an implementing regulation.

C) European sustainable credit guide.

ANSWER: B

What are the six environmental objectives of the EU Sustainable Finance Taxonomy?

A) Mitigation, climate change, governance, circular economy, pollution and biodiversity.

B) Pollution, mitigation, adaptation, water use, biodiversity and circular economy.

C) Mitigation, adaptation, protection of water resources, circular economy, pollution prevention and
biodiversity protection.

ANSWER: C

Which of the following statement describes the HOLOCENE best?

A) This is a new geological epoch driven by human activities which affect global climate and
environmental processes.

B) This is an interglacial period with a very stable climate and temperature providing a stable
environment in which life could flourish, allowing for the development of agriculture, and the rise of
civilizations on many continents.

C) During this period, temperature fluctuated dramatically, allowing for agriculture to develop.

D) None of these are correct

ANSWER: B

What is a societal (or social) norm?

A) An individual in society that is ‘normal’

B) The average characteristic of someone in a society (for example height, weight, income etc.)

C) A major religion within a society

D) A shared understanding of acceptable behaviour

ANSWER: D

According to the content seen on human exploitation since the first industrial revolution, indicate which
of the following options is correct?

A) The population has increased by a factor of 6, resources by 4 and greenhouse gas emissions by 15.

B) The population has increased by a factor of 3, resources by 8 and greenhouse gas emissions by 13.

C) The population has doubled, resources are becoming scarcer and emissions are increasing.

ANSWER: B
Global energy use is increasing as the population continues to grow and the increase in development
grows in line with energy consumption. In global terms we’re using more energy than ever before, but
what percentage of “clean” energy are we using?

A) Most of the energy we use comes from renewable energies.

B) More than 50% of the primary energy source is of renewable origin.

C) Most of the energy (approx. more than 80%) that we use comes from fossil fuels. Primary renewable
energy sources only account for 20%.

D) None of the options is correct.

ANSWER: C

Which is the sector with the highest proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions?

A) Energy

B) Agriculture

C) Industry

ANSWER: A

Why was the term ‘Anthropocene’, introduced by Paul Crutzen, coined to represent the present epoch in
Earth’s history?

A) Because of the discovery of human induced global warming

B) Because the human population is greater than any time before in the Earth’s history

C) Because fossil fuels used today were deposited in that geological period

D) Because of the human activities are impacting Earth at the global level

ANSWER: D

What is the greenhouse effect?

A) A process in which the Sun's temperature continuously rises, causing global warming on Earth

B) A process in which various gasses (carbon dioxide; methane; nitrous oxide) absorb and trap the heat
radiating from the Earth’s surface

C) A process in which various gasses (carbon dioxide; methane; nitrous oxide) absorb and trap the heat
radiating from the Sun

D) The greenhouse effect is another term for climate change

ANSWER: B

What is the IPCC?

A) An agreement under the UNFCCC on limiting human induced global warming to below 2 degrees
Celsius

B) A scientific panel under the UNFCCC who helped develop the framework of Agenda 2030

C) An organisation set up under the UNFCCC with the aim of achieving SDG #13: Climate Action

D) An international panel of scientists under the UNFCCC whose role is to assess scientific information
concerning the potential human interaction with the climate

ANSWER: D

Which one of the statements is the correct definition of a planetary boundary?

A) A threshold for Earth systems, which, if passed, will lead to irreversible changes

B) A boundary above which there is an increased risk of changes in the overall conditions in the critical
Earth Systems

C) A tipping point for critical Earth systems which humans may not surpass

D) A limit for the amount of greenhouse gasses that can be released to the atmosphere to avoid the
negative consequences of global warming

ANSWER: B

How is the Montreal Protocol relevant for the Planetary Boundary framework?

A) The Montreal protocol helped reduce damage to the ozone layer, returning human perturbation to a
safe level

B) The Montreal Protocol was the basis for the research on Planetary Boundaries

C) International Planetary Boundaries for seven critical Earth processes were agreed upon in the
Montreal Protocol

D) The Montreal Protocol helped reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, avoiding human
perturbation of Climate Change beyond the zone of uncertainty

ANSWER: A

Which components make up biosphere integrity?

A) Biosphere integrity is another term for biodiversity, meaning the variety of species of plants and
animals on the Earth

B) Biosphere integrity refers to the number and health of species of animals, including extinction rates,
on the Earth

C) Biosphere integrity means that humans are not causing harm to animals and plants

D) Biosphere integrity includes number of species, including extinction rates, as well as intactness and
performance of ecosystems
ANSWER: D

Define “resilience” in a sustainable development context?

A) Communities’ ability to prevent climate change

B) A characteristic of developed countries causing increased wealth

C) The capacity to recover from sudden or long-term change

D) An individual’s ability to manage changes on its own

ANSWER: C

What year was _Silent Spring_ published?

A) _Silent Spring_ was published in 1962.

B) _Silent Spring_ was published in 1958.

C) _Silent Spring_ was published in 1960.

D) _Silent Spring_ was published in 1966.

ANSWER: A

What year was the 'triple bottom line' theory invented?

A) __The "triple bottom line" concept was introduced by John Elkington in 1994.

B) __The "triple bottom line" concept was introduced by John Elkington in 1972.

C) __The "triple bottom line" concept was introduced by John Elkington in 1997.

D) __The "triple bottom line" concept was introduced by John Elkington in 1987.

ANSWER: A

What is the most significant environmental impact of plastic pollution in the oceans?

A) Plastic pollution only affects the ocean's temperature.

B) Plastics in the ocean break down into microplastics, which can be ingested by marine life, harming the
food chain and ecosystem.

C) Ocean plastic pollution helps to create new habitats for marine organisms.

D) Plastic pollution in the oceans significantly increases the salt content of seawater.

ANSWER: B

What is the primary cause of ocean acidification related to human activities?

A) Overfishing and destruction of coral reefs.

B) Oil spills from offshore drilling activities.

C) Increased carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels, which dissolve in seawater and lower its
pH.

D) Plastic waste accumulation in the ocean, causing chemical reactions that lower the pH.

ANSWER: C

The chemical reaction CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O represents the combustion of which of the following
fossil fuels?

A) Natural Gas

B) Coal

C) Gasoline

ANSWER: A

The chemical reaction C18H18 + 12.5O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O represents the combustion of which of the
following fossil fuels?

A) Natural Gas

B) Coal

C) Gasoline

ANSWER: C

Roughly what is the breakdown of global greenhouse gas emissions between sectors?

A) Energy 55-75%, Food 20-33%, other emissions 5-15%

B) Food 40-50%, Energy 30-40%, other emissions 10-30%

C) Energy 30-40%, Food 10-30%, other emissions 10-30%

D) Other emissions 40-50%, Energy 20-30%, Food 10-20%

ANSWER: A

Which COP is associated with the 2015 Paris Agreement, a landmark agreement aimed at reducing
global greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global warming to no more than 2.0°C?

A) COP 10

B) COP 15

C) COP 21

D) COP 26

ANSWER: C

What is the approximate efficiency of a typical coal or natural gas-fired power plant?
A) 35%

B) 50%

C) 75%

D) 95%

ANSWER: A

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Persistent Organic Pollutant?

A) Once in the environment, the remain in the area where they were released.

B) They are highly toxic, causing a variety of effects on organisms.

C) They are lipophilic, meaning that they like to accumulate in the fatty tissues of organisms.

D) They are very persistent in the environment.

ANSWER: A

Fill in the blanks: __________________ is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a stressor by

resisting damage and recovering quickly.

A) Resistance

B) Resilience

C) Alternative stable state

D) Tipping point

ANSWER: B

Fill in the blanks: " ______1______ is anything that can cause harm, while _____2____ is the likelihood
of that to actually happen".

A) 1. A hazard, 2. a risk

B) 1. An effect, 2. a risk

C) 1. A risk, 2. a hazard

D) 1. A hazard, 2. a risk assessment

ANSWER: A

What is NOT a risk associated with societal concerns about plastic pollution?

A) There are limited funds to work on environmental issues: too much focus on plastic might results in
less funds on other issues.

B) It might distract from bigger issues.

C) The focus on microplastic pollution finally highlights to the public how serious environmental issues
are, and that change needs to happen.

D) It might cause greenwashing: companies might take action on reducing their plastic footprint without
tackling the environmental elephant in the room.

ANSWER: C