css qb
css qb
SHA-1
font of
64
tnck to trsand Requires 2ge
aperatons to
bae messagea operatons to
Andto break ih
bYeak in
orrcing the
Same msq digest
atempts No such clams
Reported
Suecesstd attacks to Some extent So for
So far
Slower (80
Speed .faster (s4 iterato
bit bufer)) iteraton &
ee 128
(6o bit bufer
Simple Simple
oftAre
implemertaton
Insecare thah More secure
than MbS
SHA -1
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Hash
funcion
Messaqe Message dyest
Docu nnt) (fi ngerphit)
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) collision reststance
collision f
a hashfu nchon is the
event when two values and x' such
that x t hash to the same Value
i.e. he)=hCx)
The hash function is collision resistance
uh en it is difficutt for the adversarY
to tind the collisions.
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keus
Ko
Pre-raund transfomatn23 s Key
expansien
Goner
Key
T23
Round L
Round 2 bits)
Round Nr k
State
RLocund Shitt yus
Stae
Mix coumns
State
2) Permutation.
Shifting transformatn, is done at the
byte feyel
the order cf bits in the byte is
not changed.
2Nepx4
3.
4 Select e Such that ke< N) and
e is coprime to #N)
mod N) ied=mocd N)
6
7. pyivate key e d
a Cipher text c= M med N
8"
where Mis plauntext.
q Plain test M- C mod N.
where d is cdecryptilon key.
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N = 137.
step 2: ¢a)=(p-dxq-)
Step 3 3 e is
is qiven e=47.
Step 4: Calculate d, such that
d e mod oCN)
Le. dx 7 =1mod 160.
Extend ed Euclid
Applying Extended Euclidiens alqonthm.
Y2 R 3
t2
l60 7
t= t-(4t2)
R= rL%r2
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r2
t t
22. l60 7 -22
-22 23
6 -22 23 -|60
23 -|60
2 |75.
Secunity services:
X.800 pYovides detuls of seurity
Services,
oAuthentication.
It is concemed wth assuring that
the communicaton s authentic
Authen tication helps to identfs cdaimed
idenitty af an entits
Two specific auth services defined in
X800_are
Reer enttts auth.
Data oniqin auth
2 Accecs Contro
t is the abilits_ to limit and coutrot
the access o host sustems and
applicatons via communIcation inks.
3iConftd entality
t is potechon of transmited data from
passive attacks and pyotectton of trafftc
flow from analyss.
analyis.
4 Integnty
EnSures that messages.are received
as seht, with no duplicaton, nsertion,
modificatton, reordering, replay or loss
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s. Availabi lits
|t is the
property of a system/ resource
a
being aCesble and usale upon dema nd
by an authorjzed ystem entits, according
4o the performance specificaHorns for the
sustem.
3-Notanization.
This se Curity mech involves use cf
tristed Brd ports in communicath.
1t acts as media tor between serde
and recejver so that iif any chace
of confict is reduced.
This mediator keeps vecords of
requests made by sender sto
neceiver which for later denied.
4Data ntegity.
This mech s used bs appending
value to data hich i credted u
dati itself. *
It is similar to Sending packet
of info known to botth Sendng e
Yeceivinq partes ahd checked befoe
eafter data je received.
When this packet which is appended
s checked and is same, data
iotearity is maintained.
S Authentiation Exchance:
It.deals .with id entits to be knoon in
communicaton.
This is achieved at TCP LIP Nayer
where 2 cay handshaking is use to
ensure data is sent or pot
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6.Traffic padding.
this security mechanism is used to add
extra bits into the data which is
being tronsmitted.
Tt helps data to be checked at eceiinq
end .and is achieved by een parity or
bdd parity
7. DiqitaJ siqnature.
This seurits mech is achieyed by
addin di ital data that is not uisible.
to ejes.
It is fom of electronic siqhature uhich
is added by sender which is checked by
receiver electronicay.
iaty data which is
It is used topyeserve
not nore bonfielential but senders idertits
is to be notified.
B Routing Contral.
Enables selecion of partcular physically
secure routes or certain data and
allows routing dhanqes especially when a
reach of security'is suspected.
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RI4 wrs
r t.
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2Inteavits
auiding aqainst improper info
modification or destruchion and
includes ensurnq informaticn
non -repudiation añd authen ticity.
A loss of integnits is una uthoizad
Modificaion..or destructoofinfo
3 Availabilits
Ensuring timels e reliable daess fo
and Se of nfo.
Aloss of availability is the disnuptior
.of acess OY uSe of into or an
info suctem.
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Encnptr 3
3|4
s2 decrptn.
The permutatton yields: