Lab 3

Query Description
mysql -u root -p Connect to MySQL from command line.
CREATE TABLE Students (RollNo INT
PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50), Age INT, Create a student table.
Department VARCHAR(50));
ALTER TABLE Students ADD Email
VARCHAR(50); Add an Email column.
ALTER TABLE Students MODIFY Age
SMALLINT; Change Age column type.

ALTER TABLE Students DROP COLUMN Email; Remove Email column.

ALTER TABLE Students RENAME TO
University_Students; Rename Students table.
TRUNCATE TABLE University_Students; Delete all records, keep structure.
DESC University_Students; Show table structure.
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON Students TO
user; Give user select & update access.

REVOKE UPDATE ON Students FROM user; Remove update access from user.
SHOW DATABASES; List all databases.
SOURCE hr_schema.sql; Import HR schema.

Lab 4
Query Description
SELECT first_name AS 'First Name', last_name
AS 'Last Name' FROM employees; Display names with alias.
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees; Get unique department IDs.
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY first_name
DESC; List employees in descending order.
SELECT employee_id, first_name, salary FROM
employees ORDER BY salary ASC; List employees sorted by salary.
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees; Total salary expense.
SELECT MAX(salary), MIN(salary) FROM
employees; Get highest & lowest salary.
SELECT AVG(salary), COUNT(*) FROM employees; Average salary & employee count.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT job_id) FROM employees; Count unique jobs.
SELECT UPPER(first_name) FROM employees; Convert names to uppercase.
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10; Get first 10 records.
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 2 OFFSET 2; Get 3rd & 4th records.
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY employee_id
DESC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1; Get 2nd last record.
 Lab 5

Query Description
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary < 3000;
Find employees earning below
$3000.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'A%'; Find names starting with 'A'.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'PU_CLERK' OR
manager_id = 114; Find specific employees.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 1500 AND
3000; Find employees in salary range.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;

Find employees without
commission.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%N'; Find names ending with 'N'.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE job_id != 'PU_CLERK'; Exclude PU_CLERK employees.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary NOT IN (3300,
3200, 2200); Exclude specific salaries.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'A%N';

Names starting with 'A' and ending
with 'N'.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%LA%'; Names containing 'LA'.

Lab 06: SQL Joins

Query Description
SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name FROM employees Get employee
e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
& department
details.

SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name FROM employees Employees

e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id JOIN
working in
locations l ON d.location_id = l.location_id WHERE l.city =
'London'; London.

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, m.last_name AS Manager FROM Employee-

employees e JOIN employees m ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id;
manager
relationships.

SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY Count

department_id;
employees per
department.
SELECT d.department_name, m.first_name FROM employees m JOIN Get department
departments d ON m.department_id = d.department_id WHERE m.job_id =
managers.
'Manager';
 Lab 07: SQL Sub-Queries
Query Description
SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.last_name, Get employee details using sub-query.
(SELECT d.department_name FROM departments d WHERE
d.department_id = e.department_id) AS
department_name FROM employees e;

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE Find employee with highest salary.
salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees Find employees earning above average
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
salary.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id IN Get employees in IT department.

(SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE
department_name = 'IT');

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE Find employees earning more than at
salary > ANY (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE
least one employee in department 30.
department_id = 30);

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE Find employees earning more than all
salary > ALL (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE
department_id = 30);
employees in department 30.

SELECT department_name FROM departments WHERE EXISTS Get departments that have employees.
(SELECT 1 FROM employees WHERE
employees.department_id =
departments.department_id);

SELECT department_name FROM departments WHERE NOT Get departments with no employees.
EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM employees WHERE
employees.department_id =
departments.department_id);

SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name FROM Find employees who are managers.
employees WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = employees.employee_id);

SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees Employees earning more than highest
WHERE salary > (SELECT MAX(AVG_salary) FROM (SELECT
department average.
AVG(salary) AS AVG_salary FROM employees GROUP BY
department_id) AS dept_avg_salary);