ENGINEER

This notes contains all the necessary data

required at site for the execution work.
This notes can be very helpful for the site
engineers, as it includes notes for unit
conversion , calculation for steel , concrete and
measures taken before and after concreting,
plastering and shuttering.
It also includes the equipments used at site for
the smooth running of the project
► 1 feet - 0.3048 m
► 1 m - 3.28 ft
► 1 Sqm - 10.76Sqft
► 1 Cum - 35.28 Cuft
► 1 acre - 43560 Sqft
► 1 cent - 435.6 Sqft
► 1 hectare - 2.47 acre
► 1 acre - 100 cent - 4046.724 Sqm
► 1 ground - 2400 Sqft
► 1 unit - 100 cu.ft-2.83 Cum
► 1 square -100 Sqft
► 1 RM =3.28 Rft
► 1 Sqm =10.76 Sft
► 1 Cum =35.32 Cft
► 1 Inch =2.54 cm
► 1 sqft =0.09Sqm
► 1 Acre= 0.04 Hectare
► 1 Hectare= 2.47 Acres
► 1 Cft =0.028 Cum
► 1 Feet =12.00 Inch
► 1 Feet =0.305 M
► 1 Cum =1000.00 Litre
► INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE
► FOOT = 0.3048 METRE
► YARD = 0.9144 METRE
► MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER
► ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE
► POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM
► DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 - 32 =
DEGREE CELSIUS MILLIMETRE= 0.0394

► INCHMETRE = 3.2808
► Concrete 25 kN/m3
► Brick 19 kN/m3
► Steel 7850 Kg/m3
► Water 1000 Lt/m3
► Cement 1440 Kg/m3
► 1Gallon 4.81 Litres
► Link 8" = 200mm
► 1 Hectare 2.471 acr(10000m2)
► 1 Acr 4046.82m2 = 100 cent
AS PER INDIAN STANDARD
Concrete Grade Mix Ratio (cement :
sand : aggregates)
► M5 - 1:5:10

► M7.5 - 1:4:8

► M10 - 1:3:6

► M15 - 1:2:4

► M20 - 1:1.5:3

► M25 - 1:1:2

After M-25 we refer IS 10262

► M15 ( 1 : 2 :4)
► Cement : 316 Kg/ M3
► 20 mm Aggregate : 1320 Kg/ M3
► River sand : 638 Kg/ M3
► Total water : 140 Kg/ M3
► No. of bags = 7 bags

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► M20 ( 1:1.5: 3)
► Cement : 403.2 Kg/ M3
► 20 mm Aggregate : 1260 Kg/ M3
► River sand : 609 Kg/ M3
► Total water : 180 Kg/ M3

► No. of bags = 9 bags

► M25 ( 1 : 1 : 2)
► Cement : 554.4 Kg/ M3
► 20 mm Aggregate :1155 Kg/ M3
► River sand : 558.25 Kg/ M3
► Total water : 250 Kg/ M3

► No. of bags = 9 bags

► 6mm = 0.222Kg
► 8mm = 0.395 Kg
► 10mm = 0.616 Kg
► 12mm = 0.888 Kg
► 16mm = 1.578 Kg
► 20mm = 2.466 Kg
► 25mm = 3.853 Kg
► 32mm = 6.313 Kg
► 40mm = 9.865 Kg
( Weight= D*D/162)
► FOOTINGS : 50 mm
► RAFT FOUNDATION.TOP : 50 mm
► RAFT FOUNDATION. BOTTOM /SIDES : 75 mm
► STRAP BEAM : 50 mm
► GRADE SLAB : 20 mm
► COLUMN : 40 mm
► SHEAR WALL : 25 mm
► BEAMS : 25 mm
► SLABS : 15 mm
► FLAT SLAB : 20 mm
► STAIRCASE : 15 mm
► RET. WALL : 20/ 25 mm on earth
► RETAINING STRUCTURES : 20/30mm
► V = ( Pi/4 ) * Dia X Dia * L

= (3.14/4) X D X D X 1 ( for 1 m length )

Density of Steel = 7850 kg / cub meter
► Weight =Volume X Density
( 3.14/4 ) X D X D X1 X 7850 ( if D is in mm), So
( 3.14/4 ) X D X D X 1 X 7850 ) / ( 1000 X 1000)

, =D*D/162.27
► Then sum of ratio is 1+1.5+3=5.5 and
► The total volume for using mix=1.54 m3
► Then cement required=
1/5.5*1.54=0.308m3*1440=443.5 kg.
(9bag)
► Sand required=1.5/5.5*1.54=0.462m3
► Aggregate required=3/5.5*1.54=0.843m3
► The standard volume of dry mix
mortar=1.54.. can check it in IS code also.
► Pcc 1:5:10 =1440/5*0.45
=129.60 kg / 2.59 Bags
► Pcc 1:4:8(m 7.5) =1440/4*0.45
=162.00kg / 3.24 Bags
► Pcc 1:2:4(m 15) =1440/2*0.45
=324.00kg / 6.48 Bags
► Pcc 1:3:6(m 10) =1440/3*0.45
= 216.00kg /4.32 Bags
► Rcc 1:2:4(m 15) =144/2*0.45
=324.00kg / 6.48 bags
► Rcc 1:1.5:3(m 20) =1440/1.5*0.45
=32.00kg / 8.64 Bags.
► Rcc 1:1:2(m 25) =370.00kg / 7.40 Bags
► Any Concrete Work(PCC, RCC)
0.45*35.315= 20.00
► Damp Proof CourseCM '1:3, 20mm
thick =1.00
► 2"T Precast slab M15 =1.00
► 3"T Precast slab M15 =1.50
► SS Masonry in CM 1:7 =15.00
► Brick Work in CM 1:6 =15.00
► Brick Work in CM 1:4,115mm T =2.00
► Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3 =1.00
► Plastering in CM 1:3, 12mmT=1.00
► Wall Plastering CM 1:4, 12mmT =1.00
► Laying Pressed Tiles over a CM 1:4, 20mmT
=1.00
► Ceramic Tiles, Marble, Granite, Cuddapah slab
CM 1:4, 20mmT =1.00
► Janathacem/100 Sft 1.50 Kg
► Enamel Paint/100 Sft - 2 Coats 1.25 Litre
► Wall Putty/100 Sft 10.00 Kg
► Plaster of Paris/100 Sft 25.00 Kg
► Distemper/100 Sft 2.00 Kg
► Cement Primer 0.60 Litre 0.40 Litre
► Weathering Course Lime 12.50 Kg Brick
bats 32.00 Kg

► Providing Sand Gravel Mix-Cum Sand

20.00 Cft Gravel 40.00 Cft
► WBM - 75mm tk -1st Layer - 10 Sqm
Metal(60-40 mm) 35.00 Cft Gravel =10.00
Cft
► Pressed Tiles - Sqm 20.00 Nos
► Hollow Block - 200mmT
=14.00 Nos
► Water absorption 12 to 15%

► Compressive strength

= 36KN/cm2

► 230mm Wall/m3 = 460 Bricks + 20Cft Sand +

66Kg Cement

► 1:7/m3 = Size 95 + Soiling 8 Cft +60.5 Kg

Current = 1000 Watts = 1 Unit.

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► 1 cubic meter contains 500 bricks The
Standard size of the 1st class brick is 190mmx
90mm x90mm and motor joint should be
10mm thick So brick with motor=200 x 100 x
100.Volume of
► 1st class brick = 0.19 x 0.09 X 0.09
=0.001539cu.m
► Volume of 1st class brick with motor =0.2 x
0.1 x0.1=0.002cu.mNo. on bricks per 1cu.m=
1/volume of1st class brick with
motor=1/0.002= 500 no's of bricks
 Fineness Test
The degree of fineness of cement is the measure of the
mean size of the grains in it.

Sieve Method:
100 g of cement sample is taken and air-set lumps, if
any, in the sample are broken with fingers. The sample
is placed on a 90 micron sieve and continuously sieved
for 15 minutes . The result should pass 90 micro
sieve by 90% and retain by 10% of the weight.

COLOUR TEST
The colour of the cement should be greyish and
should be free from lumps.
 Compressive Strength:
Compressive strength is the basic data required
for mix design. By this test, the quality and the
quantity of concrete can be controlled and the
degree of adulteration can be checked.
Cube Method:
Before concreting of any member at site concrete
cube should be prepared according to the
specification given . At least 3 cubes should be
prepared to check after 14,21 and 28 days.
The compressive strength is calculated from the
crushing load divided by the average area over
which the load is applied.
 Grade
Use no of
hooks cement

IS Type of
cement
CODE
• 1s adequate quantity of shuttering material
available.
• 1s the dimensional accuracy of shuttering
material correct.

• Has the shuttering material been properly

aligned using appropriate equipment.
• 1s the area prepared for starting reinforcement
(shuttering complete, cleaned and oiled).
• Are the results of bars available at site before startin
the fabrication work.
• Are the required tools available at site to ensure
correct work.
 • Are the required number of cement bags
available on site.
• Have the vibrators been checked before start of
the concrete.

• 1s the necessary shuttering and reinforcement

complete and in place.
ITEM QUANTITY PER SQFT
Plain cement =0.015
concrete
Reinforced =0.024
Cement concrete
Brickwork =0.014
Plaster
6mm =0.041
12mm =0.08
15mm =0.11
Tiles =0.095

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ITEM QUANTITY PER SQFT
Paint
White wash =0.03
Putty =0.04
Paint =0.02
Soil filling =0.044
Steel =2.33
Shuttering =0.18
• Total number of bags required for the site execution
should be available.
• The concrete mix should be prepared according to the
specification provided in the drawing.
• The placement of the concrete should be on metal
sheet or on sand.
• it should be placed minimum from 800mm to
1500mm distance
• Bricks should be checked according to the type and
classification provided in specification.
• The bricks when transported on site should be
subjected to water before execution.
• The test result for the bricks should be available at sit
office.
• ouring brickwork the alignment should be checked
with line dori and plumb bob.
• The wall where plaster is to be done should be properl
cleaned and watered before execution.
• Paste of cement slurry should be spread before
plastering.
• Before plastering tippy should be made to achieve a
levelled surface.
• Thickness for rough surface is taken as 15mm and
thickness for smooth surface is taken as 12mm.(this
can vary)
• The alignment should be checked before concreting.
• Before concreting , the shuttering should be stable
and should not remove during concreting.
• The ply used for shuttering should be cleaned and
oiled before use.
• Removal of shuttering should be as per the
specification given in IS 456:2000 in stripping time.
• Test for Concrete
1. Compressive strength test.
2. Workability of Concrete

• Test for Sand

1. Bulking of sand.
2. Grading of sand(IS383)

• Test for Aggregate

1. Impact value test.
2. Crushing strength test.
3. Abrasion value test.
• Test for Bricks.
1. Absorption value test
2. Impact test.
3. Efflorescence test
• Test for Pile foundation
1. Pile load test.
• Test for Steel
1. Tensile strength test.
2. Basic properties .
3. Bend test.
• wear sturdy work gloves, long sleeves, and full
length trousers to protect your hands, arms, and legs.
• wear rubber boots when placing and handling
concrete for slabs and flatwork, because you may
sometimes have to stand in the wet mix to spread and
screed the concrete.
• Make sure the boots are high enough to prevent
concrete from getting inside them.
• To protect your eyes from cement dust and from
splattered mortar or concrete, wear safety glasses or
goggles.

• since masonry involves heavy lifting, be careful to

avoid back strain and injury-always bend your
knees, keep your back straight, and lift with your
legs.
• small, shallow concrete footings can sometimes be
formed by earth trenches if the soil is stable, but most
concrete work requires building forms to shape and
hold the mix until it hardens. Forms for concrete
must be strong, tightly fitted, and rigidly
constructed. .
• The deeper the concrete, the greater the pressure it
will exert on the formwork, so don't be afraid to use
an extra stake or two to help ensure that forms will
not bulge or bow out of shape during the pour.
• orive supporting stakes slightly below the height of
the string so they won't interfere with leveling or
finishing the concrete surface.
• on residential projects, it is more common to use
wheelbarrows or buggies to move the concrete from
the mixer to the forms. You can build ramps and
runways over the forms to keep them from bumping
the boards or displacing the reinforcing steel out of
place..
• The drawing of the respected project where all the
specification is given for execution.
• The estimation sheet in which
the amount of work to be done is specified.
• A work register to note the amount of work done on
that date.
• Hinderence register.
• Inch tape and pen.
• volume of rectangle= L*B*H
• Area of rectangle = L*B
• volume of trapezoidal=
H/3 (Al+A2+(✓Al x A2).
• volume = cum
• Area = sqm
• No. of items= enumerated Qty.
• Area of circular= 7r*r*r
• volume of circular=7rr2h
• Extracts from the report on productivity projects in
building industries by National Building organization
are given below.

• Earthwork per 28.30 cum

Excavation in foundation , trenches etc , in ordinary
soil including disposal up to 30m and lift of l.5 m-5
Beldar and 4 Mazdoor.

• Cement Concrete work per 2.83 cum

Laying Cement Concrete- 2 Beldar,# Mazdoor,3/4
Bhisti and ¼ Mason.
• R.C.C work-
Laying reinforced concrete- 3 Beldar,3 Mazdoor, l
Bhisti, ½ Mason
• Brickwork per 2.83 cum
First class brick work in l:4 cement mortar in
superstructure partition walls, junctions of roof ,
parapet walls- 2.5 Masons,4.5 Mazdoor and l Bhisti.
• Finishing
plastering- 3 Masons, 3 Mazdoor and l bhisti can
plaster 40sqm per day.
SR.NO DESCRIPTION/ITEM NO.OF.ITEM LENGTH WIDTH HEIGTH TOTAL UNIT REMARK
SR.NO CODE NO ITEM QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT REMARK
• FE-250.

• where FE stands for iron and the numeric value

represents the yield strength of the steel.
• where now a days TMT are more used in
construction which stands for Thermo Mechanically
Treated bars.
• FE-4l5

• where FE stands for iron and the numeric value

represents the yield strength of the steel.
• where now a days TMT are more used in
construction which stands for Thermo Mechanically
Treated bars.
• FE-500

• where FE stands for iron and the numeric value

represents the yield strength of the steel.
• where now a days TMT are more used in
construction which stands for Thermo Mechanically
Treated bars.
• It is determined with the help of rib, spline and
spacing which
helps the concrete to set and hold the
reinforcement in position .

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• Generally the Contractor's charges CP & OH on the
account of work done and number of items installed
as per the requirement.
• Generally CP&OH is taken to be 15% of the total
amount.
• where CP is 7.5%
• And OH is 7.5%
• 1n which OH cost contains:-
• 1.Location
• 2.site office
• 3.Lab testing
• 4.Cement storage
• 5. staff salary
• 6. transportation
• It is because of the compressibility index of these
materials.
• where cement has 0, sand has 33%to34%,and
aggregate has 20% compressibility index.

• ory volume = wet volume (l00/l00+54/l00)

• ory volume = wet volume ( l+0.54)
• ory volume = wet volume x l.54
• if wet volume of concrete = l cum
• Than dry volume will be l.54 cum
• It is because of the compressibility index of these
materials.
• where cement has 0 and sand has 33%to34%,
compressibility index.

• ory volume = wet volume (l00/l00+33/l00)

• ory volume = wet volume ( l+0.33)
• ory volume = wet volume x l.33
• if wet volume of mortar = l cum
• Than dry volume will be l.33 cum
• Segregation of concrete is the separation
of cement paste and aggregates of concrete from
each other.

l.ouring handling and placement

2. oue to over-vibration or compaction

of concrete

3. Cement paste comes to the top and aggregates

settles at the bottom
• Bleeding in fresh concrete refers to the process
where free water in the mix is pushed upward to the
surface due to the settlement of heavier solid particles
such as cement and water

l.oue to over-vibration or compaction

of concrete

2.Cement paste comes to the top and aggregates

settles at the bottom

9111001234
Many types of cement are available in markets
with different compositions and for use in
different environment.
1. Ordinary portland cement
This type of cement use in construction where
there is no exposure to sulphate in the soil or
ground water.
2. Rapid hardening cement
1ts 3 day strength is same as 7 days strength
of OPC.
3. Low heat cement
Reduce and delay the heat of hydration.
4. Sulphate resisting cement
Its strength in early days is less and hence it
required longer curing period. It proves to be
economical as slag
5. Pozzolanic cement
This cement has higher resistance to chemical
agencies and to sea water because of absence
of lime.
6. Coloured cement
the cement of desired colour may be obtained
by mixing mineral pigments with ordinary
cement.
7. Expansive cement
This type of cement is produced by adding an
expanding medium and a stabilizing agent to
the ordinary cement.It is used for the
construction of water retaining structures.
8. High alumina cement
This cement is produced by adding clinkers
formed by calcining bauxite and lime. It
evolves great during setting
1. Bond failure between plasterwork and
background.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and
sand/cement undercoat
3. Dampness within the plaster
4. Crazing/dry-out of finish plaster
5. Cracking
6. Surface dampness
l. when movement has ceased or the residual
moisture has been removed, the affected
plasterwork including any suspect areas
should be removed. The background should
be prepared and a coat of Thistle Bond-it
applied prior to the application of a suitable
grade of plaster.
2. The plasterwork should be stripped off and
any dust removed from the undercoat surface
prior to re-plastering
1. The affected plasterwork should be stripped
off. Re-plastering can take place once the
background is thoroughly dry after first
applying Thistle Bond.
2. Localized cracks due to movement can be
'cut out' and filled once movement has
ceased. Otherwise, the recommendations
given for bond failures should be followed.
3. The source of the problem must be identified
and corrected and the plasterwork allowed to
dry out. If the plasterwork fails to develop
adequate strength, it will need to be removed
Clay bricks are classified as first class, second
class, third class and fourth class based on their
physical and mechanical properties.

First Class Bricks

1. These are thoroughly burnt and are of deep

red, cherry or copper colour.

2. The surface should be smooth and

rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight
edges and square corners.
3. These should be free from flaws, cracks and
stones.
4. These should have uniform texture.
5. No impression should be left on the brick
when a scratch is made by a finger nail.
6. The fractured surface of the brick should
not show lumps of lime.
7. A metallic or ringing sound should come
when two bricks are struck against each other.
Second Class Bricks are supposed to have the
same requirements as the first class ones except
that
l. Small cracks and distortions are permitted.
2. A little higher water absorption of about l6-
20% of its dry weight is allowed.

3. The crushing strength should not be less

2
than 7.0 N/mm .

Uses: Second class bricks are recommended for

all important or unimportant hidden masonry
works and centering of reinforced brick and
(RCC) structures.
Third Class Bricks are under burnt. They are soft and
light-coloured producing a dull sound when struck
against each other. water absorption is about 25 per
cent of dry weight.
Uses : It is used for building temporary structures.

Fourth Class Bricks are over burnt and badly

distorted in shape and size and are brittle in
nature. Uses: The ballast of such bricks is used for
foundation and floors in lime concrete and road metal.

.
Carrying out hand mixing of concrete requires
special skills and care during the process for
quality control of fresh concrete. The precautions
and the correct way of performing hand mixing
of concrete is to undergo the mixing process as
recommended by the standard procedures.
Concrete is mixed by any two methods, based on
requirement as per quality and quantity of
concrete required. Normally for mass concrete,
where good quality of concrete is required,
mechanical mixer is used
Mixing by hand is employed only to specific
cases where quality control is not of much
importance and quantity of concrete required is
less. stone aggregate is washed with water to
remove dirt, dust or any other foreign material
before mixing.
The main purpose of mixing the concrete is to
finally obtain a uniform mixture that shows
uniformity in terms of color and consistency.
Hand mixing should be done on a smooth,
clean and water tight platform of suitable size
in the following manner:
Measured quantity of sand is spread evenly.
The required quantity of cement is dumped on the
sand and spread evenly.
The sand and cement is then mixed intimately
with spade, turning the mixture over and over
again until it is of even color throughout and free
from streaks.
The sand cement mixture is then spread out and
measured quantity
 of coarse aggregate is spread on its top.
Alternatively, the measured quantity of coarse
aggregate is spread out and the sand cement
mixture is then spread on its top.
The whole mass should be mixed at least three
times by shoveling and turning over by twist
from center to side, then back to the center and
again to the sides.
A hollow is made in the middle of the mixed pile.
Three quarters of the total quantity of water
required should be added while the materials are
turned in towards the center with spades. The
remaining water is added by a
 water-can fitted with rose head, slowly turning
the whole mixture over and over again until a
uniform color and consistency is obtained
throughout the pile.
5 percent extra cement shall be added than the
specified for machine mixing, when hand mix
cement concrete is produced.
The required PPEs (Personal Protective
Equipment) shall be worn by the labors and
masons while mixing and handling the concrete.
The mixing platform should be washed at the end
of the day.
 Certain tips, measures that must be taken care
while mixing concrete by hand is mentioned
below:
The Hand Mixing procedures have to be carried
out only for small concrete works. Large works
will ask for large quantity of concrete at a time,
for which we must use either a machine mixer or
ready mix concrete.
The hand mixing must be employed only for
works that will give adequate interval time for
mixing between the work. This means we must
not mix large quantities very earlier for a work
that is going to start later.
 The mixing procedure have to be conducted on a
water tight platform. This platform have to be
impervious. This can be either a concrete
platform or a brick floor.
The floor must have the space to take one bag of
cement at a time and their respective materials
(water + aggregate).
Initially, the measured quantities of cement and
fine aggregate is mixed properly over the
watertight platform. The mixing is continued till
a uniform mixture is obtained.
The coarse aggregate has to be placed over this
bed of uniform mixture. An inappropriate order
of
 addition of material must not be followed.
The addition of water must be done in intervals
and not in a single stretch.
The whole mixing must be done neatly and
uniformly without a hurry.
A good and clean shovel should be used for the
mixing procedure.
During hand mixing, it is recommended to avoid
large buckets for measurement. Use of large
buckets will end up having a large heap that is
difficult to be mixed by hand. In some cases, the
large heap is divided into two large
heaps and performed individually. This can be
only carried out by one will proper skill and
experience.
Every time after the use, the worming space have
to cleaned and made free from any debris.
The main issue faced in hand mixing is the
addition of too much water that required. This
must be avoided.
The workers carrying out the concrete mixing are
asked to use masks so as not to inhale the
powder, which can cause serious issues as time
passes.
For inside concrete works, avoid the hand mixing
procedure in the outside or direct sun. This
increase
in temperature will evaporate the water content,
hence making the mixture dry.
Over mixing of the concrete mixture have to be
avoided. Once the required amount of mixing is
performed, keep it idol and mixing in small
quantities during the time of placing.
Following are the different types of ready mix
concrete plants and their mixing actions:
•ory batch concrete plant
•wet batch concrete plant
•Half-wet batch concrete plant
•combination batch concrete plant
Some important construction tools and their uses
are listed below:
Brick Hammer
Brick hammer is used to cut the bricks and also
used to push the bricks if they come out of the
course line.
Some important construction tools and their uses
are listed below:
Brick Hammer
Brick hammer is used to cut the bricks and also
used to push the bricks if they come out of the
course line.
Chisel
chisel is generally used in wood work and this
must be useful to remove the concrete bumps or
excess concrete in hardened surface.
Circular Saw
Circular saw used to cut the wood
boards, frames etc. It is used when
accurate cutting is required in less
time. It is safer than hand saw.
Concrete Mixer
concrete mixer is machine which mixes the
ingredients water, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and cement to deliver the perfectly
mixed concrete
Crowbar
crowbar is used for digging the ground and to
remove the roots of trees in the ground, nails etc.
Digging Bar
Digging bar is solid metal rod with pin shape at
the bottom. It is also used to dig the hard surfaces
of ground.
Float
Float is made of wood which is used to smoothen
the plastered concrete surface. It contains handle
on its top and smooth wooden surface on its
bottom
Head Pan
Head pan is made of iron which is used to lift the
excavated soil or cement or concrete to the
working site etc. it is more commonly used in
construction sites.
Hoe
Hoe is also used to excavate the soil but in this
case the metal plate is provided with acute angle
to the wooden handle.
Plumb Bob
Plumb bob is used to check the verticality of
structures. It contains a solid metal bob connected to
the end of a thread. It is also used inn surveying to
level the instrument position.
Plumb Rule
Plumb rule is used to check the vertical line of wall
whether it is perfect vertical or not. It contains a
straight wood board with uniform edges. On its
center a groove is provided in which plumb bob is
situated. When the rule is placed vertically with the
wall the plumb bob should be in the groove line
otherwise the wall will not be vertical.
Earth Rammer
After the excavation of ground, the lower surface
may be uneven. To level the surface earth rammer is
used. It contains big square shaped block at its end
with which the ground is leveled.
Trowel
Trowel is used to lift and apply the cement mortar in
small quantities. It is made of steel and wooden
handle is provided for holding. The ends of trowel
may be pointed or bull nosed.
.
Vibrator
Vibrator is used to compact the concrete by this the
air gaps are filled with water and workability varies
without adding water to it.
Putty Knife
Putty knife is used level the putty finishing and also
used to reduce the thickness of finish when it is more
thick.