Networking

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Computer Networking: Consists of two or more autonomous computers that are linked together in
order to share data, messages and other resources.

World Wide Web (WWW): Is a set of programs, standards and protocols that allows multimedia and
hypertext files to be created, displayed and linked on the internet. The World Wide Web was invented
by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN. It became publicly available on the
Internet for the first time.

Web address: The web address allows us to identify a computer on the network. There are two systems
used for identification:
- Domain Name System (DNS): Domain name is a readable computer address that identifies the
location of a computer on the Internet.
- Internet Protocol Addressing: A unique 32-bits address is assigned to each computer that is connected
to the Internet.
Example: 5.230.50.50 = == www.abc.com

HTML: is a Hypertext markup language devised to create webpages and websites.

Email address : Electronic mail It is a unique identifier used to send and receive mails in an electronic
format.

Newsgroups: are similar to e-mails except that instead of sending our message to someone's mailbox,
the message is posted on a bulletin board where anyone can read it and respond. Using newsgroup,
people can share their views on any topic according to their interest.

Blogs: are virtual diaries create by individuals and stored on the Internet. A blog is a type of website
usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of news on a particular subject, description of
events, graphics or videos.

Uploading: is the process of putting web pages, images and files onto a web server
Downloading is the process of getting web pages, images and files from a web server

- The Internet offers a lot of services and this is the reason it is growing so fast.
Accessing information on the Internet: One of the important advantages of the internet is that it allows
to easily access information anywhere and anytime. The search engines on the internet help us search
and find information on any subject that the user needs.

A search engine: is a software that navigate the webpages for information on a particular topic. Some
popular search engines are Google, Yahoo!, Chrome, Bing, etc.
Email: Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It
offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.
– e-Mail Address : Each user of email is assigned a unique name for the email account. This name is
known as e-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail
address.
– E-mail: is generally in the form of username@domainname. For example,
[email protected] is an e-mail address where webmaster is username and
tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
- The username and the domain name are separated by @ (at) symbol.
- e-mail addresses are not case sensitive.
- Spaces are not allowed in e-mail address.
- e-mail Message Components : e-mail message comprises of different components: e-mail Header,
Greeting, Text, and Signature.
- e-mail Header: The first five lines of an E-mail message form the E-mail header. The header part
comprises of following fields:
• From: The From field indicates the sender's address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
• Date: The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
• To: The To field indicates the recipient's address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
• Subject: The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the point.
• Cc: Cc stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep informed
but not exactly the intended recipient.
• Всс: Bcc stands for Blind Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the recipients to
know that someone else was copied on the message.
• Greeting: Greeting is the opening of the actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys, etc.
• Text: It represents the actual content of the message.
• Signature: This is the final part of an e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address, and Contact
Number
- Advantages of e-mail
• Reliable
• Convenience
• Fast
• Inexpensive
• Printable
• Globally access
• Generality
- Disadvantages of e-mail
• Forgery
• Overload
• Misdirection
• Junk
• No response

Chat: Real time textual communication between two users through computers is called chat. Instant
messengers like Yahoo Messenger and Google Hangout let us chat with people in our friends' list.

WhatsApp: Whatsapp instant messenger is a popular messenger used to share text, images, audio and
video files.
- Skype and WhatsApp also allow video chat facility.

Video Conferencing: Video conferencing allows people at two or more locations to communicate and
interact with one another via audio and video transmission. It makes use of computer networks to send
audio and video data from one place to another: People at geographically separated locations can see
and hear each other using microphones, cameras, speakers and a TV or a computer sereen.

Blogs: The word blog is a short form for the word weblog. A blog is a website or part of a website that
contains personal diary-type entries in the reverse chronological order. The activity of updating a blog is
referred to as blogging and someone who maintains a blog is called a blogger.
Examples: www.blogger.com/ www.wordpress.com

Social Networking sites: A social networking site is used to build online communities of people who
share common interests. People use these sites almost everyday for chatting, playing games and
connecting with friends and family members. There are a number of social networking sites available
such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, etc.| > e-Commerce means buying and selling products online.
People find it convenient to compare different products and buy them from the comforts of their home.

e-Governance: involves applications which are used by government agencies/ organisations to provide
better governance.
-http://india.gov.in is the national portal of India.
- A number of services have been launched by the government of India under the Digital India initiative
to transform India into a digitally empowered society.
- Digilocker, Swachh Bharat Mission App, MyGovin are some of these services

e-Business: applications use technology to effectively access and deliver business related services and
perform various kinds of business transactions.

e-Learning: applications that use technology to effectively deliver and monitor learning and teaching
processes. They help the trainer to organize and manage his/her lesson plans, present them to
students/learners, evaluate and take the feedback to enhance & fine-tune this process in future.
Examples: www.w3schools.com, www.khanacademy.com offer free tutorials.

e-Banking: It is a method of banking in which the customer conducts transactions electronically via the
internet.

e-Shopping: It is the action or activity of buying goods or services over the internet.

e-Reservation: It is a reservation made online either by an email or through a website/app.

e-Groups: e-groups are a free email group service that allows us to easily create and join email groups.
e-mail groups offer a convenient way to connect with others who share the same interests and ideas.

Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing is a type of Internet-based computing, and it consists of every
situation where the use of IT resources can be made by an entity, including a person or an organisation.
• Use uniform style of sub-bullets
• We pay only for the services (as and when needed) and not for the hardware and software
• We have online access to a broad range of applications, services and hardware that otherwise may be
very expensive
• We can cut costs by renting software and applications
Examples: Dropbox, Microsoft SkyDrive, Google Drive, etc.

Web services: are XML-based information exchange systems that use the Internet for direct
application- to-application interaction. These systems can include programs, objects, messages, or
documents. A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data
between applications or systems

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