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Lab.2 2nd

The document outlines various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active constituents from plants or animal tissues, categorizing them into cold and hot methods. Cold methods include maceration and percolation, while hot methods encompass infusion, decoction, digestion, and continuous hot extraction techniques like reflux and Soxhlet extraction. Each method has specific procedures and applications, with varying advantages and disadvantages.

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احمد نسيم حسين يونس
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24 views5 pages

Lab.2 2nd

The document outlines various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active constituents from plants or animal tissues, categorizing them into cold and hot methods. Cold methods include maceration and percolation, while hot methods encompass infusion, decoction, digestion, and continuous hot extraction techniques like reflux and Soxhlet extraction. Each method has specific procedures and applications, with varying advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

احمد نسيم حسين يونس
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Extraction Methods

Extraction involves the separation of the medicinally active constituents of


plants or animal tissues from the active or inert component by using solvent (s)
and by using one of the standard extraction procedures.
The products that obtained from plants are relatively impure liquids,
semisolid or powders, intended only for oral or external use. These total
extractive products are called Galenical, Which came from the name Galen, the
2nd century Greek physician.
Methods of extraction can be divided into:
1- Cold Methods.
2- Hot methods.

Cold extraction methods:


Is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold
solvent. The procedure carried out at room temperature (15-25 0 C).

1- Maceration:

• This simple widely used procedure involves leaving the pulverized plant to soak
in a suitable solvent in a closed container .simple maceration is performed at
room temperature by mixing the ground drug with the solvent (drug solvent
ratio : 1:5 or 1:10) and leaving the mixture for several days with occasional
shaking or stirring. The main disadvantage of maceration is that the process can
be quite time-consuming, taking from a few hours up to several weeks.

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2- Percolation:
Percolation (from Lat. percōlāre, to
filter) concerns the movement and
filtering of fluids through porous
materials. The powdered plant material
is soaked initially in a solvent. In a
percolator, additional solvent is then
poured on top of the plant material and
allowed to percolate slowly (drop wise)
out of the bottom of the percolator.
Additional filtration of the extract is not
required because there is a filter at the
outlet of the percolator.

Hot Extraction Methods:

1-Infusion:
Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds
or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water,
oil or alcohol by allowing the material to remain suspended
in the solvent over time. In this procedure we have special container called
‘Infusion pot’ which contain sieves and cover with heavy lid. After the addition
of the solvent ,boiling water, left for a while for the extraction of active
constituent during that time the volatile oil evaporated with steam and
condenses on the lid, after that we take the solvent which contain the active
constituent.

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2-Decoction:
The term dates back to 1350–1400 ,from present participle stem of
Latin decoquere (meaning to boil down), de "from"+ coquere "to
cook". Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling, of dissolved
chemicals, from hard plant material, which may include stems, roots,
bark and rhizomes on a source of heat or direct flame then agitating
until the active constituents will be dissolved in the solvent. Here the
solvent used depend on the active constituent and source of heat e.g.
chloroform and ether can’t be used because we used direct source of
heat. In addition to that the active constituent should be heat stable.

3-Digestion:
In this method the plant material is placed together
with the solvent and application of gentle heat, so
that the solvent will increase its power for extraction
and this method is used in cases were moderately
elevated temperature is required. e.g. Tea is the brew made
from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It is the
beverage most consumed worldwide, after water.

4-Contiuous hot extraction methods:


a) Reflux condenser:
Plant material is immersed in a solvent in
a round-bottomed flask, which is connected
to a condenser. The solvent is heated until
it reaches its boiling point. As the vapor is
condensed, the solvent is recycled to the flask.

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b)Soxhlet apparatus:
The plant powder is placed in a cellulose thimble in an extraction
chamber, which is placed on top of a collecting flask beneath a
reflux condenser. A suitable solvent is added to the flask, and the
setup is heated under reflux. When a certain level of condensed
solvent has accumulated in the thimble, it is siphoned into the flask
beneath.
-The main advantage of Soxhlet extraction is that it is a continuous
process for the extraction of active constituents decomposed by
direct heat.

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b) Clavenger:
In this method we used a special apparatus which is called
‘Clavenger’, it is used mainly for extraction of volatile compounds,
e.g. orange peels has been used for the extraction of orange oil.

Clevenger Apparatus Clevenger Apparatus


(Oil heavier than Water) (Oil lighter than water)

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