Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. Which of the following causes changes in genetic composition?

A. Photosynthesis
B. Meiosis
C. Respiration
D. Fermentation
2. What leads to the origin of a new species?
A. Hybridization
B. Natural selection
C. Mutation
D. All of the above
3. Who proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired traits?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Gregor Mendel
C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
D. Alfred Wallace
4. Which theory states that life was created by a supreme being?
A. Spontaneous generation
B. Special creationism
C. Biochemical origin
D. Panspermia
5. Which of the following is NOT a theory about the origin of life?
A. Cosmozoan theory
B. Spontaneous generation
C. Evolutionary creationism
D. Biochemical origin
6. What does the theory of theistic evolution propose?
A. Life evolved spontaneously
B. Evolution occurs without divine intervention
C. God invented evolution
D. Life was created by meteorites
7. Which theory suggests that life exists eternally in the universe?
A. Biochemical origin
B. Eternity of life

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 C. Intelligent design
D. Special creationism
8. What does the biochemical origin theory suggest?
A. Life came from a divine source
B. Life evolved from non-biological molecules
C. Life was created by meteorites
D. Life is eternal
9. Which structures are similar in form but different in function?
A. Homologous structures
B. Analogous structures
C. Vestigial structures
D. Adaptive structures
10. What do analogous structures indicate?
A. Common ancestry
B. Similar function, different origin
C. Genetic variation
D. Evolutionary stasis
11. What is paleontology?
A. Study of living organisms
B. Study of fossils
C. Study of genetics
D. Study of ecosystems
12. What do fossils provide evidence for?
A. Climate change
B. Evolution and common ancestry
C. Geological formations
D. Extinct species only
13. Who is known for the theory of natural selection?
A. Gregor Mendel
B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Charles Darwin
D. Alfred Wallace
14.What is the main mechanism of evolution according to Darwin?
A. Genetic drift

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 B. Natural selection
C. Mutation
D. Migration
15. What does "survival of the fittest" refer to?
A. Strongest individuals survive
B. Best adapted individuals survive
C. Largest individuals survive
D. Youngest individuals survive
16. What type of selection favors individuals at both extremes?
A. Directional selection
B. Stabilizing selection
C. Disruptive selection
D. Natural selection
17. Which type of selection reduces variation around the mean?
A. Directional selection
B. Disruptive selection
C. Stabilizing selection
D. Natural selection
18. What is Neo-Darwinism?
A. A return to Lamarck's ideas
B. Incorporation of genetics into Darwin's theory
C. Rejection of Darwin's theory
D. A new theory of spontaneous generation
19. What is a gene pool?
A. The collection of genes in an organism
B. The total genetic diversity within a population
C. A specific gene in a species
D. The process of gene mutation
20. What does genetic variability refer to?
A. Uniform genetic makeup
B. Differences in alleles within a population
C. Genetic mutations only
D. The extinction of species
21. What is reproductive isolation?

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 A. Species can interbreed
B. Species are unable to interbreed
C. Species share habitats
D. Species evolve together
22. What do similarities in embryonic development suggest?
A. Different ancestry
B. Common ancestry
C. No evolutionary relationship
D. Independent evolution
23. Which chemical is often studied for evolutionary relationships?
A. Water
B. Oxygen
C. DNA
D. Carbon dioxide
24. What does the presence of similar proteins in different species inform?
A. Unrelated evolution
B. Common ancestry
C. Environmental adaptation
D. Mutation
25. What is divergent evolution?
A. Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits
B. Closely related species become increasingly different
C. Species evolve in parallel
D. Species remain unchanged
26. What is convergent evolution?
A. Closely related species evolve differently
B. Unrelated species evolve similar traits
C. Species become extinct
D. Species evolve in parallel
27. What is parallel evolution?
A. Similar evolution of related species in different environments
B. Different evolution of unrelated species
C. Species evolving together in the same environment
D. Evolution leading to extinction

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28. What type of selection occurs when environmental pressures favor one extreme?
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Directional selection
C. Disruptive selection
D. Sexual selection
29. What was Francisco Redi's contribution to the debate on spontaneous generation?
A. He supported it
B. He disproved it with experiments
C. He ignored the concept
D. He expanded its validity
30. What is the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment?
A. It disproved spontaneous generation
B. It simulated conditions for organic molecule formation
C. It supported special creationism
D. It showed life cannot form in lab conditions
31. In Miller and Urey’s experiment, which gas was NOT used?
A. Ammonia
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Methane
32. Which group is believed to be the first photosynthetic organisms?
A. Green plants
B. Green algae
C. Blue-green algae
D. Lichens
33. What is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
A. Over-reproduction
B. Use-and-disuse of body parts
C. Existence of heritable variation
D. Competition for resources
34. Which theory explains changes in allele frequencies in populations?
A. Darwin’s natural selection
B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. Spontaneous generation

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 D. Neo-Darwinism
35. What is the term for the gradual change in a species over time?
A. Adaptation
B. Evolution
C. Variation
D. Photosynthesis
36. What role do mutations play in evolution?
A. They have no effect
B. They provide genetic variability
C. They always lead to extinction
D. They prevent adaptation
37. What is adaptive radiation?
A. The extinction of all a species
B. The diversification of a species into various forms
C. The convergence of unrelated species
D. The stabilization of a population
38. What is speciation?
A. The extinction of species
B. The process of forming new species
C. The adaptation of species to their environment
D. The migration of species
39. What type of speciation occurs due to geographic isolation?
A. Sympatric speciation
B. Allopatric speciation
C. Parapatric speciation
D. Peripatric speciation
40. Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?
A. Cichlid fish in lakes
B. Darwin’s finches
C. Apple maggot fly
D. Polyploid plants
41. What is polyploidy?
A. A type of mutation
B. A condition with more than two sets of chromosomes

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 C. A form of reproductive isolation
D. A method of natural selection
42. Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic barrier?
A. Temporal isolation
B. Behavioral isolation
C. Hybrid sterility
D. Mechanical isolation
43. What does genetic drift refer to?
A. Change in allele frequency due to chance
B. Change in allele frequency due to selection
C. Movement of alleles between populations
D. Adaptation to environmental changes
44. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A. A condition of stable genetic equilibrium
B. A state of rapid evolution
C. A type of genetic drift
D. A method of natural selection
45. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A. Large population
B. Random mating
C. No mutation
D. High mutation rates
46. What is gene flow?
A. Change in allele frequencies due to chance
B. Movement of genes between populations
C. Isolation of populations
D. Formation of new species
47. What is the founder effect?
A. Loss of genetic diversity in large populations
B. Genetic changes due to environmental pressures
C. Establishment of a new population by a small group
D. Isolation of populations due to geographic barriers
48. What is a point mutation?
A. Change affecting large segments of chromosomes

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 B. A random change in a single nucleotide base
C. A duplication of chromosomal segments
D. A type of chromosomal aberration
49. What is a missense mutation?
A. A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon
B. A mutation that does not affect the protein
C. A mutation that alters one amino acid in a protein
D. A deletion of a nucleotide
50. What is the significance of the brain size increase in human evolution?
A. Decreased cognitive abilities
B. Enhanced social behaviors and problem-solving
C. Reduced energy consumption
D. Diminished physical abilities
51. Which hominin species is known as "Handy Man"?
A. Homo sapiens
B. Homo erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Australopithecus afarensis
52. What does the term "Hominins" refer to?
A. All primates
B. Species that led to humans
C. Species of modern humans
D. Extinct mammals
53. What is an example of a trisomy disorder?
A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Jacob's syndrome
54. What is a characteristic of Homo erectus?
A. Bipedal but not tool-using
B. Controlled fire and used advanced tools
C. Lived only in Africa
D. Had a smaller brain than Homo habilis
55. Which of the following is a characteristic of the species Homo sapiens?

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 A. Smaller brain size than predecessors
B. First to control fire
C. Developed abstract thinking and problem-solving skills
D. Exclusively tree-dwelling
56. What is the significance of the Ardi fossil?
A. Evidence of the first bipedal hominin
B. Evidence of early human tool use
C. Evidence of brain size increase
D. Evidence of tree-dwelling adaptations
57. What is the primary characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?
A. Extra Y chromosome
B. Extra X chromosome in males
C. Missing X chromosome
D. Extra chromosome 21
58. What is hybrid breakdown?
A. Hybrids die before birth
B. Hybrids are sterile
C. Offspring of hybrids have reduced fitness over generations
D. Hybrids are healthy but do not reproduce
59. What kind of isolation occurs when species reproduce at different times?
A. Mechanical isolation
B. Temporal isolation
C. Ecological isolation
D. Behavioral isolation
60. Which of the following statements is true regarding human evolution?
A. Humans are still evolving
B. Humans have stopped evolvinsg
C. Evolution only occurred in the past
D. Humans evolved exclusively in Europe