CENTRE FOR PRE-UNIVERSITY STUDIES

MTS 3114 – MATHEMATICS 1

CHAPTER 2 : POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

INSTRUCTOR NAME :
MADAM SITI SALMIAH BINTI YATIM @ MOHD MANSOR
[email protected]
MADAM NURUL HASLINDA BINTI NASRUDIN
[email protected]

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Objectives
1) Learn the meaning of polynomials and carry out elementary operations on
polynomials.
2) To know polynomial simultaneous equation concept and to solve
simultaneous equation.
3) Learn remainder theorem and factor theorem of polynomials.
4) Use the process of completing the square for quadratic polynomial, derive
quadratic formula and use discriminant of quadratic.
5) Solve inequalities involving polynomials of degrees, rational functions and
modulus.
6) Express rational functions into partial fractions.

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 Pre-requirement for this chapter.
1) Basic calculation
2) Basic simultaneous equation
3) Basic quadratic equation
4) Basic fraction calculation
5) Basic division method

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What you will learn?

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Polynomial Function

• Polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials.

• Polynomial in one variable is a polynomial that contain

only one variable.
Ex: 5 x 2 + 3 x − 5

• Polynomial in two variable is a polynomial that contains

two variable.
Ex: 5 x 2 +3xy + y − 5

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Polynomial Function

• The degree of polynomial in one variable is the greatest exponent

of its variable.

• A leading coefficient is the coefficient of the term with the highest

degree.

Degree

3x 5 − 3x + 4

Leading Coefficient

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Polynomial Functions

• Normally, polynomial are writing in this form :

𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

where a, b, c and d is constant.

• “P(x)” is function. It also can F(x), g(x) and f(x).

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Polynomial Functions
Example 1

Evaluate
f (−2) and f (2a ) if f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 2 x − 6

f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x − 6
f (−2) = 3(−2) 2 − 2(−2) − 6
= 10

f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x − 6
f (2a ) = 3(2a ) 2 − 2(2a ) − 6
= 12a 2 − 4a − 6

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Polynomial Functions

A polynomial equation used to represent a function is called a

Polynomial Function.

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Linear Polynomial

Simultaneous equation (2 variables)

Given: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
Find the value of x and y.
x+ y = 5 ..........(1)
x − y =1 ..........(2)
From (1)
subs y = 2 into (3)
x = 5− y ........(3) x = 5−2
(5 − y ) − y = 1 x=3
− 2y = 1− 5
−4
y =
−2
y = 2

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Linear Polynomial

Simultaneous equation (2 variables)

Given: 4 x + 3 y = 16 and x − y = −3 . Find the value of x and y.
4 x + 3 y = 16 ...........(1)
x − y = −3 ...........(2)
From (2) subs y = 4 into (3)
x = y − 3 ...........(3) x = y-3
subs (3) into (1) x = 4-3
4( y − 3 ) + 3 y = 16 x =1
4 y − 12 + 3 y = 16
7 y = 16 + 12
28
y=
7
y=4
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Linear Polynomial

Simultaneous equation (2 variables)

Given that
5 x − 6 y = 28
2 x + 4 y = − 8

5 x − 6 y = 28 .........(1)
2 x + 4 y = −8 ..........(2)

(1)  2 10 x − 12 y = 56 .......(3)
(2)  5 10 x + 20 y = −40 .......(4)
(4) - (3) 32 y = - 96
y = −3
Then, x = 2

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Linear Polynomial

Simultaneous equation (3 variables)

• Normally, for 3 unknowns simultaneous equations, we need to eliminate 1
variable first to come out with 2 equation which have 2 variables.

Example

8 x − 6 y + 2 z = − 4
2 x + 4 y + 3 z = 13
3 x + 5 y − z = 22

Find the value of x, y and z.

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Linear Polynomial

Example (cont...)

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Simultaneous Equation (Calculator)

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Linear Polynomial

Exercises :
Solve the following equations:
1) 3 x − y = 7
2 x + 3 y = 1

2) 5x + 4 y = 1
3x − 6 y = 2

3) x + 2 y − z = 4
2 x + y + z = − 2
x + 2 y + z = 2
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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

A quadratic polynomial can be solved by

a) factorisation method
b) completing the square method
c) formula method

− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

a) Factorisation method
Example
Solve each of the following quadratic equations by factorisation method.

a) b)
(2 x − 1)(3x + 4) = 2
3x 2 = 2 x
6 x 2 + 8 x − 3x − 4 = 2
3x 2 − 2 x = 0
6 x 2 + 5x − 4 − 2 = 0
x(3 x − 2) = 0
6 x 2 + 5x − 6 = 0
2
x = 0, (2 x + 3)(3x − 2) = 0
3
3 2
x=− ,
2 3
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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

b) Completing the square method

Example
Solve each of the following quadratic equations by completing the square method.
a) x + 7x − 3 = 0
2 b) 2 x 2 + x − 8 = 0
x2 + 7x = 3 2x 2 + x = 8
2 2 x
 7 7 x2 + =4
x +  = 3+  2
 2 2 2 2
2  1 1
 7 1 x +  = 4+ 
 x +  = 15  4 4
 2 4
2
 1 1
x+
7
= 15
1
, x = 15
1 7 1 7
− ,− 15 − x +  = 4
2 4 4 2 4 2  4 16

x = 0.4051 , -7.4051 1 1 1 1 1 1
x+ = 4 ,x= 4 − ,− 4 −
4 16 16 4 16 4
x = 1.7656 , -2.2656
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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

c) Formula method
Example
Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula.
a) 6 − 2 x = 5x 2
5x 2 + 2 x − 6 = 0
Hence, a = 5, b = 2, c = −6
− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (2)  (2) 2 − 4(5)(−6)
x= − (2) + 124 − (2) − 124
2(5) x= ,
10 10
x = 0.9136,−1.314

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 Quadratic Polynomial Functions
Exercises.

1. Solve each of the following quadratic equation by completing the square method.
a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
b) 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 5
c) 𝑥 3𝑥 + 2 − 8 = 0
d) 2𝑦 4 − 𝑦 = 5

2) Solve each of the following quadratic equation by formula method.

a) 3 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 + 11 = 10𝑦
9
b) 2𝑥 2 −5= 𝑥
2

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Forming quadratic equation from given roots.

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

The steps to form a quadratic equation from given :

1) Find the sum of roots, (SOR).

2) Find the product of roots,(POR).
3) The quadratic equation

𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑂𝑅 𝑥 + 𝑃𝑂𝑅 = 0

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Example 1

𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 have roots 𝛼 and 𝛽 . Find 𝛼 + 𝛽 and 𝛼𝛽 .

2x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0
3
x − 2x + = 0
2

2
x 2 − ( SOR) x + ( POR ) = 0
 + =2
3
 =
2

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Example 2
Given that 𝛼 + 𝛽 are roots of 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1.
Find the values for 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 .

2x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0
1
x + 3x + = 0
2  2 +  2 = ( +  )2 − 2
2
1
 +  = −3 = (− 3) − 2 
2

2
1 =8
 =
2

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Example 3

𝛼 𝛽
Given that 𝛼 and 𝛽 are roots of 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 2. Find the values: + .
𝛽 𝛼

x 2 + 6x + 2 = 0
 +  = −6  = 2
   2 +  2 ( +  )2 − 2
+ = =
   

=
(− 6 ) − 2(2 )
2
= 16
2

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Example 4
Given that 𝛼 and 𝛽 are roots of 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 . Find the equation of 𝐺(𝑥) given
that its roots are 3𝛼 + 3𝛽 and 𝛼 + 𝛽 .

x 2 + 6x + 2 = 0
 +  = −6  = 2
(3 + 3 ) + ( +  ) = 4 + 4 = 4( +  ) = 4(− 6) = −24
(3 + 3 )( +  ) = 3 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 2
= 3( 2 +  2 ) + 6 = 3( +  ) − 2  + 6 = 108
2

G ( x) = x 2 + 24 x + 108

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Quadratic Polynomial Functions

Exercises:
1) If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3 = 0, form the
quadratic equations that have the following roots.

a) (2 + 1) and (2 + 1)

3 3
b) and
 

2) Given -4 and q-5 are the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑝 − 3 𝑥 = 0 where
p and q are constants. Find the value of p and q.

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Polynomial Remainder Theorem

Long Division

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Polynomial Remainder Theorem

Example 1
Find the quotient Q(x) and remainder R(x) when 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 9 is
divide with 2𝑥 + 3 .
x 2 + 2x − 2
2x + 3 2x3 + 7x 2 + 2x + 9
- 2 x + 3x
3 2

4x 2 + 2x
- 4 x 2 + 6x
- 4x + 9
- − 4x − 6
15

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Polynomial Remainder Theorem

Example 2
Find 𝑝 given that 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑝 has remainder -9 when divided with 𝑥 + 2
.
Let quotient = Q(x)

P ( x) = 2 x 3 + x 2 + p = ( x + 2)Q ( x) + ( −9)
Let x = −2
2(−2) 3 + (−2) 2 + p = (−2 + 2)Q ( x) + ( −9)
− 16 + 4 + p = −9
p=3

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Polynomial Remainder Theorem

Example 2
Given that 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6 has factor (𝑥 + 1). Find another 2 factors.
2x 2 − 7x + 6
x + 1 2x 3 − 5x 2 − x + 6
2x3 + 2x 2
− 7x2 - x
- − 7x2 − 7x
6x + 6
- 6x + 6
( )
2 x 3 − 5 x 2 − x + 6 = ( x + 1) 2 x 2 − 7 x + 6 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)(2 x − 3)

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Polynomial Remainder Theorem

Exercises:
1) Find the quotient and remainder for the following : (use long division)
a) 𝑃 𝑥 = 6𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 4 divide by (𝑥 − 2)
b) 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 5 divide by (𝑥 − 3)

2) Find the value of constant a if the remainder is 18 when the expression

2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 is divided by (𝑥 − 4)

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Quadratic Polynomial (Discriminant)

Discriminant : b 2
− 4 ac

Discriminant rules :
b 2 − 4ac  0; roots are real and distinct
b 2 − 4ac = 0; roots are real and equal
b 2 − 4ac  0; roots are complex

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Quadratic Polynomial (Discriminant)

Example
Given that 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘 − 1 𝑥 − (2𝑘 + 1) have equal roots. Find the values of k.

b 2 − 4ac = 0
(k − 1) 2 − 4(1)(−2k − 1) = 0
k 2 − 2k + 1 + 8k + 4 = 0
k 2 + 6k + 5 = 0
k = −1,−5

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

To sketch a quadratic polynomial function graph, you need to have :

a) Graph shape
b) Roots ( x-intercept)
c) Minimum or maximum point
d) y- intercept

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Step 1 : Shape of graph

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Step 2 : Roots

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Step 3 : Minimum or Maximum point

For 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

Maximum or minimum point can get in the form 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑝 )2 +𝑦𝑝 where the coordinate
of the point is (𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 ) . Using completing the square method.

 shape ................ minimum point

 shape ................ maximum point

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Example 1
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
Step 3: Identify the max or min point
Step 1: a  0, shape
2 2
 5  5
x 2 − 5x + 6 =  x −  + 6 −  − 
 2  2
2
Step 2: Roots (determine the x-intercept)  5 1
= x−  −
 2 4
x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0 5 1
=  ,− 
so, minimum point 2 4
x = 2,3

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Example 1 (cont...)

Step 4 : determine the value of y- intercept

𝑥 = 0, 𝑃 𝑥 = 6

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Example 2
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = −4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − Step 3: Identify the max or min point
9
Step 1: a  0, shape − 4 x 2 + 12 x − 9 = −4(x 2 − 3 x ) − 9

Step 2: Roots (determine the x-intercept)  3 

2
9
P ( x) = −4 x + 12 x − 9
2 = −4  x −  −  − 9
 2 4 
(2 x − 3)(2 x − 3) = 0 2
 3
3 3 = -4 x −  + 0
x= ,  2
2 2
3 
=  ,0 
so, maximum 2 

point

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Quadratic Polynomial Function Graph

Example 2 (cont...)

Step 4 : determine the value of y-

P(x)
intercept x
3
,0
2
𝑥 = 0, 𝑃 𝑥 = −9
-9

P ( x) = −4 x 2 + 12 x − 9

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Intervals
Infinite interval

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Intervals
Finite interval

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Polynomial Inequalities
Sign of inequalities

" " (less than or equal)

" " (greater than or equal)
" " (greater than)
" " (less than)

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Linear Polynomial Inequalities
Example 1
Given that 𝑃 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 4 and 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 6. Example 2
Find a set of 𝑥. Given that P( x) = 1 − 3x and - 8  P( x)  7 .
x Find a set of x .
P( x)  6 − 8  1 − 3x  7
5x − 4  6 − 8 − 1  −3 x  7 − 1
5 x  10 − 9  −3 x  6
−9 6
10 x
x −3 −3
5 3  x  −2
x  2 or (-,2] − 2  x  3 or [-2,3]

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Quadratic Polynomial Inequalities
There are two methods for solving Quadratic Polynomial Inequalities:
1) Graphical method
2) Analytical method
(Table method)

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Quadratic Polynomial Inequalities
1. Analytical method
x 2 − 5x + 6  0
(x − 2)(x − 3)  0
2 3 x

x−2 − + +
x −3 − − +

(x − 2 )(x − 3) + − +
inequalities symbol is >, so we take '+' value.
Ans: x : x  2, x  3

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Rational Function Inequalities
Example 1

x : −7  x  −1 or x  4

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Rational Function Inequalities

Example 2
4 − 5x
Solve 3
1 − 2x
4 − 5x
−3 0
1 − 2x -1 0.5
4 − 5 x 3(1 − 2 x) 1+ x
− 0 1 + x
1 − 2x 1 − 2x
1− 2 x
1+ x
0 1 + x
1 − 2x 1 − 2x
1
x = −1, x =
2

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Rational Function Inequalities
Exercises :
Find the range of values of x which satisfy each of the following
inequalities.
x 1
a) 
x + 8 x −1

b) x +1 3

2x − 1 x − 2

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Partial Fraction
Polynomial partial fraction normally we can conclude it have 4 case :

1) Simple form
2) Cannot factories
3) Factor have power
4) Divide first

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Partial Fraction (Simple form)
Example 1
7𝑥−4
Express in partial fraction.
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

7x − 4 A B C
= + +
x ( x − 1)( x + 2) x x −1 x+2
7x − 4 A( x − 1)( x + 2) + B ( x )( x + 2) + C ( x )( x − 1)
=
x ( x − 1)( x + 2) x ( x − 1)( x + 2)
7 x − 4 = A( x − 1)( x + 2) + B ( x )( x + 2) + C ( x )( x − 1)
use x = 1 3 = 3B, B =1
use x = -2 - 18 = 6C C = -3
use x = 0 - 4 = −2 A A=2
7x − 4 2 1 3
= + −
x ( x − 1)( x + 2) x x −1 x+2
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Partial Fraction (Cannot factories)
Example 2
3x + 1
Express ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) in partial fraction.

3x + 1 A Bx + C
= + 2
( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
x − 1 x +1 0 x 2 + 3 x + 1 = ( A + B ) x 2 + (c − B ) x + A − C
3x + 1 A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1) use x = 1, 4 = 2 A A=2
=
( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) comparing coefficien ts
x2 : 0 = A+ B B = −2
3 x + 1 = A( x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
2

x: 3 = C-B C =1
3 x + 1 = Ax + A + Bx − Bx + Cx − C
2 2

= ( A + B ) x 2 + (C − B ) x + A − C 3x + 1 2 1 - 2x
= + 2
(x - 1) x − 1 x + 1

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Partial Fraction (power)
Example 3
1
Express (x + 1) (x + 2) in partial fraction.
3

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + 2+ +
𝑥 + 1 3 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑥 + 2

𝐴 𝑥 + 1 2 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)3

=
𝑥 + 1 3 (𝑥 + 2)
1
= 𝐴 𝑥 + 1 2 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥 = −1, 𝐶 = 1,
𝑥 = −2, 𝐷 = −1

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Partial Fraction (power)
Example 3 (cont...)

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Partial Fraction (divide first)
Example 4

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Partial Fraction

Exercises :
Express the following in partial fractions.
5 x + 7 2 3
1) ( )( ) ans : +
x + 1 x + 2 x +1 x + 2

3𝑥+4 2 2 x + 15
ans : − +
2)
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
( )
7( x + 2 ) 7 x 2 − x + 1

x 2 + 2x + 3 1 2
ans : 1 − +
3) (x + 2)(x − 1) x + 2 x −1

5x − 4 2 3
ans : +
4) x2 − x − 2 x − 2 x +1

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 Thank you

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