5246 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO.

5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018

A Reliable Microgrid With Seamless Transition

Between Grid Connected and Islanded Mode for
Residential Community With Enhanced
Power Quality
Girish G. Talapur , Student Member, IEEE, Hiralal M. Suryawanshi , Senior Member, IEEE,
Lie Xu , Senior Member, IEEE, and Amardeep B. Shitole , Student Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents a reliable microgrid for resi- provide continuous and reliable power supply to all distributed
dential community with modified control techniques to achieve local loads. Distributed generation (DG) units equipped with
enhanced operation during grid connected, islanded, and resyn- RES providing local distributed load demands form a structure
chronization mode. The proposed microgrid is a combination of
solar photovoltaic, battery storage system and locally distributed of microgrid [1]. This microgrid can operate either in grid-
generation (DG) systems with residential local loads. A modified connected mode or in islanded/standalone mode. In a micro-
power control technique is developed such that local load reactive grid, battery energy storage (BES) system is required for energy
power demand, harmonic currents, and load unbalance are balancing in the system, especially when it is operating in is-
compensated by respective residential local DG. However, active
landed/standalone mode. Efficient utilization of local DG units
power demand of all local residential load is shared between
the microgrid and respective local DG. This control technique can be achieved by operating all DGs as constant power sources
also achieves constant active power loading on the microgrid by during grid-connected mode of operation of microgrid. In this
supporting additional active power local load demand of respective case, grid will maintain the microgrid voltage [2], [3].
residential DG. Hence, proposed modified power control tech- Some of the major challenging issues for smooth operation of
nique achieves transient free operation of the microgrid during
the microgrid are active power load sharing between DGs, har-
residential load disturbances. An additional modified control
technique is also developed to achieve seamless transition of monics compensation, unbalanced load compensation, reactive
microgrid between grid-connected mode and islanded mode. The power compensation, and transition from grid-connected mode
dynamic performance of this microgrid during grid-connected, to islanded mode, and vice versa [4], [5]. In literature, different
islanded, and resynchronization mode under linear and nonlinear control schemes are presented to handle the aforesaid issues.
load variations is verified using real-time simulator.
Control techniques presented for active and reactive power
Index Terms—Distributed generation (DG), grid-connected load sharing between DGs in the microgrid are divided into
mode, islanded mode, microgrid, power quality, resynchroniza-
tion. two categories as decentralized control (without communica-
tion) and centralized control (with communication) [6], [7]. In
I. INTRODUCTION decentralized control, droop method is used for load sharing be-
ONSIDERING today’s worldwide energy crises and tween DGs in the microgrid. It has became very popular due to
C global warming issues, power generation using renewable
energy sources (RESs) are gaining more importance in order to
plug and play type of operation of DG. In this method, the active
and reactive power sharing is based on their droop constant [8].
A virtual output impedance is incorporated in the droop method
in order to achieve accurate active and reactive power shar-
Manuscript received October 4, 2017; revised January 24, 2018; accepted ing between DGs [9], [10]. The disadvantages of basic droop
February 15, 2018. Date of publication February 21, 2018; date of current method is variation in voltage and frequency from nominal val-
version September 17, 2018. Paper 2017-IPCC-1087.R1, approved for publica-
tion in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Industrial ues at other-than-rated load conditions. In order to overcome
Power Converter Committee of IEEE Industry Application Society. This work this issue, Hierarchical control of droop method is presented in
was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of [11] and [12], which comes under the category of centralized
India, Indo-U.K. collaborative project under Grant DST/RCUK/SEGES/
2012/04. (Corresponding author: Girish G. Talapur.) control with communication.
G. G. Talapur, H. M. Suryawanshi, and A. B. Shitole are with the Depart- In centralized control, master-slave method and average
ment of Electrical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, power sharing method is used for active and reactive power
Nagpur 440011, India (e-mail: [email protected]; hms_1963@rediffmail.
com; [email protected]). sharing in the microgrid [13]–[15]. Here, master DG should
L. Xu is with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Uni- have high power rating [16]. The disturbances occurred in the
versity of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]). microgrid are handled by the master DG (i.e., total transients
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. are handled by the master DG). The major disadvantages of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2018.2808482 this method are that the microgrid is to be shutdown when

0093-9994 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 TALAPUR et al.: RELIABLE MICROGRID WITH SEAMLESS TRANSITION BETWEEN GRID CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODE 5247

master DG fails and all transients in microgrid are handled by fore, the proposed microgrid is free from power
the master DG; therefore, the burden on the single DG is high quality related issues caused due to unbalanced
[16]. Mortezaei et al. [17] propose hybrid load sharing method and harmonics load current demand under both
by combining droop and master-slave methods. Here, the DGs grid-connected and islanded mode.
which are operated using droop method will act as master DGs d) In microgrid, the load disturbances are taken care by
and all other DGs are slaves. With this technique, the disadvan- respective local DGs. Hence, the microgrid is tran-
tages of master-slave and droop method are overcome partially. sient free from the local load disturbances occurred
The nonlinear loads demand harmonic currents in the micro- in each residence.
grid, which leads to distortion in microgrid voltage. In [18], the 2) Developed a control technique for smooth transition from
harmonics are shared by incorporating active compensation in grid-connected mode to islanded mode and resynchro-
the controller of DGs; whilas in [19] and [20], harmonics are nization to grid.
shared by adding additional loops in the droop controller of The microgrid achieves following advantages, with the pro-
DGs. In the microgrid, unbalanced loads will cause unbalance posed control technique of the DGs.
in the terminal voltages [21]. In [22] and [23], the load unbal- 1) The dynamic response of the system is increased with the
ance current is shared between DGs without effecting its output proposed control of microgrid during load disturbances.
voltage. 2) The transition from grid-connected mode to islanded
For seamless transition between grid-connected and islanded mode and resynchronization to grid is achieved smoothly
mode, the additional converter is used as dispatch unit in [24]. without affecting the microgrid voltage during transition
Two phase lock loops (PLLs) are used in [25] for smooth tran- period.
sition between the modes of operation by minimizing the error 3) The stability of the proposed microgrid is increased be-
between the phases of the PLL. In [26], a synchronizing DG is cause transient free operation during the local load distur-
used for smooth transition during reconnection of microgrid to bances occurred in the residences.
the main grid. With the help of synchronizing DG, the micro- 4) In microgrid, only the active power sharing is done be-
grid instantaneous phase, frequency, and instantaneous voltage tween DGs and the utility grid. If reactive power, har-
are synchronized with the utility grid before reconnection. By monics, and unbalanced currents are shared between the
this, the transients in the system are avoided during transition DGs and utility grid, then the microgrid voltage will be
from islanded mode to grid-connected mode. In [27], linear affected. To avoid aforesaid issue, the reactive power, har-
quadratic regulator theory based bumpless transfer scheme is monics, and unbalanced currents demanded by the local
used to achieve smooth transition between the islanded mode residential loads are compensated by the respective local
and grid-connected mode. DG with the help of modified power control technique.
This paper proposes a microgrid and its control technique
to provide reliable power supply to a residential community II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
with enhanced power quality and to achieve smooth operation
The schematic in Fig. 1 represents the proposed microgrid
of microgrid under grid-connected mode and islanded mode.
for residential community. The microgrid is interconnected to
However, the specific challenging issues that need to be consid-
the main grid through the static transfer switch (STS). The STS
ered in order to achieve aforesaid objective are active power load
is controlled by DG4 controller. Under healthy condition of
sharing between DGs, reactive power compensation, harmon-
the main grid, microgrid is operated in grid-connected mode.
ics compensation, unbalanced load compensation, and seamless
However during faulty conditions, micro-grid is isolated from
transition of microgrid from grid-connected mode to islanded
the main grid by opening the STS. When the fault is cleared,
mode and resynchronization to grid. Therefore, the proposed
islanded microgrid is resynchronised to the main grid by operat-
microgrid control technique is designed to resolve all these nec-
ing STS. In microgrid, each residence (residence-1, residence-2,
essary issues and achieve smooth operation. The major contri-
and residence-3) comprises of local DGs (DG1 , DG2 , and DG3 )
butions of this paper are as follows.
and local loads. Each DG (DG1 , DG2 , DG3 , and DG4 ) in the
1) Developed a modified power control technique to achieve
microgrid is a voltage source converter (VSC) along with low-
following objectives.
pass filter Lf , Rf , and C at its ac output side. In DG1 , DG2 , and
a) Constant active power loading on the microgrid
DG3 , the dc side of VSC is connected with battery storage sys-
from residential local loads, independent of local
tem. In DG4 , the dc side of VSC is connected with solar PV and
load variations. Therefore, the frequency of the sys-
battery storage system. R and L are equivalent line resistance
tem will not be affected under dynamic load varia-
and inductance.
tions.
b) The entire reactive power demand from the local
load is compensated by the respective local DG. III. CONTROLLER DESIGN
Therefore, the system bus voltage is unaffected even The control technique of the proposed microgrid is designed
under reactive power load variation. such that, it can be operated in grid-connected mode, islanded
c) The unbalance current and harmonics current mode, and resynchronization for grid-connected mode. In
demanded by the local residential loads are grid-connected mode, all the DGs will connect as a constant
compensated by the respective local DG in order power sources; here, the microgrid voltage is maintained by the
to avoid microgrid voltage distortion. There- main grid [28]. If any fault occurred in the main grid, then the

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 5248 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of proposed grid-connected microgrid.

microgrid is disconnected from the main grid and operated in

islanded mode.

A. Modified Power Control Technique for DG1 , DG2 , and DG3

A modified power control technique is developed for local
residential DGs (DG1 , DG2 , and DG3 ) in order to achieve the
following: Fig. 2. Schematic of VSC of DG1 , DG2 , DG3 , and DG4 .
1) transient free microgrid from the local disturbances oc-
curred in the residences;
loads (Pavg1 , Pavg2 , and Pavg3 )
2) constant loading on microgrid from the residences even
under local load variations; Pref = Pavg . (1)
3) reactive power compensation, local unbalanced load com-
pensation, and harmonics compensation of local nonlinear To overcome the limitation of modified power control technique,
load. the selected battery capacity should be 150% of the average
Its realization mainly depends on the capability of BES, which load demand of residential local loads, by this, it is possible to
is the limitation for this technique. In this control technique, the simplify the complexity in control.
residential DGs are controlled by taking feedback signals as 1) Mathematical Modeling of Power Control: Applying
point of common coupling (PCC) voltage of respective DGs, KVL in Fig. 2, the terminal voltage equation at the output side
current supplied by microgrid to the respective residence. The of VSC is
local DGs are controlled in such a way that the respective res- di
idence should absorb constant reference active power from the vt = Rfi + Lf + vpcc (2)
dt
microgrid, irrespective of disturbances. In order to achieve con-
di
stant active power loading, reactive power reference is assumed Lf = vt − Rfi − vpcc . (3)
to be zero and for supply balance current, the neutral current is dt
assumed to be zero. In order to achieve synchronization, instantaneous phase
The reference active power (Pref1 , Pref2 , and Pref3 ) absorbed angle of the microgrid is estimated using synchronous reference
by the local residential loads from the microgrid is estimated frame (SRF) PLL. This phase angle is used for park’s trans-
using precalculated average load demand of residential local formation and to estimate the reference active power current

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 TALAPUR et al.: RELIABLE MICROGRID WITH SEAMLESS TRANSITION BETWEEN GRID CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODE 5249

Fig. 3. Modified power control technique for DG1 , DG2 , and DG3 .

component in dq-frame each residence (isa , isb , and isc ) are taken as feedback signal
Pref for controller to generate control variables ma , mb , and mc . In
Id−ref = . (4) order to generate the control variable mn , reference neutral cur-
Vpcc−d
rent is assumed zero and it is subtracted from the actual sensed
Using park’s transformation, (3) is transformed into syn- neutral current.
chronous dq-reference frame as
dIdq ej ω t B. Modified Control Technique of DG4
Vt−dq ej ω t = RIdq ej ω t + L + Vpcc−dq ej ω t . (5)
dt
The modified control technique for DG4 is designed in order
By solving (5), we obtain the following:
to achieve power control mode during the grid-connected mode
dIdq of operation, seamless transition from grid-connected mode to
Vt−dq = jωLIdq + RIdq + L + Vpcc−dq (6)
dt islanded mode, voltage control mode during islanded mode of
where Idq is state variable, Vt−dq is terminal voltage control operation, and seamless resynchronization to the main grid from
input, and Vpcc−dq is the disturbance input. In order to get desired islanded mode of operation. When the microgrid is operating in
control variable Udq , error signal of dq-frame reference and grid-connected mode, the DG4 operates in power control mode.
actual current is passed through proportional and integral (PI) During the fault in main grid, the microgrid is islanded from
controller [29] main grid and the controller of DG4 is shifted to voltage con-
trol mode from power control mode. In this case, as microgrid
dIdq
Udq = RIdq + L . (7) is isolated from the main grid, the instantaneous phase of the
dt reference voltage is generated independently at a frequency of
Using (6) and (7), we obtain the following: 50 Hz.
Vt−dq = jωLIdq + Udq + Vpcc−dq . (8) 1) Mathematical Modeling of Voltage Controller: In order
to maintain reference voltage at the PCC4 , the DG4 is designed
The VSC terminal voltage in dq-frame in terms of modulation to control in dual loop control by considering voltage across the
index is filter capacitor and the current through the inductor [30]. Hence,
Vdc the reference current is
Vt−dq = mdq . (9)
2
Using (8) and (9), we obtain the following: iref = C dvpcc4 . (13)
dt
Vdc
mdq = jωLIdq + Udq + Vpcc−dq . (10)
2 The (13) in dq-frame is
Decomposing (10) into real and imaginary parts, we obtain the
following: d(Vpcc4−dq ej ω t )
iref−dq ej ω t = C (14)
2 dt
md = (−ωLIq + Ud + Vpcc−d ) (11)
Vdc dVpcc4−dq
iref−dq =C + jωCVpcc4−dq (15)
2 dt
mq = (ωLId + Uq + Vpcc−q ). (12)
Vdc
where Vpcc4−dq is a state variable. In order to get the desired con-
The modulating signals to drive the VSC in abc-frame are trol variable idq −c , the error signal of reference voltage (Vdq −ref )
estimated by transforming (11) and (12). The block diagram in dq-frame and actual voltage is passed through PI controller
representation of modified power control is shown in Fig. 3.
The controller is designed in SRF (dq-frame), for this the in- dVpcc4−dq
stantaneous phase is required. The PCC voltage is taken as feed- idq −c = C (16)
dt
back signal to extract the instantaneous phase of the microgrid
at respective PCC point. Currents supplied by the microgrid to iref−dq = idq −c + jωCVpcc4−dq . (17)

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 5250 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018

Fig. 4. Modified control technique for DG4 in microgrid to achieve seamless transition between grid-connected and islanded mode.

Decomposing (17) into real and imaginary, we obtain the fol- TABLE I
MICROGRID SYSTEM PARAMETERS
lowing:
iref−d = id−c − jωCVpcc4−q (18) Sr.No. Parameter Value

iref−q = iq −c + jωCVpcc4−d . (19) 1 System voltage 415 V (L–L)

2 DG1 Rating 20 kVA
The estimated reference in dq-frame is then used to obtain 3 DG2 Rating 25 kVA
modulating signals required to drive DG4 VSC. These mod- 4 DG3 Rating 15 kVA
5 DG4 Rating 40 kVA
ulating signals are estimated by using mathematical model of 6 Line impedance 1.334 Ω, 3 mH
power control from (2)–(12). So, the final modulating signals in 7 LC Filter (L f , R f , and C ) 6 mH, 0.15 Ω, and 50 μF
dq-frame are 8 DC bus voltage of each DG 760 V
9 Switching frequency of each DG 3150 Hz
2
md = (−ωLIq 4 + Ud4 + Vpcc4−d ) (20)
Vdc
as spike in the microgrid voltage. So to avoid this, the reference
2 voltage is always passed through rate limiter (RTL), as shown
mq = (ωLId4 + Uq 4 + Vpcc4−q ). (21)
Vdc in modified block-2 of Fig. 4. From this, the voltage spike is
The modulating signals to drive the VSC in abc-frame are reduced while changing the reference voltage. Once the micro-
estimated by transforming (20) and (21). grid voltage is synchronized with the main grid voltage, then the
Fig. 4 shows the block diagram of DG4 controller. In grid- microgrid is reconnected to the main grid by closing the STS.
connected mode of operation, the DG4 is controlled as a power While transferring the microgrid to grid-connected mode, the
controlled source. Here, the synchronization is done with the DG4 controller is switched to power control mode by switching
grid by using PLL. Whenever fault occurred in the main grid, the mode selection-1, as shown in Fig. 4.
then the microgrid is disconnected from the main grid by open-
ing the STS and operated in islanded mode. While transferring IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PROPOSED MICROGRID
microgrid to islanded mode, the DG4 controller is switched USING REAL-TIME SIMULATOR
from power control mode to voltage control mode. In islanded The proposed microgrid considered for the residential com-
mode, the microgrid voltage is maintained by DG4 . During this munity is implemented in OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The
sudden mode transition, it is very important to accurately select microgrid parameters considered for real-time implementation
instantaneous phase angle problem of instantaneous phase jump are given in Table I. The performance of proposed control
in the microgrid voltage. Here, to avoid this, the instantaneous scheme of DGs in microgrid is evaluated in the following modes
phase angle value for the reference voltage is obtained from the of operation:
previous estimated value during grid-connected mode. This is 1) microgrid in grid-connected mode;
achieved by switching the mode selection-1 in modified control 2) transition of microgrid from grid-connected mode to is-
block-1 as shown in Fig. 4. In islanded mode, the instantaneous landed mode;
phase for the reference voltage is generated at a frequency of 3) microgrid in islanded mode;
50 Hz independently. 4) transition of microgrid from islanded mode to grid-
Whenever fault is cleared in the main grid, then the microgrid connected mode.
is switched to grid-connected mode. Before switching to grid-
connected mode, the microgrid voltage is resynchronized with
A. Microgrid in Grid-Connected Mode
the main grid voltage. For this, the grid voltage is taken as refer-
ence to the voltage controller by switching the mode selection-2 When the microgrid is operating in grid-connected mode, then
as shown in Fig. 4. Sudden change in reference voltage reflects the microgrid voltage is maintained by the main grid. The DGs

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 TALAPUR et al.: RELIABLE MICROGRID WITH SEAMLESS TRANSITION BETWEEN GRID CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODE 5251

in the microgrid are controlled as power controlled sources. The

performance of proposed modified power control technique of
DGs in microgrid is evaluated under the load disturbances and
variation in solar power availability of DG4 .
The DG1 , DG2 , and DG3 in residence-1, residence-2, and
residence-3 are operated in charging mode and sharing mode.
The major objectives of local DGs modified power control tech-
nique in residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3 are as fol-
lows:
1) to operate the residence at unity power factor in microgrid;
2) to provide the transient free operation of microgrid dur-
ing each residential load disturbances (i.e., the local load
disturbances of residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3
should not reflect in microgrid);
3) to absorb constant power from the microgrid under resi-
dential load variations and maintain the power quality in
the microgrid by compensating the harmonics, unbalance
load, and reactive power demanded by the local loads in
the residences.
With the knowledge of local load demand in the residences,
the average load of the residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3
are predefined as 5, 8, and 4 kW. For simplicity, the battery stor-
age system capacity of each DG is selected as 150% of average
local load demand. The local DGs in residence-1, residence-2, Fig. 5. Power curves in residence-1. (a) Active power curves. (b) Reactive
power curves.
and residence-3 are controlled to absorb constant reference ac-
tive power from the microgrid. The reference power for DG1 ,
DG2 , and DG3 in residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3 are Similarly, the dynamic performance of DG2 and DG3 con-
5, 8, and 4 kW, respectively. troller in residence-2 and residence-3 are shown in Figs. 7 and
The local load demand in residence-1 is 4 kW active power 8. From the figures, it is observed that both residences absorb
and 3 kvar reactive power. But the reference power for residence- constant active power from the main grid. However, sudden lo-
1 is 5 kW active power, so the remaining 1 kW is stored in the cal load variations, reactive power demand, unbalanced current,
battery by DG1 , which is shown in Fig. 5(a). In order to oper- and harmonic current demand are compensated by respective
ate the residence-1 at unity power factor in the microgrid, the residential DG.
total reactive power demand by the local loads in residence-1 The power input for DG4 is solar power along with BES. The
is supplied by DG1 , as shown in Fig. 5(b). If the local load rating of battery storage system of DG4 is selected as 150%
demand in residence-1 is increased to 6 kW active power and of total average demand of microgrid. The total demand in the
4.5 kvar reactive power. Even though the local load demand microgrid is 17 kW (i.e., sum of the power demand from the
changed but the power demanded by the residence-1 from the residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3). The DG4 operate in
microgrid is maintained constant at 5 kW. The additional 1 kW three mode as follows:
active power is shared by DG1 , as shown in Fig. 5(a). In Fig. 5, it 1) charging mode;
is observed that the microgrid is transient free from local distur- 2) sharing mode;
bances occurred in residence-1. Furthermore, the load demand 3) feeding mode.
in residence-1 is increased to 7 kW active power, which is unbal- 1) Charging Mode: when the solar power is not available
ance, 5 kvar reactive power and nonlinear load (bridge rectifier and battery storage system of DG4 is not fully charged, then the
with resistive load of 450 Ω) is connected. The residence-1 ab- constant active power absorbed by the DG4 from main grid is
sorbs constant 5 kW active power at nearly unity power factor completely utilized to charge the BES of DG4 . In addition the ac-
with balanced current, even though the local load is unbalance tive power demands of residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3
and nonlinear. The unbalance current, reactive power demand, is also supplied by the main grid as shown in Fig. 9.
and harmonics are compensated by DG1 , as shown in Fig. 6. 2) Sharing Mode: When the solar power available with DG4
The power absorbed by the residence-1 from the microgrid is is less than the total power demand from residence-1, residence-
maintained constant at 5 kW. Even though the local residen- 2, and residence-3, then the active power demanded by all res-
tial load changes as shown in Fig. 6(a), it is observed that the idences is shared between the main grid and DG4 . In Fig. 9,
PCC voltage remains constant as shown in Fig. 6(d). During it is observed that solar power available with DG4 of 7 kW is
dynamic load variations, in order to meet the local load varia- supplied to all residences. However, the addition power demand
tions, the control algorithm will change the modulating signal of 10 kW is supplied by main grid.
of the VSC of the respective DG, hence the PCC voltage is 3) Feeding Mode: When the BES of DG4 is fully charged
regulated. and the solar power available with DG4 is greater than the total

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 5252 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018

Fig. 7. Power curves in residence-2. (a) Active power curves. (b) Reactive
power curves.

Fig. 6. Current waveforms in residence-1 and voltage at PCC-1. (a) Load

current. (b) DG1 current. (c) Residence-1 current (is 1 ) from microgrid.
(d) PCC-1 voltage (v pcc−1 ).

active power demand by all residences, then the surplus power

is injected into main grid. In Fig. 9, it is observed that out of
23 kW solar power available with DG4 , 17 kW active power is
Fig. 8. Power curves in residence-3. (a) Active power curves. (b) Reactive
supply to all residences. However, additional active power of power curves.
6 kW is injecting into the main grid.

balance and the terminal voltage of the microgrid are main-

B. Transition of Microgrid From Grid-Connected Mode to tained by main grid. If any fault occurred in the main grid, then
Islanded Mode
the microgrid is disconnected from the main grid and operated
Under healthy grid condition, the microgrid is operating in in islanded mode. In this paper, an intentional islanding is
grid-connected mode. In this mode, proposed system power done, in order to observe the transition of microgrid from

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 TALAPUR et al.: RELIABLE MICROGRID WITH SEAMLESS TRANSITION BETWEEN GRID CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODE 5253

Fig. 11. PCC4 voltage during grid-connected to islanded mode.

Fig. 9. Microgrid power curves.

Fig. 12. Transition from islanded to grid-connected mode.

C. Microgrid in Islanded Mode

During islanded mode of operation of microgrid, the micro-
grid voltage is maintained by the DG4 . In islanded mode, DG4
is controlled as voltage source. In this mode of operation, the
controller of DG1 , DG2 , and DG3 remains same as in grid-
connected mode. The residence-1, residence-2, and residence-3
Fig. 10. Transition from grid-connected to islanded mode. demand constant load of 5, 8, and 4 kW, which is completely
supplied by the DG4 . However, the local load disturbances are
handled by the local DGs, these disturbances will not reflect in
microgrid, as shown in Figs. 5–8. The harmonics and reactive
grid-connected mode to islanded mode. During this transition,
power demand of local loads are compensated by the local DGs.
the controller of DG4 is switched to voltage control mode from
Hence, proposed control scheme reduces the burden on DG4 due
power control mode. The microgrid voltage in islanded mode
to load disturbances, harmonics, and reactive power demand of
is maintained by DG4 . For this, the instantaneous phase angle
all the residential loads.
value for the reference voltage is obtained from the previous
estimated value during grid-connected mode. This is achieved
by switching the mode selection-1 in modified control block-1, D. Transition of Microgrid From Islanded Mode to
Grid-Connected Mode
as shown in Fig. 4. From this, the instantaneous phase jump is
avoided and smooth transition occurs from the grid-connected When the main grid is in healthy condition (i.e., grid fault
mode to islanded mode, as shown in Fig. 10 and 11. is cleared), then the microgrid is reconnected to the main grid.

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 5254 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018

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 TALAPUR et al.: RELIABLE MICROGRID WITH SEAMLESS TRANSITION BETWEEN GRID CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODE 5255

[26] T. L. Vandoorn, B. Meersman, J. D. M. De Kooning, and L. Vandevelde, Lie Xu (M’03–SM’06) received the B.Sc. degree in
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pp. 2545–2553, Aug. 2013. gineering from the University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
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bumpless transfer in microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 1, He is currently a Professor with the Department of
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mance improvement of grid interfaced three level diode clamped inverter University of Belfast, and ALSTOM T&D, Stafford,
under various power quality events,” in Proc. 26th IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. U.K. His research interests include power electron-
Electron., Edinburgh, U.K., Jun. 2017, pp. 821–826. ics, wind energy generation and grid integration, and
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pp. 4734–4749, Nov. 2012.

Girish G. Talapur (S’16) received the B.Tech. de- Amardeep B. Shitole (S’15) received the B.E. de-
gree in electrical and electronics engineering from gree in electrical engineering from the Government
the RGM College of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Karad, India, in 2008, and
Nandyal, India, in 2009, and the M.Tech. degree in the M.Tech. degree in power systems (electrical en-
power systems from Delhi Technological University, gineering) from the College of Engineering, Pune, In-
New Delhi, India, in 2012. He is currently working to- dia, in 2012. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
ward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with degree in electrical engineering with the Visves-
the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, varaya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur,
Nagpur, India. India.
From 2013 to 2014, he was with the Industrial His research interests include power electron-
Electronics Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engi- ics, renewable energy integration, high power density
neering Research Institute, Pilani, India. His research interests include high converters, ac microgrid, and power quality.
density power converters, distributed generation, ac microgrid, power quality,
and dc microgrid.

Hiralal M. Suryawanshi (M’06–SM’12) received

the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from
the Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, India,
in 1988, the M.E. degree in electrical engineering
from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, In-
dia, in 1994, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical en-
gineering from Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, in
1999.
He is currently a Professor with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Insti-
tute of Technology, Nagpur. He is a Chair Professor
with the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Gurugram, India. In 2012,
he received a Fellowship from the Indian National Academy of Engineering
for his outstanding research. His research interests include the field of power
electronics, emphasising developmental work in the area of resonant converters,
power factor correction, active power filters, flexible ac transmission systems
devices, multilevel converters, and electric drives.
Dr. Suryawanshi is an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IN-
DUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. He was the recipient of the Institution of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)-Bimal Bose Award in 2009 and the
IETE-Biman Behari Sen Memorial Award in 2017 for his leadership in power
electronics in India.

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