Chapter 1 - Computer

System
IPO Cycle
 IPO Cycle

 A computer is a data processing machine.

 Data refers to the raw facts which are entered through the
input devices.

 Information on the other hand is, data is processed and

obtained as the result through output devices.
 IPO Cycle

 During the functioning of a computer.

 The first stage (things to work upon) is called input stage.

 The second stage (the actual work being performed) is called

process stage.

 The third stage (the result) is called output stage.

 Every task follows this Input-Process-Output cycle

Example
 Computer Hardware

 Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that

you can touch and feel.
 Hardware components are referred to as computer
peripherals
Computer Hardware

Hardware

Output Input
Device Device
Computer Hardware

Input Peripherals
Or
Input Device
 Keyboard

 Keyboard is primarily used input device.

 It has letters, numbers and special keys.
 It can be connected to CPU through cable or wireless
 QWERTY is the most common modern day keyboard layout.
 Mouse

 It is a pointing device. It helps to draw, colour, play games and point

different things on computer
 The arrow on the monitor is called mouse pointer. It shows the movement
of mouse.
Ball Mouse Wireless Mouse

Optical Mouse
 Trackball

 A trackball is a pointing device that has a ball on the top that can rotate
freely.
 Instead of moving the device you can roll the ball with your fingers to
move the mouse pointer.
 Touchpad

 A touchpad is a touch sensitive pad that allows you to control the

mouse pointer by making a motion with your finger.
 They are common on laptop computers.
 Touchscreen

 A touchscreen recognises touch within the display region as input.

 You will find touchscreen on mobile phones, tablets, ATM machines etc.
 Microphone

 A microphone is used to record different sounds into the computer

 Joystick

 A joystick is used in playing computer games.

 It has a stick, when moved controls the mouse pointer on the screen.
 Scanner

 A scanner copies pictures or text on a paper onto a computer.

 It converts paper pages into digital pages.
 Barcode Reader

 It is commonly used in shops and super markets.

 A barcode is a group of thin and thick lines that is placed on a product
so that a computer can get the price of the product and information
about it.
 Web Camera

 A web camera is used to take live photos and videos.

 OCR Reader

 OCR – Optical Character Recognition

 Converts data on paper into digital format.
 If a document is scanned it can easily be edited in a word
document.
 OCR scans the text character by character.
 MICR Reader

 MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

 MICR is widely used in banks.
 Numbers and characters found on the bottom of the cheque which
is printed using magnetic ink. It helps to prevent forgery.
Computer Hardware

Output Peripherals
Or
Output Device
 Monitor

 A computer monitor looks like a television, It is also known as VDU

(Visual Display Unit).
 It comes in different sizes like 10, 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches.
 Two types of Monitor

 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

 It is heavy in size and produces lot of heat.
 Two types of Monitor

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor

 It is light in weight. It produces less heat.
 It has better picture quality.
 LCD monitors are commonly used these days.
 Printer

 Printer is used to print information that you see on the monitor onto a
paper.

 Different types of printers

❑ Impact Printers
❑ Non-Impact printers
❑ Plotter
 Impact Printers

 It makes contact with the paper.

 It has a print head that moves horizontally and vertically.
 It forms the print by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using
the pins.
 These printers are slow and noisy.
 Examples: Dot Matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer, Line printer
Impact Printers

Dot Matrix printer

Daisy wheel printer

Line printer
 Non-Impact Printers

 Non-Impact printers do not use a striking device to produce

characters on paper.
 They do not have contact between print head and paper.
 These printers produce less noise and better quality.
 Examples: Laser printer and Inkjet printer.
Non-Impact Printers

Inkjet printer

Laser printer
 Plotter

 It is bigger in size than a printer.

 It prints high quality graphics such as charts, diagrams and maps.
 It is used by engineers and architects.
 Types of plotter: Drum Plotter, Inkjet Plotter and
Flatbed plotter
Plotter
 Computer Software

 Software refers to the set of computer programs that are required for
effective running or operating a computer system.
 The stepwise instructions that are given to the computer are called
programs.
Types of Software
 System Software

 System Software controls and coordinates the hardware of the

computer.

 It enables smooth running of the various application software.

 Operating System

 The operating system is the most important program of the

computer.

 Every computer must have an operating system to work and run

other programs.

 It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

 Operating System

 The operating system is the most important program of the

computer.

 Every computer must have an operating system to work and run

other programs.

 It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

Operating System
 Operating System performs
the following tasks

 Recognising input from the keyboard.

 Sending output to the monitor.

 Keeping track of files from the hard disk.

 Controlling peripheral devices.

 Starting WINDOWS 7

 When you switch ON a computer, you hear a beep sound.

 The operating system gets loaded.
 The process of loading the operating system is called booting.
 Desktop

 The first screen that you see after booting is the desktop.
 Desktop is where all the icons are placed.
 Icons

 Icons are little pictures displayed on the desktop that represent a

program, file or folder.

Icons
 Taskbar

 Taskbar is the bar displayed at the bottom of the desktop.

 It shows you which program is running on the system and allows you
to switch between them.
 The Start button present at the extreme left.
 Notification area display a clock and small group of icons.
 Show Desktop button is a rectangular bar at the very end of the
taskbar.
Features of Windows 7
 Desktop Gadgets

 The gadgets provide information at a glance.

 Example: Calendar, Clock, Puzzle etc.
 Pinning a Program

 Programs and files can be pinned to taskbar to make them

accessible.
 Pinning a Program

 The taskbar will also tell you which programs are currently open and
running.
 Jump List

 It contain pinned and recent files.

 Right click an icon on the taskbar. It will show a list of recent and
frequent files.
 Live Taskbar Preview

 You can point to a taskbar button to see live preview of its open
windows.
 It is called Aero Peek.
 Snap

 Snap is a quick way to resize open windows.

 Drag them to the edges of the screen.
 Depending on where you drag the window, you can expand it.
 Aero Shake

 It will make the desktop clean and leave the file you want to focus
on.
 Click the title bar of the window you want to appear, and shake the
mouse. This will minimise all the other windows on the desktop.
 Aero Flip 3D

 Allows you to quickly preview all of your open files, folders and
documents without clicking the taskbar.

 Press +
Types of Software
 Language Processor / Translator

 A language translator / processor is a type of software.

 Before a program is executed it is converted into binary language.
 It translates the program into binary language and vice-versa.
Language Translator Types
 Assembler

 It is software that converts programs written in assembly language to

machine language.
 Interpreter

 It is software that converts programs written in high-level language to

machine language.

 It converts one instruction at a time.

 Hence the errors has to be rectified for each line before the
complete program gets translated.

 Example: QBASIC and Python

Interpreter
QBASIC
Interpreter

Error
 Compiler

 It is software that converts programs written in high-level language to

machine language.

 It converts in a single operation.

 The errors are reported with line numbers at the end.

 Example: C and C++

Compiler
C program
Compiler

Error
 The program written in high level language is called source code.

 The program written in machine language is called object code.

 Utility Software

 It is designed to help, manage and ensure smooth functioning of the

computer system.

❖ Backup utility
❖ Data compression program
❖ Disk defragmenter
❖ Antivirus software
❖ Disk Cleaner
 Backup Utility

 This program helps you to copy the files from one medium to another
in your hard disk as a backup.

 This feature helps in case of emergency.

 If the original file is crashed, damaged or corrupt, this backup file is

utilised.
Backup Utility
Data Compression Program

 This program allows you to compress large volume of data into small
size of a file.
 It takes small storage space.

Win Zip 7-Zip RAR

 Antivirus / Virus Scanner

 Virus may slowdown the working or even damage the computer

system.
 To prevent such thing virus scanner or antivirus is used.
 Example → Norton, McAfee, AVG and so on.
Antivirus / Virus Scanner
 Disk Cleaner

 It searches and cleans unnecessary files from the computer system.

 It takes up considerable amount of space in the computer system.

 Disk cleaner helps you to decide what you can clean when the hard
disk is full.
Disk Cleaner
 Disk Defragmenter

 Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.
 Disk Defragmenter

 Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.
 Disk Defragmenter

 Data of some files is scattered across the locations on the hard disk.

Presentation Excel

Word 1 Presentation Word 2 Excel Word 3

 Disk Defragmenter

 Defragmentation is the process of consolidating fragmented (Break)

files on the user's hard drive.
 Disk Defragmenter

 Files become fragmented when data is written to disk, and there is

not enough contiguous (together in sequence) space to hold the
complete file.

 This helps to increase the access speed by rearranging files stored

on a disk.
Disk Defragmenter
 Application Software

 Application Software is a set of instructions that are designed to

perform specific task.

 Application software are divided into two categories

❖ General Purpose Application Software

❖ Specific Purpose Application Software
 General Purpose
Application Software

 The Software is developed by keeping in mind the general needs of

a large number of people is called general purpose application
Software.

 For Example Word, Presentation, Spreadsheet and Database

software, audio, photo, video editing and Desktop Publishing
software etc
General Purpose
Application Software
 Specific Purpose
Application Software

 The Software is designed according to the specific needs of an

organisation or an individual.

 Such software can be very expensive and take time to develop.

 For Example: Billing system, Reservation in Railway station and

Airports, Payroll system etc.
Specific Purpose
Application Software
Specific Purpose
Application Software
Specific Purpose
Application Software
 Programming Languages

 A step by step instruction given to a computer is called a program.

 This process is called programming.

 The person who writes a program is called programmer.

 Programming Languages

 Programming Languages are classified as:

❖ First generation languages

❖ Second-generation languages
❖ Third-generation languages
❖ Fourth-generation languages
❖ Fifth-generation languages
 First Generation Language

 First generation languages used machine language.

 It was directly understood by the computer.

 It doesn’t require any translators.

 The disadvantage is it was difficult to learn and write

First Generation Language
 Second Generation
Language

 Second generation languages used assembly language.

 It uses assembler to translate assembly language to machine

language.

 It is referred to as low level programming language

Second Generation
Language
 Third Generation
Language

 It is similar to English.

 It is simple and easy to understand.

 They are referred to as high-level language

 Example: C, C++, BASIC etc

Third Generation
Language
 Fourth Generation
Language

 They are user friendly.

 Output need to be specified.

 They are referred to as very high level programming language.

 Example: SQL
Fourth Generation
Language
 Fifth Generation
Language

 More advanced.

 Doesn’t require any specialised knowledge.

 Used in Artificial Intelligence.