Chapter

1 Basic Concepts
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)

01. Ans: (c) 8

And 4
Sol: We know that; R
dq( t )  R = 2
i(t) =
dt
dq(t) = i(t).dt 03. Ans: (a)
i(t), Amps Sol: The energy stored by the inductor (1, 2H)
upto first 6 sec:
5 E stored upto 6sec   PL dt
3  di( t ) 
 L .i( t )  dt
 dt 
2 4
 d    d  
0 3 4 5 6 7
t(sec)
=   2  (3t)   3t  dt    2  (6)   6  dt
0   2 
dt  dt  
5  sec 6
 d  
q=  i(t )dt = Area under i(t) upto 5 sec    2  (3t  18)   (3t  18)  dt
0 4 
dt  
2 4 6
q = q1|+q2| + q3 |
=  18t dt   0 dt    6  3t  18  dt
= 1  1  1 
  3  5     1  2  (1  3)     1  1  (1  3)  0 2 4
2  2  2 
= 36 + 0 – 36=0 J
q = 15c
(or)
E stored upto 6 sec  E L | t  6 sec
02. Ans: (a)
L i( t ) | t  6 
Sol: 1 2
=
a I b 4A 2
+ + 1
4A =  2 0 2 = 0 J
8V 8V
2
8V R 8V 2

– –
04. Ans: (d)
4A Sol: The energy absorbed by the inductor
(1, 2H) upto first 6sec:
Applying KCL at node ‘b’ Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored
I+4=4 Energy is dissipated in the resistor
 I= 0A E dissipated   PR dt   (i(t)) 2 R dt

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 3 Postal Coaching Solutions

2 4 6 I A
  (3t) 1dt   (6) 1dt   (3t  18) 1dt
2 2 2
+
0 2 4 V 
2 4 6 2A 10V 10
10
  9t dt   36dt   (9t  324  108t)dt
2 2
1A
+
1A
0 2 4 
B
= 24 + 72 + 24
From the diagram;
=120J
I = –1A and V = –10V
 Edissipated = 120 J
And E stored upto 6 sec  0 J 06. Ans: (a)
 Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored Sol: V

 Eabsorbed = 120J+0J=120J * linear

I I * Passive
0
05. Ans: (a) * bilateral
Sol: Point (20, 0)  V =  20V and I = 0A V

IS 0A 07. Ans: (b)

A
IS + Sol: +V
+
IS ISRS RS V= – 20V * Non linear

I
0
I * Active
–
B * Unilateral
V
By KVL  IS RS – V = 0
 ISRS + 20 = 0 08. Ans: (e)
+V
 ISRS = 20V ……….. (1) Sol:
+5

Point: (0, 2)  V = 0V and I = 2A I

0
I * Non linear
IS A 3 * Passive
IS = I = 2A V
* Unilateral
+
IS 0V RS V=0V
 09. Ans: (c)
Sol: V
B

 Is = 2A I I * Linear
0
Substituting Is in eq (1) * Active
RS = 10 * Bilateral
V

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 4 Network Theory

10. 12. Ans: (d)

V1 (2)
Sol: Sol:  V   16 V1 

12 
 I in 51   I in 5 
2V 4V  
V1

+ 5 +
E Iin 5 3V1 2  VOut
V1
(1)
– –

6V 8V

V2 Applying KVL,
(3) 10V
 V   16V1 
 V1  12 I in  1   2 I in  0
 5  5 
(1) By KVL  + 10 + 8 + E + 4 = 0 12V1 32V1
 V1  12Iin   2Iin  0
E = 22V 5 5
49
(2) By KVL  + V1  2 + 4 = 0 14I in  V1
5
V1 =  2V 70
 V1  I in …….. (1)
(3) By KVL  + V2 + 6  8  10 = 0 49
V2 = 12V  16V1 
 Vout  2 I in   ……. (2)
 5 
Substitute equation (1) in equation (2)
11. Ans: (d)
 16 70 
Sol: 3
Vout  2 I in   I in 
2
 5 49 
  25 
I = 2  I in
5V 2V 3V
 7 
1A
 50
 I in
7
 Vout  7.143 I in
Here the 2V voltage source and 3V voltage
source are in parallel which violates the
13. Ans: (c)
KVL. Hence such circuit does not exist.
Sol: 1 V=12V 4A
(But practical voltage sources will have 8A
12A
some internal resistance so that when two +
+
+
unequal voltage sources are connected in V1 = 20V  V1 
12V 1 12V   = 4A
   5 

parallel current can flow and such a circuit
may exist).
0V

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 5 Postal Coaching Solutions

By nodal  By using KCL

V  20 + V  4 = 0 Vx  15
 2Vx  0  Vx = IV
8
V = 12volts
Power delivered by the dependent source is By using nodal Analysis at Vz node
Vz  15
Pdel = (12  4) = 48 watts 20  Vz = + 21V
18

14. Ans: (d) 16.

Sol: 0.5 I Sol:  0V
V1 1
+
I 1
+ + –
2
1V i1 1 1 i2 1V
2   2V +
–
V + 2
V2 +

 0V

0.5 I
By KVL  1  i1  i1 = 0
i1 = 0.5A
I
1.5I 1
By KVL  – i2 – i2 +1 = 0
I
i2 = 0.5A
–
V + 2
loop By KVL  V1  0.5 + 2 + 0.5  V2 = 0
V2 = V1 + 2 V

17.
Applying KVL,
Sol: As the bridge is balanced; voltage across (G)
 V + 1.5I +2I=0
is “0V”.
 V = – 3.5 I
By KCL at node “A”   Is + 5m + 5m = 0
IS = 10mA
15. Ans: (c) IS A

Sol: 5mA 5mA

10 2Vx 1K + 1K
Vz +
5V 5V 
 0V
0A +  0A
IS G
+ Vx 
+
5 5mA 5V 5mA
1K 
8 5V
15V

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 6 Network Theory

18. P6 = 0 W (Given)

Sol: Given data:  i 62 .6 = 0
VR = 5V and VC = 4sin2t then VL = ?
 i6 = 0 (V6 = 0)
Q V1  V2
= 0; V1 = V2
6  j8
1A
+
5 VR=5V By Nodal 
 V1
VC = 4sin2t V1  200 0
2A
+  + 0 =0
P R 1 j1
2A ic
iL
+
1F V1 = 10 2 450 = V2
2H VL By Nodal 

V2 V2  V
0  =0
5 5
S
V = 2V2 = 2(10 2 450)
CdVc d
ic =  (4sin2t) = 8cos2t V = 20 2 450
dt dt
By KCL; 1  2 + iL+ic = 0
20. Ans: (d)
iL = 3  8cos2t
Sol: I1 V 2
We know that;
di L d I1
VL = L = 2 (3  8cos2t) +
dt dt V +– 4 – 2I1

= 2(8)(2)sin2t
VL = 32sin2t volt

Note: Since no independent source in the

19. network, the network is said to be
Sol: V = ? If power dissipated in 6 resistor is unenergised, so called a DEAD network”.
zero. The behavior of this network is a load
resistor behavior.
1 6 j8 V2 5
V1 By Nodal 
0A
V V  2 I1
+
I1 +  =0
 4 2
2000 j1 5  V
 3V = 8I1
V 8
Req =  
0V I1 3

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 7 Postal Coaching Solutions

21. Ans: (a)  1  1 

  
Sol: ZB ZC 1 1  2 s   3 s 
1A 1 2A Z2  ZB  ZC    
ZA 2 s 3s 1
1A  
R1
s
1
3A 2A Z2 = ; C = 1F
S1
R3 R V1

R2 ZA ZC
R4
Z3 = ZA + ZC +
ZB
1A 2 2A
I4
 1  1 
  
1 1  s  3s 
=  
Apply KCL at Node – 1, s 3s 1
 
I = IR1+IR3 = 1 + 1 = 2A  2s 
1 1
Z3 = ;C= F
Apply KCL at Node – 2, 1 2
s 
I4 = I2 – I =  2  2 = – 4A 2

1 1
F  Z3 Z1 = F
2
22. 3
Sol:
1F=ZA Z3 Z1
Z2=1F

3F ZB
ZC 2F
23.
Z2 Sol: Zab = ?
Fig.1
a

2 4
j4
Z Z 
Z1 = ZA + ZB +  A B  Zab 
 ZC  j2

 1  1  2 4
  
1 1  s  2s  b
=  
s 2s 1
 
 3s  Since 2 * 4 = 4 * 2; the given bridge is
1 1 balanced one, therefore the current through
Z1 = ; C= F
1 3 the middle branch is zero. The bridge acts
s 
3 as below :
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 8 Network Theory

a a
25.
2 4
Sol: On redrawing the circuit diagram

Zab  Zab  8
 B
3
R R
R
2 4
b R
A
b
R R or 3R or 100R
48 8
Zab =  
48 3

24. R
B
Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below:
R
R R R or 3R or 100R
a
A
3 3 R
RAB
Req
3
d c Rab
B

3 1 R Req

b A
As bridge is balanced
So RAB=RǁReq=RǁR=R/2
Using  to star transformation:
a
26. Ans: (b)
1
a Sol: The equivalent capacitance across a, b is
1 calculated by simplifying the bridge circuit
1 1
as shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 5. [ C  0.1F]
Rab Rab
d c
4
3 a
3 1 a
b

b c d

4 7
 Rab = 1 + =  b
3 3 b
Fig. 1

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 9 Postal Coaching Solutions

a 1
a a

Req 1 Req
c d
1
b

b
b R eq
R eq  1  1 
1  R eq
0.1 0.1 R eq 2  2R eq  R eq
  0.05F  2 
0.2 1  R eq 1  R eq
a
R eq  R eq2  2  3 R eq
R eq2  2R eq  2  0

0.05F
0.05F

R eq  1  3  
29. Ans: (c)
b Sol: Applying KCL
I0.25 = 2i + i = 3i
Cab = 0.1 F
I0.125= (1 3 i) A
Note: The bridge is balanced and the answer
is easy to get. (13i) 1/8
_
+
27. Ans:(a) + 1/4  _ i 1/2 
_
Sol: Consider a  connected network 3i 2i +
1A  
3Z
3Z 3 3Z
3Z
3
3Z
Applying KVL in upper loop.
3

3Z 
1  3i   i  3i  0
8 2 4
Then each branch of the equivalent  5i 1  3i
  10i = 13i
3Z Z 4 8
connected impedance is =
3 3 1
i= A
13
28. Ans: (a) 3i 3 1 3
Sol: Network is redrawn as
V    V
4 4 13 52
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 10 Network Theory

30. Ans: (a) 32. Ans: (b)

Sol: ix 6 V 4 Sol: Redraw the given circuit as shown below:

+
+ 2ix
10V 2 


3A 15V 5 V0
Applying KCL at Node V +
V V  2i x 3A
  ix  0 ……….. (1)
2 4 
3A 0A
V  10
ix   V  6i x  10
6
Put in equation (1), we get By KVL 
3ix – 5 + ix – 2.5+ix = 0 15 V0 = 0
5ix = 7.5 V0 = 15V
ix = 1.5A
V = – 1V 33. Ans: (d)
V  2i x 1  3
Idependent souce =   1A Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below:
4 4
Across any element two different voltages at
 Power absorbed = (Idependent source) (2ix)
a time is impossible and hence the circuit
= (1) (3) = –3W
does not exist.

31. Ans: (d) Another method:

Sol: V0 = ? By KVL 
5 + 10 = 0
+
2A 15  0
5 V0
3A
 I

5V   5
+ 10V

By KCL  +2 + 3 = 0
+50
0V
Since the violation of KCL in the circuit;
physical connection is not possible and the Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the
circuit does not exist. physical connection is not possible.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 11 Postal Coaching Solutions

34. Ans: (d) Apply KCL at node A

Sol: Redraw the given circuit as shown below: 4  v0 v0 v0  2
 
2 2 2
I 3 v0
1
2
10V   10V 5
2
v0  V
3
(Here polarity is different what we assume
By KVL  2
so V0  V
10 10 = 0 3
20  0
37.
Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the
Sol: The actual circuit is a
physical connection is not possible.

35. Ans: (b) 2 2

Sol: Redraw the given circuit as shown below:
By KVL  4V + + 4V
I
10 – 10 = 0 +
0=0 10V  10V  10V 5 2 1
KVL is satisfied 
10  + 3V
I5 = = 2A a 6V +
5
I5 = 2A
b

36. Ans: (d)

2A 2 2 2A
Sol:
2 A 2

+ + 
4V 2V
 2 v0 +

3A 2 1
Fig. 1 3A

The diode is forward biased. Assuming that

the diode is ideal, the Network is redrawn
with node A marked as in Fig. 1. b

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 12 Network Theory

a Applying KCL at node V

a
V  12 V
a   V0  V0  0
6 12
1 V V
   2  V = 8V
4A 5 6 12
1
3
 4V  V0 = 4V
 
 4V Applying KVL in outer loop
2  –V+1(V0) +Vab = 0
2 3  Vab = V – V0 = 8 – 4 =4V
O.C. b
3
b
40.
Sol: By KVL
b
 Vi  6  10 = 0
38. Ans: (b) Vi = 16V
Sol: 10
P4 = (8 * 2) = 16watts  absorbed
 20V +  P2A = (24 * 2) = 48 watts delivered
5 10V P3 = (6*2) = 12 watts  absorbed
10V +
P10V = (10 * 2) = 20 watts  absorbed
2A

5V +
0A 4

8V +
+
6V 3 +
 24V 2A
Voltage across 2A = 10 + 20 + 10  5 Vi
 10V

= 35 V
0A 2A

 Power supplied = VI
= 35 2 = 70 W
Since; Pdel = Pabs = 48 watts. Tellegen’s
39. Ans :(d) Theorem is satisfied.
Sol: V0 1

V0
41.
6 V
a Sol: By KVL in first mesh
+ V0 –
12 V + Vx  6 + 6  12 = 0
–
12 
Vx = 12V
P12v = (12  9) = 108 watts delivered
b

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 13 Postal Coaching Solutions

By KVL 
6V
– + V3  2I + 4V3 = 0
3A 5V3  2I = 0 ………….. (2)
+
+
6V +– (1) 4 12V + 12V
By KVL 
 –
 V = V3 ……….(3)
6A 2 Substitute (3) in (1), we get
+  9A 24
Vx V3 =
17
P4 = (12  3) = 36 watts  absorbed 24 60
V3  Volt and I = A
P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  absorbed 17 17
P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  delivered P3 = 0.663W absorbed
P2 = (126) = 72 watts  absorbed P4 = 64W absorbed
Since Pdel = Pabs; Tellegen’s theorem is P4A = 69.64W delivered
satisfied. P2 = 24.91W absorbed
P4V3 = 19.92Wdelivered
42. V
2 I Since Pdel = Pabs = 89.57W ; Tellegen’s
Sol: + 2I  Theorem is satisfied.

+ 4
3 16V
V3 –  16 
+ 4V3 =   Volt
 +
 3
4A

By Nodal 
V V 4V
4  3 = 0
3 2 2
5V
= 4  2V3 …………. (1)
6

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
2 Circuit Theorems
01. (c) When 2V voltage source is acting
Sol: The current “I” = ? alone
1

I3 2 1 1
1 2V 1
+ 2
1V 1A + I
 I 2V  1 1
1 1

By superposition theorem, treating one 2

I3 = = 0.66A
independent source at a time. 3
By superposition theorem ; I = I1 + I2 + I3
(a) When 1A current source is acting
I = 0 + 0 + 0.66A
alone.
I = 0.66A

1 1
02.
2 Sol: 1
1A 1 2
I1
ix
1 1 10V  3A  2ix

Since the bridge is balanced ; I1 = 0A

(b) When 1V voltage source is acting
ix = ?
alone
By super position theorem; treating only one
1 independent source at a time
1 1
(a) When 10V voltage source is acting
+ 2 alone
1V
 2 1
I2

1 1 ix1
10V   2ix1
I2 = 0A
Since the bridge is balanced.
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 15 Postal Coaching Solutions

By KVL  For 120 V  i1 = 3 A

10 2ix1 ix1 2ix1 = 0 For 105 V  i1  105  3  2.625A
120
ix1 = 2A
For 120 V  V2 = 50 V
(b) When 3A current source is acting 105
For 105 V  V2   50  43.75 V
alone 120
2 V 1
60
V2 = 120 V  I2R3 = 60 W I 
ix2 R3

3A  2ix2 For VS = 105 V

2
 
P3 =  105 60   R 3 = 45.9 W
 
 120 R 3 

By Nodal 
(V - 2i x 2 ) 04. Ans: (b)
V
–3+ =0 Sol: It is a liner network
2 1
3V–4ix2 = 6 ……….. (1) Vx can be assumed as function of is1 and
And is2
Vx  Ai s1  Bi s 2
ix2 = 0  V  V  2i x 2 …..(2)
2
80 = 8A+ 12 B  (1)
Put (2) in (1), we get
0 = 8A+4B  (2)
3
ix2 =  A From equation 1 & 2
5
A = 2.5: B = 5
By SPT ;
Now, VX = (2.5)(20) + (5)(20)
3 7
ix = ix1 + ix2 = 2  = Vx= 150V
5 5
 ix = 1.4A 05. Ans: (c)
03 Sol:
R1 i = 3A 1 3A
3 6V
Sol: a

2A 5V
4

Resistive + b
120V R2 50V
Network

For finding Norton’s equivalent resistance
independent voltage sources to be short
circuited and independent current sources to
R3
be open circuited, then the above circuit
PR 3  60 W becomes
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 16 Network Theory

1 O.C. 3
 3V2 +7I = 0
S.C.
a 7I
 V2  
3
O.C. S.C. 4
Substitute (2) in (1)
 7I 
b 2V1      I  0
 3
RN
RN = 3 + 4 = 7 7  4I
2V1  I  I  0  2V1 
3 3
06. Ans: (b)  2I
2 1
 V1 
Sol: a 3
+ Vx –
 2I  4I
1 1 2 Vx
V=Vx +V1 = 2I     
 3 3
b
4I
V
Excite with a voltage source ‘V’ 3
V 4
a I 2 V1 1 V2   
+ V –
I 3
x

+ 4
V  1 1 2 Vx  Req = 
3
b

Apply KCL at node V1 07.

V1 V1  V2 Sol:
I  3
1 1
+
2V1 –V2 – I = 0 ……(1)
+
Apply KCL at node V2 100 0 ~ -j1 j1 j4 Vth

V2  V1 V2 
  2Vx  0
1 1
2V2 – V1 +2Vx = 0 …… (2)
Here j1 and – j1 combination will act as
But from the circuit,
open circuit.
Vx = 2I ……. (3)
The circuit becomes
Substitute (3) in (2)
3
2V2 –V1 +4I = 0
4V2 –2V1 +8I = 0 +
+
From (1), 100 0 ~ j4 Vth

2 V1 = V2 + I

 4 V2 – (V2 + I) + 8I =0
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 17 Postal Coaching Solutions

1000  j 4 V V
 Vth   10  =0
3  j4 5 5
= 8036.86  V 2V
= 10
5
08. V = 25V
Sol: Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents across 2V 2  25
Vx = =
a, b. 5 5
Vx = 10V
3 V 5 Vth
a
+
 10  15
+
 Vx 
ISC =   5  = A
2 Vx 10A   Vth 4  2
  4 
15
 ISC = A
b 2
0V Vth 150
Rth =  = 20
By Nodal  I SC 15
2
V V V
10 +  th = 0 20
5 5 5 a a
Vth V Vx 15
  =0  20
5 5 4 150V  2
2V  V 
 10  th  b b
5  5 
Vth  V V  09.
  
5  10 5  Sol: 2ia
a
–+
 2V  I
Vx =   ia ib
 5 
Vth = 150V, V = 100 V 100 0.2ib 80  V

3 V 5 0V
a
Super nodal equation b
+
2 10A
 Vx 
 
+ ia0.2ib + ib I = 0
Vx 0V ISC
  4   I = ia + 0.8ib
b
V
V = 80ib ; ib =
0V 80
- Inside the supernode, always the KVL is
written.
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 18 Network Theory

By KVL  A
100ia + 2ia  80ib = 0
a (3+j4)
+
10000  RL

50.5

b B
V 0.8  V
I=  RL = |3+j4| = 5
102 80
V 1 1000 0
RL  I=
I 1 1 (8  j4)

102 100 P = |I|2 × RL
= 50.5. Pmax = 125 × 5 = 625 W
RL = 50.5
 Pmax = 625 watts
10.
Sol: Vth: 11.
6 j8 j8 6 Sol:
10 j10
+ + +
 110100 Vth 9000 
  j15
 +
1000 0

 RL

By Nodal 
Vth 1100 0 Vth 900 0
   =0 The maximum power delivered to “RL” is
(6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8)
2Vth = 20000  Vth = 10000. RL = R S2  (X S  X L ) 2

Here RS = 10 ; XS = 10 & XL =  15

Rth:
RL = 10 2  (10  15) 2
j8 j8
RL = 5 5 .
Rth
6 10000
6 I=
(10  j10  j15  5 5)
2
Pmax = I .5 5  236W
Rth = (6 + j8)||(6+j8)  (3 +j4)
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 19 Postal Coaching Solutions

12.  j1
i x  1  V0    1  V0  (0.5  j0.5)
Sol: 1  j1
10 j10
But
jXC V0 = –ix
+
1000 0
 I = – (1+V0) ( 0.5 – j0.5)
 10
(–1–j) V0 = 1 +V0
V0 (–1 –j–1) = 1
The maximum power delivered to 10 load 1
V0   0.4  j0.2
resistor is: 2 j
ZL = 10 jXC = 10 + j(XC) Applying KVL
XL = XC  V0  j1(1  V0 )  V  0
So for MPT; (XS + XL) = 0
V = –V0 +j1(1+V0)
10  XC = 0;
XC = 10 = 0.4 – j0.2+ j1(0.6+j0.2)

1000 0 V = (0.2 +j 0.4)V

I= = 500
(10  j10  j10  10) V
 Z th   V  (0.2  j0.4)
1
Pmax = |I|2RL = 52(10) = 250W
Pmax = 250 Watts  Z L  Zth = (0.2 –j 0.4) 

13. Ans: (b) 14.

Sol: Sol:
j5 a
1 j1  a

+ V0 – +

V0 + j5
200 V – j1  ZL
500 0  Vth
 ZL
5
b
 b
For maximum power delivered to ZL,
Z L  Zth
The maximum true power delivered to
1 ix j1  (1+V0) a

+ V0 –
“ZL” is :
+

V0 V  500 0 
– j1  1A
Vth =  ( j5  5) = 50 2 450
–
  j5  j5  5 
b
Zth = (j5)||(5+j5) = (5 j5)
Zth

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 20 Network Theory

a 1 1
I  1 
Zth=(5j5) 1 R 1 R
+
50 2 450  I ZL = Zth* = (5+j5)   1  1
2

 P  I R   2
 R
1 R  16
(R +1)2 = 16R
b
R2 +2R+1 = 16R
50 245 0
I= = 5 245 0  R2 – 14R +1 = 0
(5  j5  5  j5)
R = 13.9282 or 0.072
P = |I|25 = | 5 2 | 2 .5 = 250 Watts
From the given options 72m is correct
 Pmax = 250 watts
16.
15. Ans: (c) a Sol: For, E = 1V, I= 0A then V =3V
Sol:
a
+
1A 1
R E=1V +

N
V= 3V
–
b
Maximum power will occurs
b when R = Rs Fig.(b)

R=1
a Voc = 3V (with respect to terminals a and b)
For, E = 0V, I = 2A then V =2V

1A 1 1
+
N V=2V I=2A
–
b
2
1 1 Fig.(c)
 Pmax     1  W
2 4
Now when E = 10V, and I is replaced by
1 1 1
25% of Pmax    W R = 2 then V = ?
4 4 16
a
a

E=10V +

N V R=2
1A R
1
b

b When E = 10V,
current passing through ‘R’ From Fig.(b) using homogeneity principle

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 21 Postal Coaching Solutions

17.
a
+ Sol: Superposition theorem cannot be applied to
E=10V +

N
Voc= 30V fig (b)
–
b Since there is only voltage source given:

For finding Thevenin’s resistance across ab +

ISC N 30V
independent voltage sources to be short 
circuited & independent current sources to
be open circuited. Fig (c)

a a By homogeneity and Reciprocity principles

N Rth to fig (a);
ISC = 6A
b b
Rth
For Rth:
Fig.(d)
Fig.(c) is the energized version of Fig. (d)
Rth N  Rth
+
Rth V=2V I=2A
Statement: Fig (a) is the energized version
– of figure (d)
2 5A
 R th   1
2 5A
+ +
With respect to terminals a and b the 10V 10V Rth
 
Thevenin’s equivalent becomes.
Rth= 1
a Fig (a)
10 = Rth. 5 by ohm 's law
Vth=30V +

Rth = 2.
b
Rth= 1 a
I=4A
+ 1 2 6A
Vth=30V +
 V 2
–
b
Fig (b)
2
V  30   20V 6 2
2 1 I= = 4A
(2  1)
 V = 20V
I = 4A
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 22 Network Theory

18. Ans: (b)

a
10  Z Z12  4
Sol:     11 Isc= 3A N 60V
 4   Z 21 Z 22  0
b
10 = Z11 (4) + Z12 (0) Fig.(c)
4 = Z21 (4) + Z22 (0) Norton’s resistance between a and b is
1.5 a a

N RN

5 1 6A b b

RN Fig.(d)

Fig.(a) is the energized version of Fig.(d)

10
Z11   2.5 a
4 4A
4
Z 21   1 20V RN
4
6 1 6
I 5    0.8 A b
6.5  1 7.5
20
 RN   5
4
19. Ans: (b) With respect to terminals a and b the
Sol: Norton’s equivalent of Fig.(b) is
4A
a
20V N 1A
5 ISC = 3A
Fig.(a) b

–  From Fig.(b)
V N 60V a
+ –
V N 60V
Fig.(b) +
b
Using reciprocity theorem, for Fig.(a) a
–
a V 5 ISC = 3A
+
1A N 20V b

b
V = – 15V
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 23 Postal Coaching Solutions

20. V = –1V

Sol: 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
     1 = 2
R R1 R 2 R 3 2 2
R1 10A 2 10A
+  1
20V 5A  R1 = 
3 5A A 2
+ + +
E R2 25V 5 5 25V
I= 1  I =  2 A
   7
1 
B   3
2 

A A A
22. Ans: (d)
5A 5A Sol:
+
+   25V  25V 5A 5 5mH 2f
25V 5 

+ +

B
10sin100t   10
B B  10sin200t 
PAB = P5 = P25V = P5A = 5*25 = 125 watts
Since the two different frequencies are
(ABSORBED)
operating on the network simultaneously;
21. always the super position theorem is used to
Sol: a evaluate the responses since the reactive
elements are frequency sensitive
2 I=? 1
2 1
i.e., ZL = jL and ZC = .
3 jc
4V  –
+ 12V  2V
23.
b Sol: In the above case if both the source
By Mill Man’s theorem;
V1G 1  V2 G 2  V3 G 3
are100rad/sec, each then Millman’s theorem
V = is more conveniently used.
G1  G 2  G 3
4 12 2

 4  12  4 24.
 2 2 1 =  –1V 1 2
1 1  2*2 Sol:
   1 a
2 2  5F
1 I
1000A 2Ʊ 2H 1Ʊ
2
3
–1V 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 24 Network Theory

25. 0 = 4i2 + 2ix + 3(i2 i1) ……..…. (2)

Sol: Vx = V1
2 4
10 = 2V1 – 3(V1 V2) ……….…. (3)
ix
+ 0 = 4V2 + 2Vx + 3(V2 V1) ………. (4)
10V  i1 3  5ix
i2 V1 3Ʊ V2


+ +
Nodal equations 10A Vx 2Ʊ 4Ʊ 5Vx
 
i = GV
ix = i1
10 = 2i1 + 3(i1 i2) ………. (1)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
3 Transient Circuit Analysis

01. K
i(t) G (s) 
Sol: s2
K K
G ( j)  
 2
2 2
2 2
V(t)=u(t)  N
 
G( j)   tan 1   tan 1 1  
2 4
So steady state response will be
i(t) = e3tA for t > 0 (given) K  
y( t )  sin  2t  
Determine the elements & their connection 2 2  4
Re sponse Laplace transform
= System
Excitation Laplace transform 03.
transfer function Sol:
1 2H
1
+ +
I(s) (s  3)
i.e., = H(s) = 5V
V(s) 1  V(t) i(t) 1F
s +
s 1 10sint 
= = y(s) =  
(s  3) Z(s)
s  3
Z(s) =  
 s  By KVL  v(t) = (5 + 10sint)volt
1 1 Evaluating the system transfer function H(s).
=1+ =R+
1 SC
s 
3 Desired response L.T
 System transfer function
1 Excitation response L.T
 R = 1 and C = F are in series
3
I(s) 1 1
= H(s)= Y(s)= =
02. Ans: (c) V(s) Z(s)  1 
 R  SL  
Sol: The impulse response of first order system is  SC 
Ke–2t. S
H(s) =
So T/F = L(I.R) =
K 
2s  s  12

s2 1
H(j) =
sin 2t k y (t)  1 
1   2 j 
s2  j 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 26 Network Theory

II.Evaluating at corresponding s of the input Req = (2 || 2) + 9 = 10 

H(j)|=0 = 0 Leq : 1H
1
H(j)|=1 = 45
2 Leq
2H 2H
I(s)
III. = H(s)
V(s)
I(s) = H(s)V(s)
1 Leq = (2 || 2) + 1 = 2 H
i(t) = 0  5 +  10 sin( t  45)
2 Leq 2
 τ    0.2 sec
i(t) = 7.07sin(t45)A R eq 10
OBS: DC is blocked by capacitor in
steady state 06.
Sol:  = Req Ceq
04. Req : 2 1
Sol: V(s)  H(s)  Z(s)  1

1
I(s) Y(s) 1 1 
   s C 
 R sL  2 Req
1
H(s) 
 1 
1   s 
 s  Req = 3 
1 Ceq : 2F
H(j ω) ω 1
  1
 1 
1   j 
 j  Ceq 1F 1F
V(s) = I(s) H(s) = sin t
v(t) = sin t Volts Ceq = 1 F
  = 3  1 = 3 sec
05.
Leq 07.
Sol: τ 
R eq Sol:  = Req C
Req : Req:
2 1
2 9

2 Req
2
Req = (2||2) + 9=10 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 27 Postal Coaching Solutions

Req = 3  2A
  = 3  1 = 3 sec 2A
+ + 
2A 60 V 60 V 30  4 2A 20  V
08.   +
Sol: Let us assume that switch is closed at 2A iL
t =  , now we are at t = 0 instant, still the 2A
 
0V
switch is closed i.e., an infinite amount of
For t  0
time, the independent dc source is connected
to the network and hence it is said to be in 4H
iL
steady state.
In steady state, the inductor acts as short 2A
20 
circuit and nature of the circuit is resistive.
+ V 
For t  0 : Source free circuit
2A 30 
iL(0+)


L 4 1
I0 = 2 A ; τ    sec
R 20 5
20 
2A 2A i L  2 e  5 t for 0  t  
0A 2A 0A d iL
+ VL  L   40 e  5 t V for 0  t  
+ dt
2A 30  0V 20 
iL(0) 0V
 

At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit iL

Note: The number of initial conditions to be 2A

evaluated at just before the switching action is

equal to the number of memory elements present 0 t
in the network.
(i) t = 0 VL
 +
iL(0 ) = 2 = iL(0 )
0 t
 1
E L (0 )  L i L2 (0 )
2
1 40
  4  22  8 J  E L (0 )
2

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 28 Network Theory

1 iL(0) = 2 A iL(0+) = 2 A
t  5 τ  5  1 sec for steady state
5 i20(0) = 0 A i20(0+) = 2 A
practically i.e., with in 1 sec the total 8 J V20(0) = 0 V V20(0+) = 40 V
stored in the inductor will be delivered to the VL(0) = 0 V VL(0+) = 40 V
resistor. Conclusion:
2A To keep the same energy as t = 0 and to
protect the KCL and KVL in the circuit (i.e.,
iL 4H to ensure the stability of the network), the
inductor voltage, the resistor current and its
voltage can change instantaneously i.e.,
20 
within zero time at t = 0+ .
+ V 
(2)
For t  0 iL(t)
+
20  4H VL(t)
2A


For t  0
iL(0+) VL(0+)
iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t  
 +
VL(t) = 40 e5t V for 0  t  
2A 2A
20  Conclusion:
+ V(0+)  For all the source free circuits, VL(t) = ve
At t = 0+ : Resistive circuit : for t  0, since the inductor while acting as a
Network is in transient state temporary source (upto 5), it discharges
from positive terminal i.e., the current will
By KCL:
flow from negative to positive terminals.
2 + iL(0+) = 0
(This is the must condition required for
iL(0+) = 2 A
delivery, by Tellegan’s theorem)
V(0+) = R iL(0+) |By Ohm’s law
V(0+) = 20 (2) = 40 V (3) VL(0+) = 40 V
By KVL: VL (t)   40 V
t  0
VL(0+) + V(0+) = 0
VL (0  )   V(0  )   40 V  VL (t) d i L (t)
t  0
L   40
dt t  0
Observations:
d i L (t) 40 40
t = 0 t = 0+     10 A/sec
dt t  0
L 4

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 29 Postal Coaching Solutions

Check : 100 10 6

=
iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t   1.6 10 3
d i L (t) 1
  10 e  5 t A/sec for 0  t   
dt 16

d i L (t)
  10 A/sec 11.
dt t0 

Sol: Case (i): t < 0

09. 50
10 
Sol: +
VC(0-) 200 0.1A
–
S t=0
+
40  5H
V
 +
24 V iL VC(0–) = 20V & i(0–) = 0.1A

∵ Capacitor never allows sudden changes in
voltages
iL(0+) = 2.4 A VC(0–) = VC(0) = VC(0+) = 20V
V(0+) = 96 V
iL(t) = 2.4 e10 t A for 0  t  
Case (ii): t > 0

10. 50

Sol: S
2 1 732  +
VC 20F i(0+) 200 0.1A
t=0 + –
800  + 50 V
2 F VC


i To find the time constant  = ReqC
After switch closed
+ +
VC(0 ) = 50 V ; i(0 ) = 62.5 mA
Req = 50 C = 20F
t

1.6 10  3 i(0+) = 0A
VC (t)  50 e V for t  0
 = 5020
d VC
iC  C  = 1msec
dt By Ohm's law
VC(t) = V0e-t/ = 20e-t/1m
t
6

1.6 10  3 1 VC(t) = 20e-t/1mV; 0  t  
= 2 10 50 e 
1.6 10 3
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 30 Network Theory

12. At t = 0: Steady state: A resistive circuit

Sol: After performing source transformation; By Nodal:
20  10  VC (0  ) VC (0  )
 6 mA    0
 
4K 2K
+ +
+
+
5H VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+)
5 iL 
 iR
iL
6 mA + iC
VC 2 F
By KVL; 6 mA VS 4 k  2 k
di 3 k
5 i L  30 i L  5 L  0 6 mA
dt  
d iL 6 mA 0V
 5 iL  0
dt
(D + 5) iL = 0 For t  0 : A source free circuit
i L (t)  K e  5 t A for 0  t   Vs = 6 m  4 K = 24 V
1
τ  sec
5
 = Req C = (5 K) 2  = 10 m sec
13. VS
Sol: i L1 (0)  10 A ; i L 2 (0)  2 A 24 V
t

i L1 (t)  I 0 e τ
8V
 0 0 
L 1 0+
τ    1 sec
R 1
t
i L1 (t)  10 e  t A 
VC  8 e 10 m
 8 e 100 t V for 0  t  
t

Similarly, i L 2 (t)  I 0 e τ
iC  C
d VC
 1.6 e 100 t m A for 0  t  
dt
L By Ohm's law

τ   2 sec
R By KCL:
t

i L 2 (t)  20 e 2
A iC + iR = 0
iR =  iC = 1.6 e100 t mA for 0  t  
14. Observation:
VC(0)
Sol: In all the source free circuit, iC(t) = ve for
+
VC(0) t  0 because the capacitor while acting as a
6 mA 4 k  2 k
+ temporary source it discharges from the +ve
0V 3 k
 terminal i.e., current will flow from ve to
0V +ve terminals.
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 31 Postal Coaching Solutions

15. For t  0: A source free RL & RC circuit

Sol: By KCL: 0.1
τ   100 μ sec
i(t) = iR(t) + iL(t) 1K
C = 200  109  10  103 = 2 m sec
t
VR (t) 1

R

L  VL (t) d t
 τC
 20 ; τ C  20 τ L
t τL
VS (t) 1

10
 i L (0) 
L  V (t)
0
S dt

Observation:
i(t) = 4 t + 5 + 4 t2
i(t) |t = 2 sec = 8 + 16 + 5 = 29 A = 29000 mA L < C ; therefore the inductive part of the
circuit will achieve steady state quickly i.e.,
16. Ans: (c) 20 times faster.
t

VC  20 e τC
V for 0  t  
17.
t
Sol: 20 u(t) 
i L  20 e τL
mA for 0  t  
20
d iL
VL  L
dt By Ohm's law

 0 0 0 +

d VC
iC  C
dt By Ohm's law
+
iL(0) VC(0)
20 V +  18. Ans: (c)
 VC2(s)
1 k 10 k Sol:  +

C1 VC|(s)
0V 10/s  +
R=10 5/s
+ +
At t = 0 : steady state: A resistive circuit. 1/s
1/2s
(i) t = 0
VC(0) = 20 V = VC(0+)
20
i L (0  ) 
1K
 20 m A  i L (0  )
|
Vc (s)  s
1 5
2s
 
R 1 1
+
s 2s
iL 0.1 H VC 200 nF 5
 2s 2 5
 
1 k 10 k 2Rs  2  1 s(2Rs  3)
2s
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 32 Network Theory

Vc 2 ()  Vc| (s) 

| 5
0 L
 
di 0 
0
s dt
|
Vc ()  Vc (s) 
5  
di 0 
0
s dt
 5 5 5 20
Vc ()  Lt s.    5
s0
 s(2Rs  3) s  3 3 21.
Sol: Case -1 at t = 0+
19. Ans: (d) By redrawing the circuit
8A
Sol: at t = 0
di(0) I 1Ω
L  VL (0)  6 +
dt
R
VL  2  3  6 10 V
2Ω
VL  6V
E2 + 6 – 8R = 0 E2
E2 = 8R – 6 Current through the battery at t = 0+ is
10
Amp
E2 – 4R = 0 3
E2 = 4R R 4A Case -2 at t = 
8R–6=4R
I 1Ω
4R = 6
R = 1.5 E2 10 V
2Ω

20. Ans: (d)

Sol: at t<0 Current through the battery at t =  is 10 A
100
22.
u(t) + Sol: 2
VC(0-) 1A
0 1A=iL(0)
Loop1 
+
+ 1 0V 1
60 V  +

Apply KVL in loop1  VC(0)100 = 0 iL(0+) VC(0)
 VC(0) = 100V 
100
 + At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit
100V
+
At t = 0
1A VL(0+) (i) t = 0 :
 
100V

VL 0  0 60
i L (0  )   20 A  i L (0  )
3
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 33 Postal Coaching Solutions

V1 = 20 V = VC(0) = VC(0+) 24.

Sol: Observation: So, the steady state will occur
2
either at t = 0 or at t = , that depends
1
where we started i.e., connected the source
1
+
to the network.
60 V iC(t) 10 k VC2() 12 k
 + 
+ 20 V
L  +0V 
20 A
+ +
C 100 V + VC1() 40 k VC3()
For t  0 
 

2 At t =  : Steady state: A Resistive circuit

100
VC1 ()   40 K  80 V
0.5  50 K
+ 20 V 2 F 3 F
60 V iC(0+)

+ + 20 V + 
 + 
VL(0+) 20 A VC2() VC3()

80 V
+ 
+
At t = 0 : A resistive circuit : 80  3 μ F
Network is in transient state VC 2 ()   48 V
(2  3) μ F
80  2 μ F
VL(0+) = 20 V VC 3 ()   32 V
5μ F
Nodal :
20  60
 20  i C (0  )  0 25.
2.5
Sol:
iC(0+) =  4 A 2 0A
+
23. + 4 V2C(0)
18 V 
Sol: Repeat the above problem procedure :  +
iL(0) VC(0)

d i L (t) VL (0 ) 
  0 A/sec
dt t  0
L At t = 0 : Circuit is in Steady state: Resistive circuit

d VC (t) i C (0 ) iL(0) = 3 A = iL(0+)

   106 V/sec
dt C
t  0 V4 = 4  3 = 12 V
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 34 Network Theory

6 4
+   i 2C (0 )  0
+ 2 4
V2C(0) 2C
 i2C(0+) = 2 A = i2C(0)
12 V +
VC(0) C 8  12
 i 2C (0  )  3  i C (0  )  0
  4
iC(0+) = 0 A = iC(0)
12  C
V2 C (0  ) 
2C  C 26.
 4 V  V2C (0  ) Sol: t = 0 t = 0+ t = 0+

VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+) iL(0) = 5 A iL(0+) = 5 A

d i L (0  ) VL (0  )
  40
dt L
i2C(t)
2
iR(0) = 5 A iR(0+) = 1A
4 + 4V

d i R (0 )
+   40 A/sec
2C dt
18 V

iC(t) iC(0) = 0 A iC(0+) = 4A
+ 8V
L 3A
 d i C (0  )
  40 A/sec
C dt

For t  0 VL(0) = 0 V
VL(0+) = 120 V
and redrawing the circuit
d VL (0 )
 1098 V/sec
12 V dt
i2C(0+)
2 VR(0) = 150 V
4 + 4V VR(0+) = 30 V

+ d VR (0 )
  1200 V/sec
18 V dt
 8V
3A iC(0+)
+ + 8V
VC(0) = 150 V

VL(0+) 3A VL(0+) = 150 V

d VC (0 )
 108 V/sec
dt
(i). t = 0
By Nodal;
By KCL  iL(t) + iR(t) = 0
12  18 12  8
  i 2C (0  )  0 t = 0  iL(0) + iR(0) = 0
2 4
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 35 Postal Coaching Solutions

iR(0) = 5 A By KCL at node 2:

VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law  5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0
 
VR(0 ) = R iR(0 ) = 30(5) = 150 V d d
0 i C (t)  i R (t)  0
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0 dt dt

VC(0) = VL(0)  VR(0) = 150 V d

i C (0  )   (40)  40 A/sec
dt
(ii). At t = 0+
By KCL at 1st node  27.
 4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0 Sol: Transform the network into Laplace domain
 4 + iL(0+) + iR(0+) = 0
+ R 
iR(0+) =  iL(0+) + 4 +
+ 1 + I(s) sL 
iR(0 ) =  5 + 4 =  1 A 

VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law
S - domain
VR(0+) = R iR(0+)
VR(0+) =  30 V
V(s) = Z(s) I(s)
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
By KVL in S-domain 
VL(0+) = VR(0+) + VC(0+)
1  R I(s)  s L I(s) = 0
= 150  30 = 120 V
1 1
By KCL at 2nd node; I(s) 
L  R
s  
 5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0  L
iC(0+) = 4 A 1  RL t
i(t)  e A for t  0
L
(iii). t = 0+
By KCL at 1st node  28.
 4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0 Sol: By Time domain approach;

d i (t) d VC(0) = 5  2 = 10 V = VC(0+)

0 L  i R (t)  0
dt dt 10 V(s) 12
VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law
+
d d 5
VR (t)  R i R (t) 25V  VC() 2A
dt dt 

By KVL  At t =: Steady state: A resistive circuit

VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
d VL (t) d VR (t) d VC (t) VC ()  25 V ( )
   0 Nodal   C 2  0
dt dt dt 10 5
VC() = 15 V
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 36 Network Theory

 = Req C = (5 || 10) . 1 = (10/3) sec 31.


t Sol: VC(0-) = 0 = VC(0+)
VC  15  (10  15) e (10/3)
VC() = V
3t/10
VC = 15  5 e V for t  0
d VC  = RC
iC  C  1.5 e  3 t/10 A for t  0
dt
VC = V + (0-V)e-t/
29.
Sol: i(t) = V(1-e-t/RC) for t  0
dv c V  t / RC
ic  C  e for t  0
 t
dt R
= i(t)
That is the response is oscillatory in nature
Vc(t)

30. V
Sol: i(0) = 0 A = i(0+)  =RCsec
t
V  0
i()  A
R
L
τ  sec i(t)
R
V
V  V  t/τ V
i(t)   0   e  (1  e t / τ ) R  =RCsec
R  R  R
t
 0

Ldit  Expontionaly Decreasing Response

VL   V e  Rt / L for t  0
dt
i(t) 32.
V Sol: It’s an RL circuit with L = 0   = 0 sec
R V
i(t) = , t  0 So, 5 = 0 sec
0
t R

i(t)
VL
L V
V = sec R
R
t
 0  0

Expontionaly Increasing Response i.e., the response is constant

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 37 Postal Coaching Solutions

33. V(s)
2 1
100u t   VL IC(s)
+
Sol: i1 =  1
10 2 2
 2s Vc(s)
s
 1 di L 
i1 = 10u t  
1
A s 
 100 dt 
Nodal  For t 0

VL  20i1
 i1  i L  0 Nodal 
20
2 1
1 d iL V(s)  V(s) 
 2 i1  i L  0 s  V(s)  2s
200 d t  0
2 2 1
1
Substitute i1; s
di L  1 
 40i L  800u t   V(s)  
dt  2s 
I C (s) 
800  1 
SIL(s) – iL(0+) + 40IL(s) =  1 
s  s 
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+) 1 t
 i C (t)  e 2 A for t  0
4
800 20 20
I L s     By KVL 
ss  40 s s  40 1 1
VC (s)   I C (s)  0
ILt) = 20u(t) – 20e-40t u(t) 2s s
IL(t) = 20(1-e-40t) u(t) 1 1
VC (s)   I C (s)
1 iL 2s s
il = 10u t   d
100 dt 1 2
t

v C (t)  1  e V for t  0
i1 = (10-8e-40t) u(t) 2
VC
34.
Sol: By Laplace transform approach: 1V
=2sec
1/2 V
2 V(t) 1
+ t
1 iC  0
V
2V  2 2 iC
1F Vc(t)

 1
For t 0
A
4
Transform the above network into the =2sec
Laplace domain t
0
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 38 Network Theory

35. At t = 0+ : Network is in transient state :

Sol: By Time domain approach ; A resistive circuit
VC(0) = 6 V (given) iL() = 10 A (since inductor becomes short)
VC() = 10 V L 5
τ    0.5 sec
R 10
4
iL(t) = 10 + (0  10) et/
+ 0V + = 10 (1  et/0.5) A for 0  t  
10 V + VC() = 10 V
 d
 VL (t)  L i L (t)  100 e  2 t V for 0  t  
dt

1 2 1
At t =  : Steady state : Resistive circuit ELt=5 or t =  = Li   5  102  250J
2 2
 = R C = 8 sec
VC = 10 + (6  10) et/8 37. Ans: (b)
VC = 10  4 et/8 Sol:
VC1(0)
+ 
VC(0) = 6 V
d VC +
iC  C  e  t/8  i(t) + R
dt 0V
V IL(0 )  

 +
 (e
 t/8 2
E 4Ω  ) 4 d t  16 J 
Vc2(0)
0

36.
Sol: 10 A 10 A 10 A
At t = 0- : Steady state: A resistive circuit
0A 0A By KVL 
+ + +
10 A 0V 0V 10 
0V 5H 10 A V – Vc1 (0-) = 0
  
iL(t) VC1(0-) = V = VC1 (0+)

At t = 0 : Network is not in steady state i.e., unenergised

VC2(0-) = 0V = VC2(0+)
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+)
t = 0 : C
V
iL(0) = 0 A = iL(0+) +-
VL(0+) = 10  10 = 100 V
R
i1(t) L i2(t)
+ R
C
10 A 10  VL(0+)

For t  0 Fig (a)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 39 Postal Coaching Solutions

V S-domain:
+-
2 E1(s) 2
+
R
 i1(0+) i2(0+) 
8  3V
R  +
+ 16 s
s
8 s
+ s 2
At t = 0 : A resistive circuit: Network is in
transient state.
il(0+) = i2(0+) Nodal in S-domain
By KVL  8
-Ri1(0+)-V-Ri1(0+) = 0 E 1 s  
E 1 s   16 / s s  E 1 s   3  0
V 
 
i1 0  
2R
 i 2 0   2 8
2
s
s 2
OBS: iL(t) = i1(t) ~ i2(t)
At t = 0+  8  s 2  6s  32 
E 1 s    2 
iL(0+) = i1(0+) ~ i2(0+) s  s  8s  32 
= 0A  Inductor: open circuit
8 2s 
E 1 s   1  

38. s  s  4 2  4 2 
Sol: Evaluation of iL(t) and e1(t) for t  0 by e1(t) = 8 – 4e-4t sin 4t V for t  0
Laplace transform approach.
iL(0+) = 6A; iL() = 4A e1(t)

e1(0+) = 8V; e1() = 8V

2 e1(t) 2 8V

8 t

s
16V 0.5H 6A
E 1 s   3
8 I L s  
F s
s 2
iL(t) 2
For t  0 -4t
iL(t) = 4+2e cos 4t A
Transform the above network into Laplace
for t  0 n = 4 rad/sec
domain.
2 E1(s) 2 iL(t)

 8 s
16 4A
6
s s 2
8 s
s t
iL(s) 0
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 40 Network Theory

So, by switching exactly at 1.78msec from

the instant voltage becomes zero, the current
OBS:   1 sec  1 1 1
4  n  n   4 is free from Transient.
LC 1 1

2 8
40.
1 1 
 n  Sol: to +  = tan-1(CR) +
4  2
4 4  
  1 2t o   tan 1 CR  
n 4 4 2
 = 1 (A critically damped system)   1    
2t o   tan 1  2  1   
4  2  2 4 2
39.

 L  1
2t o   t o  0.785 sec
Sol: t t  t  tan   2
0  R 
 L 
t o  tan 1  
 R 
 2 500.01 
250 t o  tan 1  
 5 

t o  32 .14 
180 o
to = 1.78 msec.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
4 AC Circuit Analysis
01. 04. Ans: (a)
1 T Sol: For a symmetrical wave (i.e., area of
it dt
T 0
Sol: I avg  I dc 
positive half cycle = area of negative half
 3  0  0  3A cycle.) The RMS value of full cycle is same
1 T 2 as the RMS value of half cycle.
i t dt
T 0
I rms 

2 2
05.
4 2  5 2  Sol: Complex power, S = VI
 3 2    
 
 000

 2   2 
= 5 2A I 2 j12.5

02. + –j10  20

3000oV
1 –
Sol: Vdc  Vavg   Vt dt  2V
T

T 0
Here the frequencies are same, by doing
simplification
1 1 I 2 j12.5
v(t) = 2 – 3 2 (cos10t  sin 10 t  )
2 2
+ 3cos10t +
= 2+3sin10t V 3000oV 4–j8
–

3 2
So Vrms = (2) 2  ( )
2
3000
I
 8.5 V 2  j12.5  4  j8
 I = 40–36.86
03. Complex power, S = VI
1 T = 300 0 40 36.86
x t dt = 0
T 0
Sol: X avg  X dc 
= 9600 +j7200
Reactive power delivered by the source
1 T 2 A
X rms   x t dt = Q = 72000 VAR
T 0 3
= 7.2 KVAR
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 42 Network Theory

06. 1
ZL = jL; Zc =  2
Sol: Z = j1 + (1j1)||(1 + j2) = 1.4 + j 0.8 j C
E1 1020 1
I= By ohm 's law =
Z 1.4  j8 j2
j2 V
= 6.2017  9.744 A iR2(t) +
I1 =
I(1  j2)
2
 500
1  j1  1  j2 

= 6.201727.125  A
Network is in phasor domain
I(1  j1)
I2 =
1  j1  1  j2 Nodal 
= 3.922  81.31  A V V V  500
  =0
E2 = (1j1)I1 = 8.7705  17.875  V j2 2  j0.5
E0 = 0.5I2 = 1.961  81.31 V V = 6.3218.440
V 0
07. IR2 = = 3.1618.440 = 3.16 e j18.14
2
Sol: Since two different frequencies are
iR2(t) = R.P[IR2ej2t]A
operating on the network simultaneously
= 3.16cos (2t + 18.440)
always the super position theorem is used to
evaluate the response. By super position theorem,
By SPT: (i) iR(t) = iR1(t) + iR2(t)
iR1(t) = 5+3.16cos (2t+18.440)A
+
10V
10V 2

08. Ans: (c)
Network is in steady state, therefore the 1  1
10 Sol:  Is  2  2s    0
network is resistive. IR1(t) = = 5A s 12
 s
2
 2s  2s 2  1  1
(ii) Is    2
 s 1
1F
1H  s
iR2(t)
+ s
I(s) + 2s2I(s) + 2sI(s) 
2  5cos2t s 1
2

2d 2 i di
it   2  2  cos t
Network is in steady state dt dt
As impedances of L and C are present d 2i di
2 2
 2  it   cos t
because of  = 2. They are physically dt dt
present.
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 43 Postal Coaching Solutions

09. 30 0 30 0

IL =  = 3900
Sol: V = VR2  VL  VC 
2 j 90 0

V = VR = I.R I = 3900 + 4900

100 = I.20; I = 5A = j3 + j4 = j1 = 1900
VR VR
Power factor = cos =  =1 13. Ans: (d)
V VR
Sol:
So, unity power factor. I
1

10.
Sol: By KCL in phasor – domain 135
90 =2 rad/sec
 I1 I2 I3 = 0 45 V
I1 I2
I3 = (I1 + I2)
i1(t) = cos(t + 900) I3
I2
0
I1 = 190 = j1
V V
I2 = 100 = (1 + j0) I1 = IC =  90 0
ZC X C
I3 = 2  + 450 = 2 ej( + 45)
V V V
i3(t) = Real part[I3.ejt]mA I2 =   450
2  jL 2  j2 2 2
=  2 cos(t + 450+)mA
Therefore, the phasor I1 leads I2 by an angle
0
i3(t) =  2 cos(t + 45 )mA of 135.

11. 14.
V V V
Sol: I =   = 8 j12 + j18 Sol: I2 = I 2R  I C2  10 = I R2  8 2
R ZL ZC
I = 8 + 6j IR = 6A
I 2R  I L  I C 
2
|I| = 100 = 10A I1 = I =

6 2  I L  I C 
2
10 =
12.
Sol: By KCL  IL  IC = 8A
I + IL + IC = 0 IL 8 = 8
I = IL + IC IL 8 = 8(Not acceptable)
V V 30 o V
IL =   Since IL =  0.
Z L j L 1 ZL
j(3). 
3 IL – 8 = 8
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 44 Network Theory

IL = 16A 25 = I 2R  15 2 25
IL > I C
IR = 20A IR
IC = 8A +
IC
0 +


3600
50Hz  +
C
15
I2 = 10A   
IR = 6A 900
12000

90 0 VR = RIR|By ohm’s law
I1 = 10A 300 = R.20
(IL IC) = 8A
R = 15
Network is in steady state
IL = 16A 360
IR = = 24A
8 15
I2 leads 12000 by tan1  6  So the required IC = 25 2  24 2
vc = 7
8
I1 lags 12000 by tan–1   360 2 f 159.23 106 = 7
6
f = 19.4Hz
I I
Power factor cos = R = R V
I I OBS: IC =
ZC
6
= = 0.6 (lag)
10 1
ZC = 
jc
15. As f   ZC   IC
Sol:
25A
16.
IR
+
IC Sol: P5 = 10Watts (Given)
+
3000 0
 +
R = Pavg = Irms2 R
50Hz C
   10 = Irms2.5
Irms = 2A
Network is in steady state. Power delivered = Power observed
V 3000 0 (By Tellegen’s Theorem)
|IC| =  = vc
ZC 1 / jc  PT = Irms2( 5 + 10)

= 300 2 50159.23106 Vrms Irmscos =  2  (15) 2

IC = 15A 50
 2 cos = 2 15
2
I= I I2
R
2
C
cos = 0.6 (lag)
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 45 Postal Coaching Solutions

17. Ans: (d) VAR supplied by capacitor

Sol: VL = 14V = P (tan1tan2)
= 2103[tan(cos1 0.65) – tan(cos10.95)]
= 1680 VAR
V
V2
VAR supplied =  V 2 C 1680
VR = 3V XC
1680
C   337 F
(115) 2  2   60
VC = 10V

20.
V  V  (VL  VC )
2 2
R
V 16010 o  90 o
Sol: Z    3230 o
 (3) 2  (14  10) 2 I 5   20 o  90 o
V=5V   30 o Inductive
160 5
18. Vrms  Vj, I rms 
2 2
1 1
Sol: Y = Yl + Yc =  160 5
ZL ZC Real power (P) =   cos 300
2 2
1 1
= 
3040 0
 1  = 200 3 W
 
 j c  Reactive power (Q) =
160

5

1
1 2 2 2
= jc + 400
30 = 200 VAR
1 Complex power = P+jQ = 200( 3 +j1) VA
= jc + (cos400 jsin400)
30
Unit power factor  j term = 0 21.
sin 40 0 Sol: V = 410o and I = 220o
c =
30 Note: When directly phasors are given the
sin 40 0 magnitudes are taken as rms values since
C= = 68.1F
2  50  30 they are measured using rms meters.
C = 68.1F Vrms  4V and I rms  2A
V
Z  2 30 o ;   30 o Inductive
19. Ans: (b) I
Sol: To increase power factor shunt capacitor is P = 10 3 W, Q = 10VAR
to be placed. S = 10( 3 +j1) VA
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 46 Network Theory

22. Ans: (a) 25. Ans: (a)

Sol: S = VI* Sol:
= (10  15) (2  45) + I1 + I2

= 10 + j17.32 3 1
+ 1000 0

S = P + jQ
10000  10000
-j4
P = 10 W Q = 17.32 VAR - j4
-
- j3

23. Ans: (c)

Sol: PR = (Irms)2  R NW is in Steady state.
10 V = 10000  Vrms = 100V
Irms =
2 10000
I1 =  I1 = 20 = I1rms
2 3  j4
 10 
PR =    100 10000
 2 I2 =  I2 = 100
A = I2rms
1  j1 2

24. P = P1 + P2
2 = (I1rms)2.3 + (I2rms)2.1
 240 
   100 
2
2
Vrms  2  = 202.3 +  
 2  .1
Sol: Pavg =   
R 60
P = 6200 W
= 480 Watts
Q = Q1 + Q2
V = 24000
= (I1rms)2.4 + (I2rms)2.(1)
V 240
IR =  = 4A = 3400VAR
R 60
So, S = P + jQ
V V 240 = (6200 + j3400) VA
IL =   = 6A
Z L X L 40
V V 240 26.
IC =    3A
Z C X C 80 Sol:
50 1mH 1mH
IL > IC : Inductive nature of the circuit.
I
I  I L  I C 
2 2
I= R
+
5sin(5000t) 1mH C
= 4  3 = 5A
2 2
–

IR 4
Power factor =  = 0.8 (lagging)
I 5
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 47 Postal Coaching Solutions

1 X
50 j5 j5 =  C =2
0 cR R
I
 VC = 200900
+
5sin(5000t) j5 –jXc = j200V
–

29.
Sol: Series RLC circuit
when I = 0, f = fL , PF = cos  = 0.707(lead)
 impedance seen by the source should be
f = fH , PF = cos  = 0.707(lag)
infinite
f = fo , PF = cos  = 1
Z=
 Z = (50+j5) + (j5) || j(5 –Xc)
30. Ans: (b)
j5  j(5  X c )
 50  j5   Sol: Network is in steady state (since no switch is
j5  j(5  X c )
given)
 j (10 –Xc ) = 0
1
 X c  10   10
c 110300A
R L C
1
 C = 20 F
5000  10
Let I = 1mA
27. Ans: (c)  = 0(Given)
2 2  IR = I
 4   4 
Sol: I rms  3   2
   IL = QI900 = jQI
 2  2
IC = QI900 = jQI
 25  5 A
IL + I C = 0
Power dissipation = I 2rms R |IR + IL| = |I jQI|
2
= 5  10 = I 1 Q2 > I
= 250 W
|IR + IC| = |I + jQI|
28. = I 1 Q2 > I
Sol: XC = XL
  = 0, the circuit is at resonance 31. Ans: (c)
0
VC = QVS90 Sol: Since; “I” leads voltage, therefore capacitive
0 L X effect and hence the operating frequency
Q= = L =2
R R (f < f0)
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 48 Network Theory

1
4
= 2
1 L
j2
j4 
c 
R
1
For circuit to be resonant i.e., 2 =
4

0 0 1
= = 0.5 rad/sec
2
32.  resonance = 0.5 rad/sec
1 1
Sol: Y  
R L  j L R  j
C
C 34.
R L  jL R C  j / c L
  Sol: (i)  R 2  circuit will resonate for all the
R  L  R  1 / C 
2 2 2 2
L C C
j  term  0 frequencies, out of infinite number of
frequencies we are selecting one
L
R 2L  frequency.
1 C rad/sec
0 
LC L 1 1
RC 
2
i.e., 0 = = rad/sec
C LC 2
then Z = R = 2.
33.
Sol: V 100 0
4H 1F I= = = 500
Z 2
10
t
1F i(t) = 5cos A
2
1
ZL = j0L = j2 ; ZC = = j2.
A  B j 0 c
Fig.
I(2  j2) I
The given circuit is shown in Fig. IL = = 450
2  j2  2  j2 2
ZAB = 10 + Z1
5 t 
  j  j iL = cos  45 0  A
where, Z1 =   ||  j 4    2 2 
  
I(2  j2) I
  j  j ic =  45 0
   j4    2  j2  2  j2 2
 
=  
j j 5 t 
 j4  ic  cos   45 o  A
  2 2 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 49 Postal Coaching Solutions

Pavg  I L2 ( rms) .R  I c2( rms) .R Pavg  I Lrms

2
.R  ICrms
2
R
2 2 2 2
 5   5  2 5 2 5
 2   2     .2    .2
=  .2    .2  2   2 
 2   2 
    = 40 watts
= 25 watts
L 35.
(ii)  R2 circuit will resonate at only one
C Sol: (i) Z ab  2  Z L || Z C || 2
frequency.
= 2+jXL||jXC||2
1 1
i.e., at 0 =  rad/sec 2  2X L X C X L X C  j2X L  X C 
LC 4 =
X L X C 2  4X L  X C 2
2R
Then Y = mho jterm = 0
L
R 2

C  2(XLXC) = 0
2(2) 4 XL = XC
Y= = mho
4 5 1
22  0 L 
4 0 C
5 1 1 1
Z=  0    rad / sec
4 LC 4.4 4
V 100 0
At resonance entire current flows
I=  = 800
Z 5
4 through 2 only.
t (ii) Z ab  2  2  4
i(t) = 8cos A   0
4
XL =XC
ZL = j0L = j1
t
1 (iii) Vi t   Vm sin  V
Zc = = j1 4
j 0 C
Z = 4
I(2  j1) 1

5 -1   Vi t  Vm t
IL =
2  j1  2  j1 4
I.tan  2  i t    sin    i R
Z 4 4
8 5 t  1  Vm t
iL = cos  tan 1    V  2i R  sin  V  VC  VL
4 4  2  2  4
I(2  j1) 5 1 dVC Vm t
Ic =  I tan 1   iC  C  cos 
2  j1  2  j1 4 2 dt 2 4
8 5 t  1  Vm t 
ic = cos   tan 1    ic  sin   90 0 A
4 4  2  2 4 
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 50 Network Theory

 Vm t Em

1   ; Z C  0  C :Short Circuit  i 2  0 o
iL  VL .dt = cos  
L 2 R2
4
Transform the given network into phasor
V t 
iL  m sin   90 0 A domain.
2 4  I
OBS: Here iL + iC = 0 I2
I1
 LC Combination is like an open +
R2
Em 00
+
circuit. +
R1
Em 00  Em 00
 1


 j C
36. Ans: (d)
R
Sol:
L L Network is in phasor domain.
Q V
R By KCL in P-d  I = I1 + I2
E m 0 o
2L I1 =
Q  2  orginal  Q  doubled R1
R
E m 0 o E 0 o
S  V.I I2 
1
 m
j
R2  R2 
V R  j L jC C
 V. 
R  j L R  j L  1 
E m  tan 1  
V 2
V . jL
2
 CR 2 
S  I2 
R 2  L  R 2  L 
2 2
 1 
R2  
 C 
S = P + jQ
V2 E 0 o
Active power P      I2  m
R 2  L  R2
2

V2   0  I 2  0A
P
R 2 1  Q 2   : 0 and   j the current phasor I2 will

P
V2 always lead the voltage E m 0 o .
R 2 Q2 (a)  = 0
= 
as Q is doubled, P decreases by four times.
I2 Em00 
0 Em
37. R2

1 (b) =0
Sol: Z C  = 
j C I

0 Em Em 00
  0; Z C    C : open circuit  i 2  0 Em
R1 R2

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 51 Postal Coaching Solutions

38. (i) If "" Varied

E m 0o
Sol: R 2  0  I 2   E m C90o Em
1
0 R2
jC 0 Em 00
(a)
I2
R 2    I2  0 A =0
=

R2 = 0
Em Em
(a)
R1 R2
R2 0
(b)
Emc I2 I Em00

= =0
Em 00
0
R2 = 
ii. If “R2” is varied

(b) R2 = 0 R2 = 

0
R2 (a) Em 00
I
I Em
L I2
R2
0
Em 0
0
Em R2 = 
R1 R2 = 0

39. Em
R1 R2 = 
E 0 o
Sol: I = I1 + I2; I1  m (b)
0
Em 00
R1
I
E 0o
I2  m
R 2  j L I
R2
Em  L 
   tan  1

R 22  WL  R
2
 2 R2 = 0

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 52 Network Theory

40. Ans: (a)

Sol: The given circuit is a bridge.
IR = 0 is the bridge is balanced. i.e.,
Z1 Z4 = R2 R3
Where Z1 = R1 + jL1,
j
Z4  R 4 
C4
As R2 R3 is real, imaginary part of
Z1 Z4 = 0
R1  L1 1
 L1 R 4   0 or 
C4 R1 C4 R 4
or Q1  Q 4
where Q is the Quality factor.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
5 Magnetic Circuits
01. 04. Ans: (c)
Sol: XC = 12 (Given) Sol: Impedance seen by the source
Xeq = 12 (must for series resonance) ZL
Zs =  4  j2
So the dot in the second coil at point “Q” 16
Leq = L1 + L2  2M 1030o
=  4  j2
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2 16
= 4.54 – j1.69
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2 .

12  8  8  2K 8.8 05.
45
 K = 0.25 Sol:
2
N 
02. Z in   1  .Z L 
Sol: XC = 14 (Given)  N2  n2.5

XLeq = 14 (must for series resonance) R in'  n 2 .5

So the dot in the 2nd coil at “P” For maximum power transfer; RL = Rs
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M n25 = 45  n = 3
Leq = L1+L2+K L 1 L 2
L eq  L 1  L 2  2K L 1 L 2 
06. Ans: (b)
Sol: 5mH +
14  2  8  2K 28 6V
30mH 30mH
V2
 K = 0.5 50


03. Apply KVL at input loop

Sol: Lab = 4H+22+6H+22+8H22 di1 di
- 6 - 3010-3+ 5 10-3 2 - 50i1 = 0 …(1)
Lab = 14H dt dt
4H+22 Take Laplace transform
a
6
2H   [30 103 (s)  50] I1 (s)  5 103 s I 2 (s)  0 ...(2)
s
Apply KVL at output loop
2H
d i2 di
V2 (s)  30 10 3  5 10 3 1  0
2H dt dt
b Take Laplace transform
8H22 6H+22 V2 (s)  30 10 3 s I 2 (s)  5 10 3 s I1 (s)  0
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 54 Postal Coaching Solutions

Substitute I2(s) = 0 in above equation 08.

V2 + 5  103 sI1(s) = 0 ……… (3) Sol: By the definition of KVL in phasor domain
From equation (2) VS  V0  V2 = 0
6  V 
  (30  10 3 (s)  50) I1 (s)  0 V0  VS  V2  VS 1  2 
s  VS 
6 V = ZI
I1 (s)  ……… (4)
s (30 10 3 (s)  50)
By KVL
Substitute eqn (4) in eqn (3) VS = jL1.I1 + jM (0)
3
 5 10 (s) (6) V2 = jL2(0) + jMI1
V2 (s) 
s (30  10 3 (s)  50)  M
V0  VS 1  
Apply Initial value theorem  L1 
 5 10 3 (s) (6)
Lt s
s  s (30  10 3 (s)  50)
 5 10 3  (6)
v 2 (t)   1
30  10 3

07.
8
Sol: R in '   2
22
R in  3  R in '  3  2  5
1020
I1   220 0
5
I1
 n  2  I2 = 1 20A
I2

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
6 Two Port Networks

01.  2 1
  S  S
Sol: The defining equations for open circuit 
YA   3 3 YB  
impedance parameters are: 1 2  
 S S 
 
 3 3 
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2
V2=Z21I1+Z22I2  2 1
 S 3 S 
3 mho
Y
10 4s  10  1 2 
  S  S 
Z  10s s   3 3 
3s  10 
 
s s  04.
Sol:
1 1 2
02. Ans: (b)
2
  1 1

0 2    y11 y12 
Sol: The matrix given is 
1 1   y 21 y 22 
  1 1
2 2 mho
2
3
since y11  y22
1 1 1
 Asymmetrical, and 2
3 3
Y12y21 ‘
 Non reciprocal network  2 1  1 1
     
YA   3 3
2 
YB   2 2


1
 1
03.  3 3 
 1 
 2 
Sol: Convert Y to  : 5
 7
  
1 1 1F
Y 6 6
1 1F 5 5 
1  
 6 3 
1 2
05.
1
mho 1F=S mho Sol: Convert Y to  : Convert Y to  :
1
3 2 2
1
1 2
1 1 1 2
mho mho 1 2 1 2
3 3   1 2
1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2
Fig:A Fig:B

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 56 Network Theory


1 1 T = [T1] [T2]
3 6
3.5 3

1

1
1
T 
 2 2
1
3 3
6 6

 2 1  2 1
     08. Ans: (a)
YA   3 3 mho Y   6 6 mho
1 2  B  1 2  Sol: For I2 = 0 (O/P open), the Network is shown
   
 3 3   6 6 
in Fig.1
 6 3  1
    1   I1 2 I2 = 0
Y 6 6  2 +
3 6   1 
3 I1
+
   1 
 6 6   2  1
V1 3 I1 V2

2 I1
06.
 
 1 
1 
  j1 1 Fig. 1
Sol: T1  T2    V1 =  2 I1 ....…...… (1)
 1 1
  j1  V1
Z11   2
I1
1  j 1
 
 j 1 V2 = 6 I1 + V1 ....…….…. (2)

T3 Z1=1; Z2 =  From (1) and (2)

V2 = 6 I1  2 I1
1 1
T3    or V2 =  8 I1
0 1
V2
T = (T1)(T2)(T3) Z 21   8
I1
 j3 2  j4
T
 1  j2 j3  For I1 = 0 (I/P open), the network is shown
in Fig.2
I2
07. I1 = 0 I2
+ +
2 1 2
Sol: T1 : Z   
1 2  1 I2
V1 V2
 2 3
T1   
1 2   
Fig. 2
T2 : Z1 = 0 ; Z2 = 2 
1 0 Note: that the dependent current source with
T2   1 
 2 1 current 3 I1 is open circuited.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 57 Postal Coaching Solutions

V1 Y11= Y11a + Y11b etc

V1 = 1 I2 , Z12   1
I2 1.4  0.4
Y    mho
V2   0.4 1.4 
V2 = 3 I2, Z 22  3
I2
2
Z  
1 12. Ans: (c)
 8 3
I1
Sol: Y11 
V1 V2  0
09.
Sol: By Nodal 5 5

 I 1  V1  3V2  V1  2V1  V2  0 2
10
 I 2  V2  V2  2V1  0 1

 4  4
Y Ʊ
 3 2 
1 10 2
[Z] = Y1
We can also obtain [g], [h], [T] and [T]1 by 5 5
re-writing the equations.
I1
Y11  
0
10.
Sol: The defining equations for open-circuit
13.
impedance parameters are:
 Z1 
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2 1  Z Z1 
V2 = Z21I1+Z22I2 Sol: (i). Ta    2 
 1 
In this case, the individual Z-parameter Z 1 
 2 
matrices get added.
1 Z1 
(Z) = (Za) + (Zb) (ii). Ta    1 Z 
 1 1 
Z  
10 2  Z2 Z2 

 2 7 Ta  and Tb  are obtained by defining
equations for transmission parameters.
11.
Sol: For this case the individual y-parameter
14.
matrices get added to give the y-parameter Sol: In this case, the individual T-matrices get
matrix of the overall network. multiplied
Y = Ya + Yb
The individual y-parameters also get added
T   T1   TN1 
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 58 Network Theory

(T) = (T1)(TN1) = 
1  s / 4 s / 2 

8 4
 
 I1 = V22I2 ……… (3)
 1/ 2 1   2 5 Substituting (3) in (1):
 3s  8 3.5s  4  V1  2V2  2I 2   I 2  2V2  3I 2 ……(4)
=  
 6 7   2 3
T 
1 2 
15.  2  3
T 1  T 1   
V1 AV2  BI 2 V2  2I 2  1 2 
Sol: Z in  R in    ’
I1 CV2  DI 2 V2  3I 2 Now h parameters
V2  10 I 2  2I 2  I 1  V2
12  I 1 V2
Z in  R in   I2   ……… (5)
13 I2 2
Substitute (5) in (1)
16.
 I 1 V2
V
I1 V1  2I 1 
Sol: 1  Z11
+
I1 I1 2 2
I1 2 3 1
I2 0
2 V1  I1  V2 ………. (6)
1
 V1  4 || 4 I1 | I2  0
3
2 2
+ V2 
 3 1
 Z11 = 2 V1

h 2 2
V2  4 || 4 I 2 1 1
I1 0 3 1  
 2 2
 Z22 = 2
1  1

By KVL   2
g  h   2
1

3I1 I 1 3
 
 V2  1  0 2 2
2 2
V2  I 1
17. Ans: (a)
 Z21 = 1 = Z12
I2
2 1 Sol: Y22  V1  0
Z  V2
1 2
Just use reciprocity of fig (a)
2  1
3 1A
3
YZ 1
 Ʊ N
 1 2 
 3 3  0.5A + 1V

Now [T] parameters;
V1  2I 1  I 2 …….. (1)
V2  I 1  2I 2 ………. (2) Now use Homogeneity
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 59 Postal Coaching Solutions

5A 0  n 
N h 
n 0 
2.5A + 5V
 Note: In an ideal transformer, it is impossible to
express V1 and V2 interms of I2 and I2, hence the
‘Z’ parameters do not exist. Similarly, the y-
I2 5
So, Y22  V1 0   1 mho parameters.
V2 5
This has noting to do with fig (b) since fig 19. Ans: (c)
(b) also valid for some specific resistance of
V2
2  at port-1, but Y22 , V1= 0. So S.C port-1 Sol: Z 22 
I12 V1  0

V1 1 I 2 R I1
18.  
V2 n I1
V2 N 2 I 1 2
Sol:  n 1 1 + +
V1 N 1 I2 V1  V2 V1 V2
n |  
V2 1 2|
n V2  V1 1: n
V1  I1
R
1
 V1  V2  0I 2 I12  I 2  I1
n
1 I 2 I12  I1 I12
1     1
0 n I1 I1 I1
 T  n
0 n 
 I12 1 1 n
 1 
n 0 I1 n n
1
T T
1
 1
 0 n 
1 n 
I12   I1
 n 
n 0
 1  n   V2  V1 
1
T T
1
 1
 0 I12    
n   n  R 
Now h-parameters  1 
 V2  V2 
1 1 n  
V1  0I1  V2 I12    n 
n  n  R 
 
 I1  
I2   0 V2
n I12  1  n   n  1 
  
 1 V2  n   nR 
0 n
g  V2 n 2R
1 
 0 I12 n2 1
n 
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 60 Network Theory

20.  1 0  1  1  2  1
h    +   
Sol:  1 1  0 1   1 2 
N1
 overall g-parameters,
1
 2  1
-1 1 2 1
g=h   
N2  1 2  3  1 2 
2 / 3 1 / 3 
For series parallel connection individual g 
1 / 3 2 / 3
h-parameters can be added.
 For network 1, h1 = g11
1
1 0  1 0
    1 1 
1 1  
For network 2, h2 = g 21
1
1 1 1  1
   
0 1 0 1 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
7 Graph Theory
01. Ans: (c) n = 12
b f-cut sets = (n1) = 11
Sol: n  1
2 f-loops = (bn+1) = 55
Note: Mesh analysis simple when the nodes are f-loop = f-cutset matrices = n(n2)
more than the meshes. = 12122 = 1210

02. Ans: (c) 08. Ans: (a)

Sol: Loops = b  (n1)  loops = 5 Sol: Let N = 1
n=7  b = 11 Nodes = 1, Branches = 0 ; f-loops = 0
Let N = 2
03. Ans: (a)

04. Nodes = 2; Branches = 1; f-loop= 0

Sol: Nodal equations required = f-cut sets Let N=3
= (n1)=(101) = 9
Mesh equations required = f-loops
= bn+1=1710+1=8
So, the number of equations required Nodes = 3; Branches = 3; f-loop = 1
= Minimum (Nodal, mesh)=Min(9,8)=8  Links = 1
Let N = 4
05. Ans: (c)
Sol: not a tree (Because trees are not in closed
path) Nodes = 4; Branches = 4; f-loops=Links=1
a
Still N = 4
c
b
f
g

06. Ans: (a) Branches = 6; f-loops = Links = 3

Let N = 5
07.
Sol: For a complete graph ;
n n  1
b  n C2   66
2
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 62 Postal Coaching Solutions

Nodes = 5; Branches = 8; f –loops = Links 12. Ans: (d)

= 4 etc
Therefore, the graph of this network can 13. Ans: (d)
have at least “N” branches with one or more Sol: The valid cut-set is
closed paths to exist. (1,3,4,6)

09. Ans: (b)

Sol:
2 2
14. Ans: (b)
1 1
4 Sol:
3   

2
4   
3 3

10. Ans: (d) 15. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol:
(a) 1,2,3,4  8

6 7
(b) 2,3,4,6  2 4
1 3

5
(c) 1,4,5,6  Fundamental loop should consist only one
link, therefore option (d) is correct.
(d)1,3,4,5 

11. Ans: (b)

Sol: m = b – n + 1 = 8 – 5 + 1 = 4

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
Chapter
8 Passive Filters
01. 06.
Sol: 1
Sol: H s  
  0  V0  Vi  s  s 1
2

  Low pass filter

    V0  0   = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 1
 =  : S =   H (s) = 0
02. It represents a Low pass filter characteristics
Vi R 2
Sol:   0  V0 
R1  R 2 07.
“V0” is attenuated  V0  0 s2
Sol: H s  
    V0  Vi s 2  s 1

It represents a high pass filter  = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 0

characteristics.  =  : S =   H (s) = 1
It represents a High pass filter characteristics
03.
Vi s  S2 LC  SRC  1 08.
Sol: Hs   
Is  SC Sol:   0 ; V0  Vi

2 LC  jRC  1    ; V0  0
Put s = j i  
j C It represents a low pass filter characteristics.
  0  H s   0
09.
    Hs   0
Sol:  = 0  V0 = Vin
It represents band pass filter characteristics
 =   V0 = Vin
It represents a Band stop filter or notch
04.
filter.
Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0
 =   V0 = 0 10.
It represents Band pass filter characteristics S
Sol: H s  
s  s 1
2

05.  = 0 : S = 0  H (s) = 0
Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0  =  : S =   H (s) = 0
 =   V0 = Vi It represents a Band pass filter
It represents High Pass filter characteristics. characteristics.
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 64 Network Theory

11. 1
Where f L 
S 12 2  RC
Sol: H s  
s  s 1
2
1
H  j  
2
 = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1  f 
1   
 =   S =   H (s) = 1  fL 
It represents a Band stop filter
 f 
 H  j    tan 1  
12.  fL 
1 s f = 0   = 00 = min
Sol: H s  
1 s f = fL   = 450 = max
 = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1
 =   S =   H (s) = 1 = 1 1800
It represents an All pass filter 14. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Gain (dB)
13. Ans: (c)
Sol. R Stop Band Pass Band
1
+ +
Vi C V0 1
2
  BW

 = 0  V0 = Vi
0 fC Frequency
 =   V0 = 0
 
 V s  
V0 s    i   1  s
 1   sc  First order high pass filter =
R  1  s
 sc 
Phase shift = 90 tanT
V0 s  1
 H s   Max. phase shift is at corner frequency
Vi s  SscR  1
1
H  j  
1

1 =
1 j c R f T
1 j
fL Max. phase shift = 90  tan1T
|H (j )|
1 
= 90  tan 1   T 
1 T 
1
= 90 45
2
BW Stop Band = 45o

f
0 f = fL 15. Ans: (d)
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 65 Postal Coaching Solutions

16. Ans: (a) 17. Ans: (c)

Sol: Half power of series RC circuit is at t = T Sol: Magnitude of voltage gain 0.707 is at half
(Time constant) power frequency
T = RC 1
=
1 RC
Frequency =
RC

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad