QUESTION BANK

IT1401A /DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

UNIT I - RELATIONAL DATABASES

Purpose of Database System – Views of data – Data Models – Database System Architecture –
Introduction to relational databases – Relational Model – Keys – Relational Algebra – SQL fundamentals
– Advanced SQL features – Embedded SQL– Dynamic SQL
PART-A
S.NO QUESTIONS CO BT COMPETE
NCE
1. List the disadvantages of file system over database. CO1 BTL-1 Remember
2. Mention the major responsibilities of a database administrator. CO1 BTL-1 Remember
3. State the levels of abstraction in a DBMS. CO1 BTL-1 Remember

4. What is a data model? List the types of data model used. CO1 BTL-1 Remember

5. Define foreign key. Give an example. CO1 BTL-2 Understand

6. Write a relational algebra expression for selecting all tuples

from the relation Loan with the condition Loan amount greater CO1 BTL-2 Understand
than 5000 rupees

7. Differentiate primary key from candidate key. CO1 BTL-2 Understand

8. What are aggregate functions? List some aggregate functions

CO1 BTL-1 Remember
supported by SQL.

9. Why does SQL allow duplicate tuples in a table or in a query

CO1 BTL-1 Remember
result?
10. Differentiate between dynamic SQL and static SQL. CO1 BTL-2 Understand

11. Define Data abstraction. CO1 BTL-1 Remember

12. What is the use of Data dictionary CO1 BTL-1 Remember

13. Give the advantages of using Relational model. CO1 BTL-2 Understand

14. What is a view? How it is related to data independence? CO1 BTL-1 Remember
15. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra? CO1 BTL-1 Remember

PART-B
1. Compare and contrast various data model groups, providing CO1 BTL-3 Apply
relevant examples for each.
2. Utilize the knowledge of two-tier architecture and three-tier CO1 BTL-3 Apply
architecture to construct a well labeled diagram, illustrating the
distinctive features and components of each.
3. Compose a detailed explanation, accompanied by a clear CO1 BTL-3 Apply
diagram, outlining all the components of a DBMS
4. Apply the understanding of basic relational algebra operations CO1 BTL-3 Apply
by providing examples that illustrate the practical application
of each operation.
5. Consider a relation Employee (Employee_name, CO1 BTL-3 Apply
Company_name, Salary) and Write SQL for the following
(i) the total salary of each company
(ii) Find the employee name who is getting highest salary
(iii) Find the company name which has lowest average
salary
(iv)Find the employee name whose salary is higher than
average salary of TCS.

6. Demonstrate the use of the following with appropriate CO1 BTL-3 Apply
examples:
i) DDL to create or modify a database structure.
ii) DML to manipulate data within a database.
iii) Different views of data in a database system.
7. Examine the given relational table Employee (Empno, Name, CO1 BTL-4 Analyze
Department, Salary) and perform the following tasks to
analyze the data:
(i) list all the employees whose name starts with the
letter 'L'.
(ii) Find the maximum salary given to employees in each
department.
(iii) Find the number of employees working in 'accounts'
department.
(iv) Find the second maximum salary from the table.
(v) Find the employee who is getting the minimum
Salary.
8. Examine the use of aggregate functions in SQL by analyzing CO1 BTL-4 Analyze
their role in summarizing data. Provide examples to
 demonstrate how each function can be used to gain insights
from a dataset.
9. Illustrate the disadvantages of the file system compared to a CO1 BTL-3 Apply
database by providing practical examples. Draw a diagram to
represent the components of the Storage Manager and Query
Processor, and explain their roles in database management.
10. Demonstrate the usage of Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL CO1 BTL-3 Apply
in a database application. Highlight the differences in their
implementation and usage.
11. Design a block diagram to represent the basic architecture of a CO1 BTL-3 Apply
Database Management System (DBMS). Explain the roles of
each component in managing data storage, processing, and
retrieval, highlighting how they interact in a real-world DBMS
implementation.
12. (i) Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the CO1 BTL-3 Apply
database approach with the traditional file system.
(ii) Illustrate the three levels of abstraction in DBMS
13. Consider the following relational schema: CO1 BTL-3 Apply
Employee(empno,name,office,age)
Books(isbn,title,authors,publisher)
Loan(empno,isbn,date)
Write the following queries in relational algebra and give your
explanation.
i) Find the names of employees who have borrowed a book
Published by XYZ Ltd.,
ii) Find the names of employees who have borrowed all
books Published by XYZ Ltd.,
iii) Find the names of employees who have borrowed more
than five different BOOKS Published by XYZ Ltd.,
iv) For each Publisher, find the names of employees who
have borrowed more than five books of that Publisher.

UNIT II - DATABASE DESIGN

Entity-Relationship model – E-R Diagrams – Enhanced-ER Model – ER-to-Relational Mapping –
Functional Dependencies – Non-loss Decomposition – First, Second, Third Normal Forms, Dependency
Preservation – Boyce/Codd’s Normal Form – Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form –
Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
PART-A
S.NO QUESTIONS CO BT COMPETEN
CE
1. List the different symbols used in ER diagram with CO2 BTL-1 Remember
 examples.

2. What is a weak entity? Give an example. CO2 BTL-2 Understand

3. What are the desirable properties of decomposition? CO2 BTL-1 Remember

4. What is meant by non-loss decomposition? CO2 BTL-1 Remember
5. Define the two types of functional dependency with an
CO2 BTL-2 Understand
example.
6. Define full functional dependency. CO2 BTL-1 Remember

7. Consider the following relation: R(A,B,C,D,E) The primary

key of the relation is AB. The following functional
CO2 BTL-2 Understand
dependencies hold: A🡪C, B🡪D, AB🡪E. Is the above relation
in second normal form?
8. Define BCNF. CO2 BTL-1 Remember

9. Compare 3NF with BCNF with an example. CO2 BTL-2 Understand

10. Define Fourth Normal Form. CO2 BTL-1 Remember

11. Define Entity – Relationship Model. CO2 BTL-1 Remember

12. Define Normalization CO2 BTL-1 Remember

13. Give the characteristics that distinguish the strong entity CO2
BTL-2 Understand
with weak entity.
14. What is a multi-valued attribute? Give examples. CO2 BTL-1 Remember

15. What do you mean by cardinality? What are different kinds CO2 BTL-1
Remember
of cardinalities?

PART-B
1. (i)Construct an ER diagram for a car insurance company CO2 BTL-3 Apply
whose customers own one or more cars each. Each car has
associated with zero to any number of recorded accidents.
Each insurance policy covers one or more cars and has one
or more premium payments associated with it. Each
payment is for a particular period of time, and has an
associated due date and the date when the payment was
received.
 (ii) Construct an ER diagram for a Banking System. CO2 BTL-3 Apply
2. What is data normalization? Apply the understanding of first CO2 BTL-3 Apply
normal form, second normal form, third normal form by
providing examples that illustrate the key principles and
transformations involved in achieving each level of
normalization.
3. Normalize the following table into 1NF, 2NF and 3NF. CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
EMPLOYEE [EMPNO, EMPNAME, WORKDEPT,
DEPTNAME, SKILLID1, SKILLID2, SKILLID3]
4. Normalize the following invoice into 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF. CO2 BTL-4 Analyze

HILLTOP ANIMAL HOSPITAL DATE: JAN 13/2018

INVOICE # 987

MR. RICHARD COOK

123 THIS STREET
MY CITY, ONTARIO
Z5Z 6G6

PET PROCEDURE AMOUNT

ROVER RABIES VACCINATION 30.00

MORRIS RABIES VACCINATION 24.00

TOTAL 54.00
TAX (8%) 4.32

AMOUNT OWING 58.32

5. (i) Compare BCNF and 3NF with appropriate example. CO2 BTL-3 Apply

(ii) Give an example of a relation that is in 3NF and not in CO2 BTL-3 Apply
BCNF. How will you convert that relation into BCNF?
6. What is the need of normalization? Analyze and implement CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
fourth normal form and fifth normal form strategy with
examples in detail.
7. Draw and Explain an E-R diagram for a small marketing CO2 BTL-3 Apply
company database and assuming your own data
requirements.
8. Design and implement database tables to demonstrate the CO2 BTL-3 Apply
application of Fourth Normal Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal
Form (5NF) strategies with appropriate examples.
9. Draw and explain an ER diagram that captures the CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
information of this schema.
Employee(empno, name, office, age)
Books(isbn, title, authors, publisher)
Loan(empno, isbn, date)

Write the following queries in SQL.

(i) Find the names of employees who have
borrowed a book published by McGraw-Hill.
(ii) Find the names of employees who have
borrowed all books published by McGraw-Hill.
10. Analyze and Explain an E-R diagram for a Life insurance CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
company with almost all components.

11. Examine the requirements of a 'Restaurant Menu Ordering CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
System' and analyze its components to develop an ER
diagram. Evaluate how the system facilitates interactions
between customers, waiters, chefs, and supervisors. Justify
the relationships and attributes included in your ER diagram
by considering the functionalities such as menu viewing,
order placement, status updates, billing, and accountability
for exceptional circumstances.
12. Apply the concept of functional dependency to a given CO2 BTL-3 Apply
 relational database schema. Illustrate how functional
dependencies help in determining the keys and normalizing
the database through practical examples.
13. Illustrate the multi-value dependency and the fourth normal CO2 BTL-3 Apply
form-4NF with an example
14. (i) Analyze lossless Decomposition. CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
(ii) Design your own database to illustrate 3NF.
15. Analyze the following: CO2 BTL-4 Analyze
(i)Join Dependencies.
(ii) 5 th Normal Form.

UNIT III – TRANSACTIONS

Transaction Concepts – ACID Properties – Schedules – Serializability – Concurrency Control – Need for
Concurrency – Locking Protocols – Two Phase Locking – Deadlock – Transaction Recovery - Save
Points – Isolation Levels – SQL Facilities for Concurrency and Recovery
PART-A
S.NO QUESTIONS CO BT COMPET
ENCE
1. List the ACID properties. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

2. What is serializability? How it is tested? CO3 BTL-2 Understand

3. Define conflict serializability. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

4. Define view serializability. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

5. List the four conditions for deadlock. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

6. List the transaction states with a neat diagram. CO3 BTL-1 Remember
7. What is the need of concurrency control? CO3 BTL-1 Remember

8. State the difference between a shared lock and an exclusive CO3 BTL-2 Understand
 lock.
9. List the categories of two phase locking protocols. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

10. What is meant by log-based recovery? CO3 BTL-1 Remember

11. List the methods used to handle deadlock. CO3 Remember
BTL-1

12. Define upgrade and downgrade. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

13. What is the use of lock compatibility matrix. CO3 BTL-1 Remember

14. What are the different modes of lock? CO3 BTL-1 Remember

15. Differentiate strict two-phase locking protocol and rigorous CO3 BTL-2 Understand
two-phase locking protocol.

PART-B
1. Examine the attributes of database transactions that uphold data CO3 BTL-3 Apply
integrity within the system, providing an in-depth analysis of
their significance.
2. Examine conflict serializability and view serializability, CO3 BTL-3 Apply
illustrating their differences through a concrete example to
demonstrate their practical implications in database
management
3. What is concurrency control? Analyze the two-phase locking CO3 BTL-4 Analyze
protocol, detailing its operational phases and significance in
transaction management. Provide a relevant example to
illustrate its application in maintaining data consistency and
concurrency in database systems.

4. Compare the strict and rigorous two-phase locking protocols. CO3 BTL-3 Apply
Explain how they work differently in managing concurrent
transactions in a database system, using an example to illustrate
the contrast.
5. Compare the deferred and immediate types of database CO3 BTL-3 Apply
modification in a log-based recovery plan. Describe each
method and how they manage changes to the database after a
failure.
 6. List the strategies for managing deadlock situations. Describe CO3 BTL-3 Apply
how these methods are applied to address or prevent deadlocks
in a clear and straightforward manner
7. (i) Demonstrate the application of the ACID properties in a CO3 BTL-3 Apply
transaction
(ii) What benefit does rigorous two-phase locking provide?
Show how does it compare with other forms of two-phase
locking?

8. Illustrate the conflict serializability and view serializability with CO3 BTL-3 Apply
an example.
9. (i)What is deadlock? How does it occur? CO3 BTL-3 Apply
(ii)How transactions are to be written to Avoid deadlock and
guarantee correct execution. Illustrate with suitable example.
10. (i) Illustrate and apply the different states of a transaction CO3 BTL-3 Apply
(ii) Apply the concepts of a recoverable schedule and a cascade-
less schedule to a transaction management scenario.
11. Examine the violations caused by each of the following: dirty CO3 BTL-3 Apply
read, non-repeatable read and phantoms with suitable example
12. (i) Illustrate about the deadlock prevention schemes. CO3 BTL-3 Apply
(ii)With a neat Sketch explain the states of a transaction.

UNIT IV – IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

RAID – File Organization – Organization of Records in Files – Indexing and Hashing –Ordered Indices –
B+ tree Index Files – B tree Index Files – Static Hashing – Dynamic Hashing – Query Processing
Overview – Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN operations – Query optimization using Heuristics and
Cost Estimation
PART-A
S.NO QUESTIONS CO BT COMPETE
NCE
1. List all levels of RAID CO4 BTL-1 Remember
2. Define ordered indices with example. CO4 BTL-2 Understand
3. Distinguish between dense index and sparse index. CO4 BTL-2 Understand

4. Distinguish between primary index and secondary index CO4 BTL-2 Understand
5. Why is a B+ tree usually preferred as an access structure to a CO4 BTL-2 Understand
data file?
6. What are disadvantages of B Tree over B+ Tree? CO4 BTL-1 Remember

7. What is a hash function? Give an example. CO4 BTL-2 Understand

8. What is the difference between dynamic and static hashing? CO4 BTL-2 Understand

9. List the costs involved in query execution. CO4 BTL-1 Remember

10. Outline the steps involved in query processing. CO4 BTL-1 Remember
11. Define seek time. CO4 BTL-1 Remember
12. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of RAID Level 3 CO4 BTL-2 Understand
13. What is query evaluation plan CO4 BTL-1 Remember
14. Describe the procedure to reduce the occurrences of bucket CO4 BTL-2 Understand
overflows in a hash file organization.
15. Define mirroring. CO4 BTL-1 Remember
PART-B
1. Define RAID and explore the diversity of RAID levels, delving CO4 BTL-3 Apply
into their respective functionalities and characteristics in detail.

2. Sketch the structure of a B+ tree and give the algorithm for CO4 BTL-3 Apply
search in the B+ tree. Also insert the following key values 6, 16,
26, 36, 46 on a B+ tree with order = 3.

3. Show the element wise construction of a B+ tree for the CO4 BTL-3 Apply
elements 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 21, 31, 25, 19, 20, 28, 42 with order as
4. Also illustrate the deletion process by deleting any element in
the root level.
4. Describe static hashing and dynamic hashing. Provide an CO4 BTL-3 Apply
example for each to illustrate how they work.
5. (i) Sketch and concise the basic steps involved in query CO4 BTL-3 Apply
processing.
(ii) What does query optimization involve? Describe heuristic- CO4 BTL-3 Apply
based query optimization thoroughly, using an example to
illustrate its application
6. Analyze the structure of a B+ tree and evaluate how it optimizes CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
search operations. Provide an example to illustrate the search
algorithm in a B+ tree and analyze its performance compared to
other tree structures, such as binary search trees.
7. Examine the algorithms for SELECT and JOIN operations. CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
8. Describe the different types of file organization. Explain using a CO4 BTL-3 Apply
sketch of each of them with their advantages and disadvantages.
9. Analyze the key characteristics and effectiveness of Heuristic CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
optimization algorithms. Evaluate how these algorithms are
applied to solve complex problems, and compare their
performance with other optimization techniques in various real-
world scenarios.
10. Analyze the structure and functioning of ordered indices in CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
database systems. Evaluate their advantages and limitations in
optimizing query performance, and illustrate their application
with a real-world example.
11. Draw B tree and B+ tree to insert the following key values (the CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
order of the tree is three) 32, 11, 15, 13, 7, 22, 15, 44, 67, 4.
12. The following key values are organized in an extendable CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
hashing technique. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31. Show the
extendable hash structure for this file if the hash function is
h(x)=x mod 8 and buckets can hold three records. Assess how
the extendable hash structure changes as the result of each of the
following steps:
● DELETE 11
● DELETE 31
● INSERT 1
INSERT 15
 13. Examine about RAID system. How does it improve CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
performance and reliability? Discuss the level 3 and level 4 of
RAID.
14. Give a detailed description about Query processing and CO4 BTL-4 Analyze
Optimization. Explain the cost estimation of Query
Optimization.

UNIT V – ADVANCED TOPICS

Overview of Distributed Databases – Data Fragmentation – Replication –– Introduction to Object- based
Databases - Enhanced Data bases: Temporal Database –Spatial Database –Multimedia Database - XML
Databases: XML schema - NOSQL Database: Characteristics – Schema-less models– Applications –
Current Trends
PART-A
S.NO QUESTIONS CO BT COMPETE
NCE
1. State the need for distributed databases. CO5 BTL-1 Remember
2. Differentiate horizontal fragmentation from vertical CO5 BTL-2 Understand
fragmentation.

3. Define data replication. CO5 BTL-1 Remember

4. What is Object based database? CO5 BTL-1 Remember

5. Mention the advantages of XML databases. CO5 BTL-1 Remember

6. Define XML. CO5 BTL-1 Remember
7. List the differences between SQL and NOSQL databases CO5 BTL-2 Understand
8. List the categories of NOSQL databases. CO5 BTL-1 Remember
9. List the characteristics of NOSQL databases. CO5 BTL-1 Remember

10. Mention the applications of NOSQL databases CO5 BTL-1 Remember

11. What is meant by statistical database? CO5 BTL-1 Remember
12. Mention the types of distributed database? CO5 BTL-1 Remember
13. What is the use of checkpoint? CO5 BTL-1 Remember

14. What is the need for XML Schema? CO5 BTL-1 Remember
15. What is the use of multimedia database? CO5 BTL-1 Remember
PART-B
1. Detail the distributed database architecture, elaborating on its CO5 BTL-3 Apply
structure and functionality. Also discuss how data replication
and fragmentation are done in distributed environment with
illustrative examples.
2. (i) Compare and contrast between Object Oriented databases and CO5 BTL-3 Apply
XML databases
(ii) Generate an XML representation for a bank management
system and develop an XML schema to define its structure and
constraints, ensuring proper organization and validation of data.
3. Provide an overview of temporal databases and spatial CO5 BTL-3 Apply
databases, detailing their respective concepts and applications in
managing time-dependent and spatial data effectively
4. Compose notes on multimedia databases, covering their CO5 BTL-3 Apply
structure, management, and applications, while emphasizing
their handling of various media types and retrieval techniques
5. Summarize the following categories of NOSQL databases, CO5 BTL-3 Apply
providing an example for each to illustrate their respective
structures and functionalities:
(i) Key Value Store
(ii) Document Store
(iii) Graph Database
6. Apply the concepts of data fragmentation and replication to a CO5 BTL-3 Apply
distributed database system. Design a strategy for fragmenting
and replicating data based on a given set of requirements, and
demonstrate how these techniques optimize data access and
 ensure reliability in the system.
7. Demonstrate a distributed database system for a multi-location CO5 BTL-3 Apply
business scenario. Apply the principles of data fragmentation,
replication, and allocation to ensure data consistency,
availability, and fault tolerance. Demonstrate how data is
accessed and synchronized across multiple locations in your
design.
8. Design an XML schema to represent a real-world data structure CO5 BTL-3 Apply
(e.g., a library system or employee database). Apply your
understanding of XML schema elements and attributes to define
the structure, data types, and relationships. Illustrate how the
schema validates XML data using a practical example.
9. Analyze the concept of schema-less models in database systems CO5 BTL-4 Apply
to a real-world scenario. Demonstrate how schema-less
databases handle dynamic data structures and discuss their
advantages in managing unstructured or semi-structured data,
providing a practical example of their use in modern
applications.
10. Explain in detail about the Temporal and Spatial Database with CO5 BTL-4 Apply
a real-world example.
11. Explain in detail about the NOSQL databases and describe its CO5 BTL-4 Apply
types with an example
12. Explain in detail about the different types of fragmentation in CO5 BTL-4 Apply
distributed databases.
13. Generate an XML representation for a Hospital Management CO5 BTL-3 Apply
system and develop an XML schema to define its structure and
constraints, ensuring proper organization and validation of data.
14. Describe in detail about the uni-temporal relation and bi- CO5 BTL-3 Apply
temporal relation in database.