Chapter 8: SCADA and Smart Energy

Grid Control Automation

George Konstantinou, University of Cyprus

01/08/2020
Nicosia, Cyprus
 Course material developed in collaboration with Technical University of Sofia,
University of Western Macedonia, International Hellenic University, University of
Cyprus, Public Power Corporation S.A., K3Y Ltd and Software Company EOOD
with support from Erasmus +

10/08/2022 2
 Content of the lecture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Smart Grid concept
8.3 Smart grid/SCADA integration
8.4 SCADA applications in power system
8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
8.6 Using SCADA in wind farms
8.7 SCADA system in fuel cells
8.8 Using SCADA in Hybrid Power Systems
8.9 SCADA System Elements
8.9.1 Host Computer system

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 8.1 Introduction
• In this chapter, the SCADA and smart grid are explained to
discuss the efficacy and challenges in the integration process.
• The challenges for secure smart grid and automation systems
will be discussed.
 8.1 Introduction
• Control systems are computer-based systems used
within many critical infrastructures and industries (e.g.;
electric grid, natural gas, water, and wastewater
industries) to monitor and control sensitive process. To
deploy the smart grid system, there is a trend toward
interconnecting SCADA with data networks.
• Control systems collect field measurement and
operational data from the field stations, process and
display this information. The relay control commands to
local or remote outstations are issued from the control
center. Control systems may perform additional control
functions such as operating switches and circuit
breakers and adjusting valves to regulate the fuel flow.
 8.1 Introduction
• Control systems have been implemented since the 1930s; there are two primary types of
control systems: distributed control systems (DCS) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition) systems.
• Typically, DCS systems are used within a single processing or generating plant or over a
small geographic area [2-7]. SCADA systems usually are used for large, geographically
extended electricity distribution or generation operations.
• For example, a utility company may use a DCS to generate power and a SCADA system to
distribute it. But nowadays SCADA is applicable in large scales renewable energy systems
such as the wind and solar farms.
• We will concentrate on SCADA systems for renewable energy, and our discussion is
generally applicable to DCS systems. The resulting computer-aided control center is called
the renewable energy management system (EMS).
 8.1 Introduction
• A smart grid SCADA
system’s main function
is:
1. assisting of distributed
generation operations,
2. alarming,
3. telemetry,
4. event logging recording,
5. remote control of
outstation field
equipment
 8.1 Introduction
• A modern SCADA system must be able to support
the engineering planning and budgeting functions
by providing access to power system data
without an operational workstation. The evolving
changes in recent power system operational needs
demand a distributed control center that is
decentralized, flexible, integrated, and opened.
• Present-day control centers are moving in that
direction with varying degrees of success [2-7. In
the internet age, the trend in information and
Microgrid
communication technologies is moving toward networking
microgrid and grid computing and web services, or
microgrid services.
 8.1 Introduction
• Renewable energy systems have gained
tremendous popularity nowadays because of the
need to cut CO2 emissions and the rising costs of
fossil fuel sources. Renewable energy forms a
major source of energy in distributed generation
systems; their energy can be integrated into the
existing power grid or it can be used for domestic
microgrid consumption.
• Even though renewable sources are in abundance
and are inexhaustible, they are
intermittent because of variations in
the weather conditions, thereby jeopardizing the
chances of relying on them as the only source of
energy.
 8.1 Introduction
• SCADA systems are actually Process Control Systems
(PCS) that are used for gathering, monitoring, and
analyzing real-time environmental data from a simple
residential building or a complex large scale PV or RTU
wind far power plant.
• PCSs are designed for microgrid automation or power
distribution systems based on a predetermined set of
data and conditions, such as generated/consumed
energy or power grid management.
• Some PCSs consist of one or more remote terminal
units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers
(PLC) connected to any number of actuators and
sensors, which relay data to a master data collective PLC
device for analysis.
 8.1 Introduction
SCADA systems are composed of the following components:
1. Outstations hardware: state of charge (SOC), Current transformer CT, Voltage
transformer VT, fuel valves, conveyors, and Circuit breakers CB that can be controlled
locally or remotely.
2. Local substations processors: which collect data from the site’s instruments and
hardware equipment. This includes the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC). Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) such as digital relays and
digital meters. The local processor will be responsible for dozens of analog and digital
inputs/outputs from IEDs and switchgear equipment.
3. Digital Instrument: It is usually installed in the field or in a facility that sense
conditions such as current, voltage, irradiance, temperature, pressure, wind speed, and
flow rate.
 8.1 Introduction
4. Communications devices: (short-range or long-range) The short-range
communications are installed between local RTUs, instruments, and operating
equipment. These are relatively short distance cables or wireless connections carry
digital and analog signals using electrical properties such as voltage and current or
using other settled industrial communications protocols. The Long-range
communications are installed between local processors RTU/PLC and host serves. This
communication typically are using methods such as leased telephone lines,
microwave, satellite, frame relay network, and cellular packet data.
5. Host computers/servers: Host computers, like Data acquisition server DAC,
engineering/operation workstations. It acts as the central point of monitoring and
control. They will be in the control room or master station. The operation
workstation is where an engineer or operator can supervise the process, as well as
receive system alarms, review data, and exercise remote control.
8.1 Introduction

A SCADA system network

High-level overview of
SCADA architecture, where
the Remote Stations might
be an Electric Substation,
the SCADA network on one
network segment, with
another organization
network on differing
network segments
 8.2 The Smart-Grid concept
• The Smart Grid framework is composed of and
concerned with distributed intelligence including
data decentralization, renewable distributed
generation (and energy storage), and distribution
system automation.
• It regards customer partnership and interaction,
micro-grids, and high-demand electric devices.
• The Smart Grid is by definition about real-time
data monitoring and active microgrid management
via rapid two-way digital communications through
the implementation of technological solutions to
the power delivery infrastructure.
Renewable energy and storage
 8.2 The Smart-Grid concept
• Microgrids and the electric utility, renewable
power generating devices, consumer loads
devices, and third-party entities either as
consumers, vendors, or regulatory
organizations are all interconnected.
• Smart Grid comprise an intelligent monitoring
system that observes the flow of electrical
energy throughout the power network and
incorporates the use of cables or transmission
lines to manage power fluctuations, losses,
and co-generation integration from solar, fuel
cell and the wind.
 8.2 The Smart-Grid concept
• Generally, the most effective Smart Grid can
monitor/control residential home devices that
are non-critical during peak power consumption
times to reduce power demand, and restore
their function during non-peak hours.
• Proposals for optimization include smart
microgrids, smart power grid, and intelligent
grid.
• In addition to minimizing electric demand, the
management of power consumption peaks can
help avoid brown-outs and black-outs when
power demand exceeds supply, and help
maintain critical loads and devices under such Energy-demand
conditions. supply balance
8.2 The Smart-Grid concept

The Smart Grid architecture

 8.3 Smart Grid / SCADA Integration
• Incorporating SCADA into the Smart Grid is challenging. SCADA can be connected by
electrical, communications and data networks. It allows for distributed and central
aggregation of information and control over the entire electrical utility network.
• SCADA helps the electricity consumer by interconnecting energy management systems to
enable the customer to manage their own demand of energy and control costs.
• In addition, SCADA allows the grid to be self-healing by automatically responding to
power quality issues, power outages, and power system faults. SCADA optimizes the grid
assets by monitoring and optimizing those assets while minimizing operations and
maintenance costs. The Smart Grid, intelligence and control need to exist along the entire
power supply chain. This includes the electricity generation and transmission from
beginning to delivery end-points at the customer’s side and includes both fixed and
mobile devices in the SG architecture.
 8.3 Smart Grid /
SCADA Integration

SCADA/Smart
Grid Integration
 8.4 SCADA Applications in Power System
• SCADA system is used in a power system to collect, analyze and observe the power system
data effectively.
• The power system is associated with power generation, transmission, distribution, and
renewable energy. Monitor and control are the main issues in all these areas.
• Thus, SCADA improves the overall efficiency of the system, by saving costs and time. This
can be achieved by an optimizing operation, loss minimization, supervising and controlling
the generation and transmission systems.
• SCADA function in the power system network provides greater system reliability and
stability for integrated grid operation. The power system automation system offers
contingency based fast Load Shedding, Power Control and SCADA functionality for the
electrical system.
 8.4 SCADA Applications in Power System
• These applications may be supplied by different vendors and applications such as:
► Generation/Transmission/Distribution Monitoring and Control System
► Generation/Transmission/Distribution Control System
► Generation/Transmission/Distribution Integrated Control System
► Generation/Transmission/Distribution Protection and Control System
► Power Management System
► Switching management System
► Load Management System
 8.4.1 SCADA for Power Generating Stations
The functions of SCADA in power generation include
• Continuous monitoring of Speed and Frequency
• Geographical monitoring of coal delivery and water treatment processes
• Supervising the status of circuit breakers, protective relays and other safety related
operations
• Generation operations planning
• Active and reactive power control
• Turbine protection
• Load scheduling
• Historical data processing of all generation related parameters
 8.4.1 SCADA for Power Generating Stations
• With the use of Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC) hardware and advanced
communication links along with SCADA
software and hardware in power
generating stations, delivering an optimum
solution for each and every operation with
flexible and advanced control structures.
• The figure in next slide shows the SCADA
structure in power generation where it
supervises several operations, including
protection, controlling and monitoring.
8.3.1 SCADA for Power
Generating Stations

SCADA for the electrical power

industry
 8.4.1 SCADA for Power Generating Stations
• The SCADA provides an integrated set of
control, supervision and management functions
for power generation stations. These functions
include:
► Generator control including integration with the
governor and excitation controller.
► Circuit breaker control including integration
with protection relays.
► Synchronization function between generators.
► Transformer and tap-changer control according
to the status of the electrical network
 8.4.2 SCADA for Power Distribution System
• Distribution management systems control electric power from distribution substation to
the different loads with the use of medium and low voltage cables and transmission lines.
• Most of the power distribution or utility companies are based on manual labor to perform
the distribution tasks like interrupting the power to loads, all the parameter hourly
checking, fault diagnosis, etc.
• The implementing SCADA to the power distribution not only reduces the manual labor
operation but also facilitates smooth automatic operations with minimizing disturbance
from various electrical substations, even at remote locations, and does the corresponding
data and status processing.
8.4.2 SCADA for Power
Distribution System

SCADA for Power

Distribution System
 8.4.2 SCADA for Power Distribution System
• Programmable logic controllers in electrical substations
continuously monitor the substation components and
corresponding transfer that to centralized PC-based
SCADA system.
• In case of any power outages or failures, this SCADA
allows detecting the fault type and location, therefore
without waiting for the calls from customers.
Faults in power
• SCADA gives an alarm or event to the operators for equipment
identifying and analyzing it. The SCADA in substations
automatically controls the circuit breakers and switches
for exceeding parameter limits, thereby continuous
inspection of network status and parameters are
performed regularly without a line worker.
 8.4.2 SCADA for Power Distribution System
Some of the SCADA functions in power distribution system are given as follows:
► Improving power system quality by maintaining an acceptable range of power factor and
harmonics contents
► Limiting peak power demand
► Continuous monitoring and controlling of various electrical components in both normal and
abnormal conditions
► Trending and alarming to enable operators to fix outage problems
► Historian data and viewing that from remote locations
► Quick response to customer service interruptions
► Motor control including integration with motor control centers.
► Power Control including tie-line control, peak shaving and load sharing.
► Load Shedding including both fast, slow and frequency based.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• Photovoltaic power generation system can be divided
into stand-alone PV system and grid-connected PV
system. Grid-connected PV power plants consist of PV
array, inverter, energy management system (EMS),
storage etc.
• SCADA system can be employed to be a sub-system of
Energy Management System EMS in PV power plants.
Its core part is Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). In this
way, PV system could be managed using data streams
in the range of several thousand measurements per
second. SCADA provides flexibility in controlling and
monitoring the different PV plant components,
including inverters, trackers, circuit breakers
substations and meters.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• In the case of a small scale solar photovoltaic system, it is important to assess how much
energy, the system can produce according to a specific location, orientation, and plant
power conversion efficiency.
• Employing an efficient monitoring system is important for being able to account for the
amount of energy produced by a PV system in real time, and to guarantee the forecast
conversion efficiency will stay right over the PV panel’s service life. A digital meter is also
used to measure the energy produced. The energy recording frequency requires more
advanced data loggers than the meters installed for residential systems.
• Data loggers supply data into SCADA database that can be stored for use at a later time.
The meters have communication interfaces through serial ports (RS485/RS232) or
Ethernet that allow PC to access the data. Most electric utilities in the world have
adopted standard criteria and guidelines for interconnecting distributed energy
resources into their electric distribution systems.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• Solar PV installations efficiently reduce the customer load and, during minimum
loading conditions, may export energy back to the grid in a net energy metering
transaction.
• The industrial SCADA software should meet its PV application requirements. This
SCADA software should provide flexibility in monitoring and controlling the various
PV plant component and operations, including MPP (maximum power
point) trackers, inverters, substations, circuit breakers, and meters.
• Designed for monitoring performance, the system logs any event and triggers
alarms so that the engineering staff can order switching action or change the
process of plant operation.
8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants

SCADA in solar PV plants

 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• The SCADA system monitors PV plant performance
by comparing it with a mathematical model
initialized at installation with PV plant design data
such as PV panels maximum power, inverter
specifications, manufacturer-provided electric
parameters, the number of strings, strings length,
etc.
• The PV model is continuously fed with local
weather data and real-time calculates the energy
production at full plant rating.
• A comparison is made automatically between the
calculated and the real production figures
(supplied by the data logger) will give an accurate
indication of the plant performance or plant
health check every minute or less.
Solar PV station
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• Recent monitoring and performance
analysis of solar PV plants has become
extremely vital due to the increasing cost
of operation and maintenance as well as
reducing production due to aging
degradation during the lifecycle of the
plant equipment.
• This means that the use of a monitoring
system can be essential to ensure high
performance, less downtime, and fault
detection of a solar PV power plant Structure of PV monitoring
during the entire lifecycle.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• From a technical point of view, it is interesting to know how the overall data
acquisition in PV system is performed starting from the panel output. Here, string
combiner boxes designed for PV installations have built-in string probe units that
measure the analog values of DC current and voltage then calculate the power.
• The remote terminal units (RTU) makes the data available through a serial RS485
port (different methods or wireless can be used) for communication to the SCADA
via ModBus. Some RTUs are installed at the field substation that connects to
multiple string junction boxes on the multi-drop loops RS485.
• At the AC level, DC/AC inverters expose RS485 ports to allow an easy interface
connection. The communication drivers collect data from control boxes and RTUs
with a time stamp for processing, alarming, storage, reporting, and displaying at
real-time.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• The SCADA capabilities are further used in the monitoring of digital protection
relays, digital energy meters, weather monitoring station/sensors, low tension (LT),
and high tension HT, control panels, DC switches, transformers, and in general any
devices installed in the PV plant.
• In order to make PV applications more efficient, scalable, and sustainable as
possible, it’s important to take into account other aspects of the SCADA platform.
• These include dynamic configuration, redundancy for data protection, stand-alone
and client-server configurations, historical and real-time trends analysis, as well as
advanced alarm management.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• Looking further at standards compliance, the
support of such protocols as IEC 618560 and
DNP3 is considered an asset if required to
communicate with several electric substation
devices.
• To access all data points, user-friendly
graphical user interfaces GUI, report
generator, switching management, scheduler,
and an event-driven engine all make the
process much smoother. Web-access
functionality provides all kinds of capabilities
and access to remote SCADA devices the
application may need.
 8.5 SCADA in solar PV plants
• In addition to above, SCADA software also allows monitoring of wind turbines.
• Turbines may be accessed via telephone modem or TCP/IP depending on available
communication connection in the individual wind turbine or wind farm.
• SCADA software provides full control and monitoring of each wind turbine and the
whole wind park.
• The wind park overview provides a graphical overview of the wind farm showing
the status of each individual turbine. Furthermore, current wind and production
data are shown.
• The turbine specifications gives a full overview of all relevant parameters of the
used wind turbine, for instance rated wind speed, temperatures, pitch angle,
generator and rotor speed, electrical parameters, yaw control system, etc.
 8.6 SCADA in
Wind Farms

SCADA software allows to monitor

wind turbines. The software should
be easy to install, and allows to
monitor both individual turbines
and wind parks/sites. SCADA
products divided into three
functions which covers all aspects
of a complete SCADA solution: ►
Online monitoring and operation of
turbines. ► Alarm Handling of
incoming alarms from turbines. ►
SCADA server which collect Data
and reporting events.
 8.7 Fuel cell system control and monitoring
• A fuel cell is a dc power generator that converts the fuel
chemical energy (hydrogen, natural gas, methane, methanol,
etc.) and an oxidant such as air or oxygen directly into electrical
energy.
• While there are several available fuel cell technologies, the most
popular and practical technology for small to medium-sized
standby power supply is the proton exchange membrane (PEM)
fuel cell that produces electricity through an electrochemical
reaction using hydrogen and oxygen. This electrochemical
reaction happens without any combustion process.
• A fuel cell operates electrochemically meanwhile the use of an
electrolyte. This is similar to a generator that it operates as long
as the fuel is supplied.
 8.7 Fuel cell system control and monitoring
• Fuel cell is designed to provide stable electrical power while operating over a wide
range of power and environmental conditions.
• The fuel cell advantages include high efficiency, simple, quiet and clean, low
maintenance and noise with few moving parts, null harmful emissions, and
economical cost for stationary standby power generation [8-10].
• The fuel cell systems are load-following because fuel consumption depends on the
load. The FC power systems are designed for a wide range of customers, including
hospitals, hotels, universities, utilities, and water treatment facilities.
• The applications of next generation high temperature fuel cell products, such as a
diesel fueled marine ship fuel cells, combined-cycle FC power plants, and next
generation solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The higher efficiency, environmental
friendliness, and modularity have made PEM fuel cell systems to be one of the
most attractive candidate for both transportation application and stationary
standby power generation.
8.7 Fuel cell system control and monitoring

Fuel cells to provide backup to

their communications equipment
 8.8 Using SCADA in Hybrid Power Systems
• Combining two or more different of renewable
energy sources will form the system called “Hybrid
Power system”.
• The reliability of the HPS mainly relies on the
dynamic behavior of the renewable energy
sources. Hence, it is important to analyze the
dynamic characteristics of these units in real time
for long-time periods.
• A major challenge lies in the development of the
real-time control scheme for the HPS. In order to
test the HPS controllers, it requires, a controller
that can interface with a hardware simulator and
the inputs and outputs can be processed at the
real time. This provides an excellent platform to
implement and test the solutions in real time.
 8.8 Using SCADA in Hybrid Power Systems
• Combining two or more different of renewable energy sources will form the system called
“Hybrid Power system”.
• The reliability of the HPS mainly relies on the dynamic behavior of the renewable energy
sources. Hence, it is important to analyze the dynamic characteristics of these units in real
time for long-time periods.
• A major challenge lies in the development of the real-time control scheme for the HPS. In
order to test the HPS controllers, it requires, a controller that can interface with a
hardware simulator and the inputs and outputs can be processed at the real time. This
provides an excellent platform to implement and test the solutions in real time.
• Today, the improvements in communications system have prompt the implementation of
the HPS using PLCs and RTU control schemes by a centralized supervisory control platform
which is commonly known as SCADA system. All the Modules should be modeled in the
PLC environment. PLC and SCADA system communicate with each other over a dedicated
protocol which can be transmitted over serial port or Ethernet.
 8.8 Using SCADA in
Hybrid Power Systems

Schematic diagram of
Renewable Energy based
Hybrid Power System
 8.8 Using SCADA in Hybrid Power Systems
• Since the monitoring of PV cell and Fuel cell had done in PLC and is interfaced to
SCADA/Energy management systems. So that the operator could be able to
observe the parameters easily and control the parameters according to the
changes in system requirements.
• The data of HPS is collected through PLC and connected to control room through
communication protocol. The detailed connection of renewable energy sources as
HPS is shown in previous Figure. The PLC is interfaced to energy management
control unit to get control actions according to the respective microgrid loads and
environmental conditions.
• The entire system is connected to SCADA for supervision and control. The control
room contains various I/O consoles such as engineering console and operator
console.
• The Engineering console is responsible for adding new points or new IED devices
to the system.
 8.9 SCADA System Elements
• The data collected at real-time by the SCADA system is passed to the planning
engineers for consideration in the radial distribution line development studies. As
the electricity distribution industry continues to grow, the utilities make annual
investments to improve the electric distribution system to maintain appropriate
facilities to satisfy the increasing load requirements.
• Using the real-time data enable the planning engineers to optimize the annual
capital expenditures requested to meet the needs of the growing electric
distribution system.
• The power quality issues include reduction of harmonic content to the 15th
harmonic and recording the Total Harmonic Distortion (%THD). This information is
used to monitor the performance of the electric distribution system.
 8.9 SCADA System Elements
• The components of a distribution automation system can be divided into four
major areas:

1. SCADA application and database servers

2. DMS applications and server(s)
3. Trouble management applications servers
4. Front end processors or communication server
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
• A central host computer server is usually known as a master station or simply
control room, an SCADA control center, or a master terminal unit (MTU). The
central host computer is usually a single computer or a computer server network.
• This computer network provides process control remotely or locally for all SCADA
system devices, supporting requested control strategy and a remote method of
acquiring data and events /alarms for monitoring these processes. The SCADA Host
platforms also provide functions for dynamic graphical displays, alarming, logging,
trending and historical storage of data.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
• The essential elements of a distribution SCADA host are:

1. Host servers (redundant server network with backup/failover capability).

2. Communication front-end processors (FEP).
3. Full graphics user interfaces.
4. Relational database servers for archival of historical power system events) and
data server/Web server for access to system points at real-time (values and
events).
• The elements and components of the typical distribution control system are
illustrated in the next Figure.
8.9.1 Host Computer system

DA system architecture
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
SCADA Servers
• As SCADA has proven its vital value in operation during stormy weather
conditions, service restoration, and daily operations, the dependency on SCADA
has created a requirement for highly available, reliable and high-performance
systems.
• Redundant server network hardware operating in a “live” backup/failover mode is
required to withstand the high availability design criteria. High-performance
servers with abundant physical memory, redundant array of independent disks
(RAID) hard disk systems.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Communication Front-End Processors (FEP)
• The current state of the host to field communications device still depends heavily
on serial communications. This requirement is satisfied by using the FEP.
• The FEP can be organized in several forms based on bus architecture and operating
system.
• Location of the FEP in relation to the SCADA server can vary based on system
requirements.
• In some configurations, the FEP is located on the LAN with the SCADA server. In
other cases, existing communications hubs may dictate that the FEP reside at the
communication hub.
• The incorporation of the wide area network WAN into the architecture requires a
more robust FEP application to compensate for less reliable communications (in
comparison to LAN).
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Communication Front-End Processors (FEP)
• In general, the FEP will include three functional devices:
1. A network/CPU board,
2. Serial cards, and
3. Time code receiver.
• FEP Functionality should have the ability to download configuration and scan
tables. The FEP should also support the ability to dead band values (i.e., report
only those analog values that have changed by a user-defined amount). FEP
network and SCADA servers should be able of supporting worst-case conditions
(i.e., all points changing outside of the dead-band limits), which typically happens
during severe system disturbances conditions.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Full Graphics User Interface
• The recent trend in the graphical user interface (GUI) is a full graphics (FG) user
interface.
• Nowadays, character graphics consoles are still utilized by many utilities, SCADA
vendors are aggressively moving their platforms towards a full graphics UI.
• Full graphic displays prove the ability to display power system dynamic network
along with the electric distribution facilities in a geographical (or semigeographical)
perspective.
• The advantage of using a full graphics interface becomes evident in particular for
distribution control centers as SCADA is deployed beyond the substation control
room where feeder diagrams become critical to distribution operations.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Relational Databases, Data Servers
• A relational database is simply defined as a collection of data items organized as a
set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled
in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables.
• Power system quantities such as circuit breakers status, bus coupler status, digital
alarms and feeder loading (MW, MWH, MQH, and three phase ampere loading),
and bus volts provide valuable information to the distribution planning engineer.
• The availability of event data loggers is important in fault analysis. Utilizing of
relational databases, data servers, and Web servers by the operation and
engineering functions provide access to power network information and data
while preventing the SCADA server from non-operating personnel.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Host to Field Communications
• Serial communications to field devices can occur over several mediums: copper
wire (RS485/RS232), fiber, radio, leased line and even satellite. Leased telephone
circuits, fiber, and satellites have a relatively high cost. New radio technologies
offer an attractive communications solution. One of such technologies is the
Multiple Address Radio System (MAS)
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Field Devices
• Distribution Automation (DA) or distribution management systems DMS field
devices are multi-featured installations considering a broad range of control,
operations, planning, and system performance issues for the utility personnel.
• Each device provides specific SCADA functionality, supports system control
operations, includes fault detection, collecting planning data and records power
quality information. Usually, these devices are found in the distribution substation
and at specific locations along the distribution line.
• The multi-featured capability of the DA device increases its ability to be integrated
into the electric distribution system. The functionality and operations capabilities
supplement each other with respect to the control and operation of the electric
distribution network.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Modern RTU
• Presently, modern RTU is modular in architecture with advanced capabilities to
support data processing functions.
• The modular RTU design supports installation configurations ranging from the
small point count required for the pole-mounted distribution transformer to the
very large point count required for large power substations and power plant
switchgear installations.
• The modern RTUs modules include expandable analog input/output, digital
input/output points, accumulated input units, and communication cards with
power supply.
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
Modern RTU
• The RTU installation requirements are met by assembling the necessary number of
RTU cards or rackmounted modules to accommodate the analog, control, digital,
and communication requirements for the site to be automated. The packaging of
the reasonable point count RTUs is chosen for the distribution line requirement.
• The substation automation has the option of installing the traditional RTU in one
cabinet with connections to the substation IED devices or distributing the RTU
modules at the devices within the substation with fiber-optic communications
between the modules.
• The distributed RTU modules are integrated to a data concentrating unit which in
turn communicates with the host SCADA computer system.
8.9.1 Host Computer system

Connection of IEDs to the RTU

using serial port RS485
 8.9.1 Host Computer system
PLCs and IEDs
• Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) are the main
site components of the distribution automation system, which meet specific operating
and data gathering requirements.
• The IEDs in substation include digital protection relays and digital meters. While there is
some overlap in capability with the modern RTU. The PLCs can be integrated with the
RTUs in the substation to assist in the remote operation of the substation. The typical PLC
can support serial communications to an SCADA server. The RTU has the capability to
communicate via an RS485 interface with the PLC. IEDs include digital meters, digital
relays, and switchgear on specific substation equipment, such as breakers, switches,
regulators, load tap changer LTC on power transformers, etc.
• The IEDs also have the ability to communicate to an SCADA server through serial or
Ethernet ports. However, the IEDs are typically reporting to the modern RTU via an RS-485
interface or via status output contact points.
 Summary
• In this chapter, the Smart Grid initiative
was explored and described the
integration of SCADA systems into the
Smart Grid, including an overview of the
problem domain as a whole.
• The evolution of the Smart Grid initiative
to improve the electric utility power
infrastructure have brought with it a
number of opportunities for improving
efficiencies and performance, but along
with those benefits come challenges in
the effort to assure safety, security, and
reliability for microgrids, utilities and
consumers alike.
 Summary
• One of the considerations in designing the capabilities of the Smart Grid is the
integration of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to allow
the utility to remotely monitor and control network devices as a means of
achieving reliability and demand efficiencies for the utility sectors.
• SCADA Optimizes Solar PV Energy Generation And Performance. Usually, wind
energy assessment on a new wind farm is conducted with maximum effort prior to
the installation of the turbines by using both numerical and experimental
investigations.
• Communication technologies in smart grid with renewable energy sources are
explored.
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