Scribd
Upload
6 views4 pages

Chapter 1 Lecture 1 Part2

The document discusses the fundamentals of differential equations, including the definition of solution curves and the distinction between explicit and implicit solutions. It provides examples of solving first-order differential equations, particularly separable equations, and illustrates the process with specific equations. Additionally, it introduces systems of ordinary differential equations and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

mohammadtaoubi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views4 pages

Chapter 1 Lecture 1 Part2

The document discusses the fundamentals of differential equations, including the definition of solution curves and the distinction between explicit and implicit solutions. It provides examples of solving first-order differential equations, particularly separable equations, and illustrates the process with specific equations. Additionally, it introduces systems of ordinary differential equations and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

mohammadtaoubi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: Introduction to differential equations Page 9

SOLUTION CURVE
The graph of a solution 𝜑 of an ODE is called a solution curve. Since 𝜑 is a differentiable function, it is continuous on its interval
𝐼 of definition.

EXAMPLE Graph of xy’-2y=0


𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Take the differential equation xy’-2y=0 then 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =2 we integrate
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ = 2‫׬‬ + 𝐶1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜑 = 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 is the general solution is a family of curves.
𝑦 𝑥
For particular value of C, we get particular solution. Example:𝜑1 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a particular solution (C1=1)

When solving a first-order differential equation 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ = 0,


C1 C2
C>0 we usually obtain a solution containing a single arbitrary
C3 constant or parameter 𝑐. A solution containing an arbitrary
constant represents a set φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 = 0 of solutions called a
one-parameter family of solutions.

When solving an 𝑛th-order differential equation


C<0 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , . . . , 𝑦 𝑛 = 0, we seek an 𝑛-parameter family of
solutions 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , . . . , 𝑐𝑛 = 0.
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: Introduction to differential equations Page 10

EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SOLUTIONS


A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed solely in terms of the independent variable and constants is said to be
an explicit solution 𝑦 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝐶)

DEFINITION 1.1.3 Implicit Solution of an ODE

A relation 𝜑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 = 0 is said to be an implicit solution if we can’t express y in terms of x.

SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


A system of ordinary differential equations is two or more equations involving the derivatives of two or more unknown
functions of a single independent variable. For example, if 𝑥 and 𝑦 denote dependent variables and 𝑡 denotes the
independent variable, then a system of two first-order differential equations is given by:
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 2: First order differential equations Page 11

Chapter 2 First order differential equations

2.1 SEPARABLE VARIABLES


DEFINITION Separable Equation
A first-order differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑦
=𝑀 𝑥 𝑁 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

is said to be separable or to have separable variables.


For example, the equations
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦²𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑦 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

are separable and no separable, respectively.


𝑑𝑦
Solution: ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑀 ׬ = )𝑦(𝑁 ׬‬+ 𝐶

If we have M(x) dx + N(y) dy =0 Then the solution is: ‫ = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑁 ׬‬− ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑀 ׬‬+ 𝐶


Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 1: First order differential equations Page 12

EXAMPLE Solving x dx + y dy = 0
Solve x dx + y dy = 0
Solution:

𝑦2 𝑥2
‫ = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 ׬‬− ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ 𝐶1 then + = 𝐶1 then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 2
The explicit functions of the implicit solution 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 are: 𝜑1 = 𝐶 − 𝑥 2 and 𝜑2 = − 𝐶 − 𝑥 2
𝜑1 𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜑2 are defined on the interval − 𝐶, + 𝐶 .

𝑁 (𝑦) 𝑀 𝑥
If we have 𝑀1 𝑥 𝑁1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀2 𝑥 𝑁2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 then the solution becomes: ‫𝑁 ׬‬2(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − ‫𝑀 ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2 𝑥

EXAMPLE Solving (1+x) y dx + (1-y) x dy =0

Solve (1+x) y dx + (1-y) x dy =0


Solution:
1−𝑦 1+𝑥
‫ = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬− ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬+ 𝑐 then ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 = −ln x − x + C then ln xy = y − x + C is an implicit solution.

You might also like