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Lecture3 part1

The document covers first-order differential equations, providing exercises and examples for solving them. It discusses methods such as the variation of constants and linear differential equations, including homogeneous cases. Specific examples illustrate the application of these methods to solve differential equations.

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mohammadtaoubi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture3 part1

The document covers first-order differential equations, providing exercises and examples for solving them. It discusses methods such as the variation of constants and linear differential equations, including homogeneous cases. Specific examples illustrate the application of these methods to solve differential equations.

Uploaded by

mohammadtaoubi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 2: First order differential equations Page 17

Exercise:
Solve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Differential Equation of the form y’=G(ax+by+c)


𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝐺 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑑𝑥 → ‫𝑎 ׬‬+𝑏𝐺(𝑢) = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎+𝑏𝐺(𝑢)

EXAMPLE Solving 𝒚′ − (𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟎 ; 𝒚 𝟎 =𝟐

Solution:
𝑦 ′ = (4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 → 𝑑𝑥 = 4 − 𝑑𝑥 = 4 − 𝑢2 → 4−𝑢2 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ‫ ׬‬4−𝑢2 = 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − ‫𝑢( ׬‬−2)(𝑢+2) = 𝑥 + 𝐶1

1 1Τ −1Τ4 1 𝑢−2 𝑢−2 𝑢−2 2 1+𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥


(𝑢−2)(𝑢+2)
= 𝑢−2 +4
𝑢+2
then 4 ln 𝑢+2 = −𝑥 − 𝐶1 → ln 𝑢+2
= −4𝑥 − 4𝐶1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢+2
= 𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥 →𝑢= 1−𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥
=
1+3𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥
4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 1−𝑐𝑒 −4𝑥

1 + 3𝐶 1 − 9𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑦 0 = 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 = − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 = −3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4𝑥 −
1−𝐶 1 + 3𝑒 −4𝑥
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 2: First order differential equations Page 18

Exercise:
Solve 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5)2

Linear Differential Equation


Take the linear differential equation of order n: 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) . This
equation is called homogeneous linear differential equation of order n if f(x)=0.
The differential equation 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is called is called homogeneous linear differential equation of first order
and its corresponding linear homogeneous equation is 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 0

Solving of 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

First Method (Lagrange Method) :


This method is called method of the variation of constant. First take the corresponding HLE 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 then
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑎 − ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦′ = −𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 → 𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎0 𝑦 → = − 𝑎0 𝑑𝑥 → ln 𝑦 = − ‫𝑎 ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 then 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 1 .
𝑦 1 1

Now, take 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let 𝑐2 = 𝑐2 (𝑥)


𝑎 𝑎0 𝑎 ′ 𝑎0 𝑎
− ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ − ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ 𝑎0 − ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 1 → 𝑦′ = 𝑐2′ 𝑒 𝑎1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 1 = 𝑐2′ 𝑒 𝑎1 + 𝑐2 (− 𝑎 )𝑒 1
1
Math 2270-Differential equations Dr Mohammad Taoubi 2020-2021 Chapter 2: First order differential equations Page 19
𝑎0 𝑎 𝑎
− ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ 𝑎 − ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎1 𝑐2′ 𝑒 𝑎1 + 𝑐2 − 𝑎0 𝑒 𝑎1 + 𝑎0 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑎1 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐2′ = 𝑎
− ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
→ 𝑐2 =
1
𝑎1 𝑒 𝑎1
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) − ‫ ׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑎
− ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = [ ‫׬‬ 𝑎
− ‫𝑎׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]𝑒 𝑎1

𝑎1 𝑒 1 𝑎1 𝑒 1

EXAMPLE 𝟏
Solving 𝒚′ − 𝟏+𝒙 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Take the HLDE 𝑦 ′ − 1+𝑥 𝑦 = 0 Then = 1+𝑥 Integrate ln 𝑦 = ln 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐2 1 + 𝑥 → 𝑦 = 𝑐2 1 + 𝑥
𝑦

1
Now, take 𝑦 ′ − 1+𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 and let 𝑐2 = 𝑐2 (𝑥)

1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐2′ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐2 then 𝑐2′ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐2 − 1+𝑥 𝑐2 1 + 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)2 then 𝑐2′ 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 then 𝑐2′ = (𝑥 + 1) then
1 1 2
𝑐2 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 The final solution is 𝑦 = 𝑥 +𝑥+𝑐 1+x .
2

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