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Assignment By Tanishka of Dccn

The document is an assignment on Data Communication & Computer Networks from Amity University Gurugram, detailing types of transmission media, including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media, along with their characteristics. It also discusses the role of framing in the Data Link Layer and describes various framing techniques such as Character Count, Byte Stuffing, Bit Stuffing, and Physical Layer Coding Violations. The comparison between wired and wireless media in terms of bandwidth, latency, and reliability is also highlighted.

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3 views

Assignment By Tanishka of Dccn

The document is an assignment on Data Communication & Computer Networks from Amity University Gurugram, detailing types of transmission media, including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media, along with their characteristics. It also discusses the role of framing in the Data Link Layer and describes various framing techniques such as Character Count, Byte Stuffing, Bit Stuffing, and Physical Layer Coding Violations. The comparison between wired and wireless media in terms of bandwidth, latency, and reliability is also highlighted.

Uploaded by

ajaymena079
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMITY UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM,

HARYANA

ASSIGNMENT OF
DATA COMMUNICATION & COMPUTER
NETWORKS
(DCCN)

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO: Tanishka
Dr Priyanka Vashisht BTECH CSE
A50105223133
Question 1.
Explain the different types of transmission media used in
computer networks. Compare wired and
wireless transmission media in terms of bandwidth, latency,
and reliability.
Answer:
A transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver. Transmission Media is broadly
classified into 2 types:
1. Guided Media
Guided Media is also referred to as Wired transmission
media. Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in
a narrow pathway by using physical links.
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

Twisted Pair Cable


It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound
about each other. Twisted Pair is of two types:

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): This type of cable has


the ability to block interference and does not depend on
a physical shield for this purpose. It is used for
telephonic applications. Bandwidth is 100 Mbps and the
maximum cable length is 100m.
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): It is used in fast-data-rate
Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone
lines. It operates at 350 MHz and carrier data up to 1000
Mbps

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable has an outer plastic covering containing an
insulation layer made of PVC and the coaxial cable
transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode and
Broadband mode Cable TVs and analog television networks
widely use Coaxial cables.

Optical Fiber Cable


Optical Fibre Cable uses the concept total internal
reflection of light through a core made up of glass. It is
used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The
cable can be single mode or the multimode.

2. Unguided Media
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded
transmission media . No physical medium is required for
the transmission of electromagnetic signals.

Radio Waves
Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate
through buildings. The sending and receiving antennas
need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz.FM
radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for
transmission.

Microwaves
It is a line of sight transmission. Frequency Range:1GHz –
300GHz. Micro waves are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.
Infrared
Infrared waves are used for very short distance
communication. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is
used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.

Comparison between wired and wireless Transmission


Question 2.
Describe the role of framing in the Data Link Layer. Explain
the different framing techniques used, with suitable
examples.
Answer:
Framing is an important aspect of data link layer protocol
design because it allows the transmission of data to be
organized and controlled, ensuring that the data is delivered
accurately and efficiently.

Framing Techniques:
Framing techniques define how the start and end of a frame
are identified. There are four primary techniques:
1. Character Count:
Uses a field in the frame header that indicates the total
number of characters (or bytes) in the frame.
The receiver reads this count and extracts the corresponding
number of bytes.
Example:
[ H | E | L | L | O] = Frame with 5 characters (HELLO)
2. Byte Stuffing (Character Stuffing):
Uses special flag bytes (such as SOH for Start of Header and
EOT for End of Transmission) to mark frame boundaries.
If the flag byte appears in the actual data, an escape
character (ESC) is inserted before it to differentiate it from
control flags.
Example:
[SOH | Data | ESC | EOT | Data | EOT]

3. Bit Stuffing:
Uses a special bit pattern (e.g., 01111110 in HDLC) to indicate
the beginning and end of a frame.
To prevent misinterpretation, if the actual data contains five
consecutive 1s, an extra 0 is inserted after them.
Example (Before Stuffing):
01111110 1011111100001111 01111110
Example (After Stuffing):
01111110 1011111100001111*0* 01111110

4. Physical Layer Coding Violations:


Used in networks where physical layer encoding already has
reserved signal patterns.
Special symbols or signal transitions are used to indicate
frame boundaries.
Example: Ethernet (Manchester encoding) uses a unique
signal transition to mark frame boundaries.

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