CONTENTS

▪ Local Extrema
▪ Absolute Extrema

MATH 3 ▪ Lagrange Multipliers

• Exercises 1.4

sec:3 𝐂𝐇. 𝟏 omar mokhtar

Lecturer Assistant
1. Local Extrema
To find the local extrema
1. Get critical points 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟎
2. Test the critical points 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒚𝒚 − 𝒇𝟐𝒙𝒚
• 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) > 𝟎, and 𝒇𝒙𝒙 < 𝟎 ,or 𝒇𝒚𝒚 < 𝟎 ⇒ Local Max
• 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) > 𝟎, and 𝒇𝒙𝒙 > 𝟎, or 𝒇𝒚𝒚 > 𝟎 ⇒ Local Min
• 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) < 𝟎, ⇒ Saddle point
• 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎, ⇒ Test fails

Example 1 Find and classify the critical points of the functions

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒚𝟒

Solution
𝑓𝑥 = 20𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 1
𝑓𝑦 = 10𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 − 8𝑦 3 2
to find critical points
⇒ 𝑓𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥(20𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 − 10) = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0 = 10𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 − 8𝑦 3
𝑥=0 2𝑥 2 = 10𝑦 − 5
3
8𝑦 + 8𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0, → (0,0) 50𝑦 − 25 − 8𝑦 − 8𝑦 3 = 0
solving
8𝑦 3 − 42𝑦 + 25 = 0 →
𝑦1 = −2.545, 𝑦2 = 1.898, 𝑦3 = 0.647
Points are:
(±2.64, 1.898), (±0.86,0.65)

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 20𝑦 − 10 − 12𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −8 − 21𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 20𝑥

𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 )(−𝟖 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐 )

Point Conclusion
− 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐
(0,0) 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 80, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −8 < 0 Local Max
(±2.64, 1.898) 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) > 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 < 0 Local Max
(±0.86, 0.65) 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) < 0 Saddle point

1
2. Absolute Extrema
To find the Absolute extrema of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) on 𝑹
1. Inside R 2. On the boundary R
• Get critical points inside R • By using substituation
solve • Or, using Lagrange
⇒ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟎

Example 2 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 on the rectangle 𝑫 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)| 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑, 𝟎 ≤
𝒚 ≤ 𝟐}

Solution
Inside R:
• 𝑓𝑥 = 0 → 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
• 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → −2𝑥 + 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ (1,1)
On Boundary of R:
On 𝐿1 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑦 = 0
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 0) = 𝑥 2 → 𝐹𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0

On 𝐿2 : 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 𝑥 = 3
𝐹(𝑦) = 𝑓(3, 𝑦) = 9 − 6𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 9 − 4𝑦 → 𝐹𝑦 = −4 ≠ 0

On 𝐿3 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑦 = 2
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 2) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 → 𝐹𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 → 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ (2,2)

On 𝐿4 : 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 𝑥 = 3
𝐹(𝑦) = 𝑓(0, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 → 𝐹𝑦 = 2 ≠ 0
Point 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 Conclusion
(1,1) =1−4+4=1
(0,0) =0 Abs. Min
(2,2) =4−8+4=0 Abs. Min
(3,0) =9 Abs. Max
(3,2) = 9 − 12 + 4 = 1
(0,2) =4

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3. Lagrange Multipliers
Problem:
Find (…..), that make Maximum or Minimum? Of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛), given
Case 𝐈:One constraint: Case 𝐈𝐈: Two constraints:
𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒄𝟏 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒄𝟏 , 𝒉(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒄𝟐

𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 1 𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 + 𝛽ℎ𝑥 1
𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 + 𝛽ℎ𝑦 2
𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 3 𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 + 𝛽ℎ𝑦 3
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1 4 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1 4
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2 5
⇒ solve them to find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
⇒ solve them to find 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

Example 3 Find the points on the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 that are closest to

and farthest form the point (𝟑, 𝟏, −𝟏).

Solution
𝐷 = 𝑑2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 4 1
Apply Lagrange Multipliers
𝑥−3
2(𝑥 − 3) = 2𝜆𝑥 ⇒ 𝜆 = 2
𝑥
𝑦−1
2(𝑦 − 1) = 2𝜆𝑦 ⇒ 𝜆 = 3
𝑦
𝑧+1
2(𝑧 + 1) = 2𝜆𝑧 ⇒ 𝜆 = 3
𝑧
𝑥−3 𝑦−1 𝑧+1
= =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
sub. 𝑖𝑛 1
𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 3𝑦 , 𝑦 = −𝑧, 𝑥 = −3𝑧 →
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2 + + = 4 → 𝑥 = ±6/√11, 𝑦 = ±2/√11, 𝑧 = ∓2/√11
9 9
The points are
(6/√11, 2/√11, − 2/√11) → Closest
(−6/√11, −2/√11, 2/√11) → Farthest

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 Exercises (1.4)

(1) Find the extrema and saddle points of:

(i) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏
Solution
𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = −2𝑥 − 4 → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −2, 𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑦 + 2 → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0
To get critical points
→ 𝑓𝑥 = 0 = −2𝑥 − 4 → 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓𝑦 = 0 = −2𝑦 + 2 → 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ (−2,1)
2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 4 > 0, and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −2 < 0 → point (−2,1) is Local Max

(ii) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚

Solution
𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑓𝑦 = 8𝑦 + 2 → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 8, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0
critical points 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑓𝑥 = 0 = 2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑥 = , 𝑓𝑦 = 8𝑦 + 2 = 0 → 𝑦 = − ⇒ ( , − )
2 4 2 4

2
1 1
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 16 > 0, and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0 → point ( , − ) is Local Min
2 4
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
Solution
𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6, → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑦 2 + 32 → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −4𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0
To find Critical points
→ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 → (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 → 𝑥 = −3, or 2 ,

𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑦 2 + 32 = 0 → 𝑦 = ±4
2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −4𝑦(2𝑥 + 1)

𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇𝒚𝒚 − 𝒇𝟐𝒙𝒚

Point conclusion
= −𝟒𝒚(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
(−3,4) = −16(−5) > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 < 0 Local Max
(−3, −4) = 16(−5) < 0, Saddle point
(2,4) = −16(5) < 0 Saddle point
(2, −4) = 16(5) > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0 Local Min

4
(iv) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝟏𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚
Solution
𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 21, → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 9 → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0

21 3√ 3 21
𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 21 = 0 → 𝑥 3 = − → 𝑥 = − √ , 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 9 = 0 → 𝑦 = ±√3
4 4
2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 72 𝑥 2 𝑦

𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇𝒚𝒚 − 𝒇𝟐𝒙𝒚

Point Conclusion
= 𝟕𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
3 = 72 ⋅ √3(21/4)2/3 > 0 Local Min
(− √21/4, √3)
𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0
3
(− √21/4, −√3) = −72 ⋅ √3(21/4)2/3 < 0 Saddle point

(v) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚

Solution
𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 ,
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
critical points
⇒ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 0 → sin 𝑦 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 0 → cos 𝑦 = 0

There is no solution, No critical points

𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
(vi) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )𝒆−(𝒙

Solution
2 +𝑦 2 ) 2 +𝑦 2 ) 2 +𝑦 2 )
• 𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑒 −(𝑥 − 2(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑦 2 )𝑒 −(𝑥 = (2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑒 −(𝑥 ,
2 2
• 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = (2 − 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 4 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 )
𝟐 𝟐
= (𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒆−(𝒙 +𝒚 )
2 +𝑦 2 )
• 𝑓𝑦 = (6𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑦 3 )𝑒 −(𝑥
2 +𝑦 2 )
• 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = (6 − 2𝑥 2 − 18𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 4 )𝑒 −(𝑥
𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
= (𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟒 )𝒆−(𝒙
𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
• 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = (−𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 )𝒆−(𝒙

To get the critical points:

2 2
2 2) 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) ≠0
𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⇒ (2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 = 0→ 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
= 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )

5
 2 2
2 2) 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) ≠0
𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (6𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑦 3 )𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 = 0→ 6𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑦 3 = 0
= 𝑦(3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )

𝑥=0 1 − 𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 2
𝑦(3 − 3𝑦 2 ) = 0 → 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = ±1 𝑦(3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 0 → 𝑦 = 0
(0,0), (0, −1), (0,1) (−1,0), (1,0)

2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦
= [(2 − 10𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 4 − 6𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )(6 − 2𝑥 2 − 30𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 4 )
2 2
− (−12𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 3 )2 ]𝑒 −2(𝑥 +𝑦 )

Point 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇𝒚𝒚 − 𝒇𝟐𝒙𝒚 Conclusion

(0,0) 𝐷(0,0) = 12 > 0, and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 > 0 Local Min
48 4
(0, −1) = 2 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = − < 0 Local Max
𝑒 𝑒
48 4
(0,1) = 2 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = − < 0 Local Max
𝑒 𝑒
16
(−1,0) =− 2<0 Saddle point
𝑒
16
(1,0) =− 2<0 Saddle point
𝑒

(2) Find the absolute extrema of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) on 𝑹

(i) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 , R is the triangular region bounded by the lines
𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟐

Solution

Inside region 𝑹:

𝑓𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑥, 𝑓𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0
3
4 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1, 3 − 2𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 =
2
⇒ (1, 3/2) inside 𝑅 (accept)

On boundary of 𝑹:

𝑪𝟏 : 𝒚 = 𝒙

𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑥) = 5 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 5 + 7𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 → 𝐹𝑥 = 7 − 6𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 7/6

→ Point (7/6, 7/6)
𝑪𝟐 : 𝒚 = 𝟐

𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 2) = 5 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 6 − 4 = 7 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 → 𝐹𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1
→ Point (1,2)

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𝑪𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝒙
1
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, −𝑥) = 5 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 5 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 → 𝐹𝑥 = 1 − 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = ,
6
1
𝑦 = − → Point (1/6, −1/6) doesn't lie on boundary refuse
6
Point 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 Conclusion
(1, 3/2) = 1/4
(7/6, 7/6) = 25/12,
(1,2) =5+4−2+6−4=9 Abs Max
(0,0) =5
(2,2) = −5
(−2,2) = −21 Absolute Min

(ii) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙,

𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚): |𝒙| ≤ 𝟑, |𝒚| ≤ 𝟐}

Solution

Inside region 𝑹:

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6, 𝑓𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 ⇒ 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0
solve 1 , 2
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 1 , 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 2 ⇒ (18/13, −14/13) inside 𝑅 (accept)

On boundary of 𝑹:

𝑪𝟏 : 𝒚 = −𝟐, − 𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝑑/𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, −2) = 𝑥 2 − 8 → 𝐹𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 → (0, −2) accept
𝐹𝑥 =0

𝑪𝟐 : 𝒙 = 𝟑, −𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐
𝑑/𝑑𝑦
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(3, 𝑦) = 9 − 9𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 18 = −9 − 7𝑦 − 𝑦 2 → 𝐹𝑦 = −7 − 2𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦
𝐹𝑦 =0
= −7/2 refuse
𝑪𝟑 : 𝒚 = 𝟐, − 𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝑑/𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 2) = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 → 𝐹𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 12 = 0 → 𝑥 = 6 refuse
𝐹𝑥 =0

𝑪𝟒 : 𝒙 = −𝟑, −𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐
𝑑/𝑑𝑦
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥, 2) = 9 + 9𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 18 = 27 + 11𝑦 − 𝑦 2 → 𝐹𝑦 = 11 − 2𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦
𝐹𝑦 =0
= 11/2 refuse

7
 Point 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙 conclusion
(18/13, −14/13) = −68/13 = −5.23
(0, −2) = −8,
(−3, −2) =1
(3, −2) =1
(3,2) = −27 Absolute Min
(−3,2) = 45 Absolute Max

(3) Find the shortest distance from the point 𝑷(𝟐, 𝟏, −𝟏) to the plane 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 +
𝒛=𝟓
Solution

𝑑 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 , 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0

for simplicity
→ 𝐷 = 𝑑 2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2

𝐷𝑥 = 𝜆𝑔𝑥 : 2(𝑥 − 2) = 4 𝜆 → 𝑥 − 2 = 2𝜆 1

𝐷𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 : 2(𝑦 − 1) = −3𝜆 2

𝐷𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 : 2(𝑧 + 1) = 𝜆 3
𝑥−2 2(𝑦 − 1)
=− = 2(𝑧 + 1)
2 3
arrange
3𝑥 − 6 = −4𝑦 + 4 → 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 10
2(𝑦 − 1)
− = 2(𝑧 + 1) → −2𝑦 + 2 = 6𝑧 + 6 → 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2
3
28 23 25
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=−
13 26 26
The shortest distance (𝑑)

2 2 2
28 23 25
𝑑 = √( − 2) + ( − 1) + (− + 1) = 0.196 length unit
13 26 26

Note: According to analytical geometry view

The shortest distance is the perpendicular distance form point (ℎ, 𝑘) to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑑=0
𝑎ℎ+𝑏𝑘+𝑑 4⋅2−3⋅1−1
𝑑=| |→𝑑=| | = 0.196 length unit
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √16 + 9 + 1

8
(4) Find the shortest distance between the parallel planes 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 =
𝟐, and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟒.
Solution

The point (0,0, −2) lie in plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

𝑑 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 + (𝑧 + 2)2 , 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 − 4 = 0

for simplicity
→ 𝐷 = 𝑑 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 + 2)2
1st Method: 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒
𝑧=2𝑥+3𝑦−4
→ 𝐷 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2)2 → 𝐷𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2),
to get critical points
𝐷𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 6(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2) → 𝐷𝑥 = 0, 𝐷𝑦 = 0 ⇒
solve 2 3 15
5𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 4 1 , 6𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 6 2 → 𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=𝑧=−
7 7 7
And its distance is √2/7 = 0.5345 unit distance

2nd Method: By using Lagrange Multiplier

𝐷𝑥 = 𝜆𝑔𝑥 : 2𝑥 = 2𝜆 → 𝑥 = 𝜆 1

𝐷𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 : 2𝑦 = 3𝜆 2

𝐷𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 : 2(𝑧 + 2) = −𝜆 3
9 𝜆 2 2 3 15
2𝜆 + 𝜆 − (− − 2) = 4 → 7𝜆 = 2 → 𝜆 = ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑦= , 𝑧=−
2 2 7 7 7 7
The shortest distance (𝑑)

2 2 3 2 15 2
𝑑 = √( ) + ( ) + (2 − ) = 0.5345 unit length
7 7 7

Note: According to analytical geometry view

The shortest distance is perpendicular distance form point to the plane

Let point (0,0, −2)

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1 𝑧1 + 𝑑1 2 ⋅ 0 + 3 ⋅ 0 − 1 ⋅ −2 2
𝑑=| |→𝑑=| |=
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 √4 + 9 + 1 √14
= 0.5345 unit length

9
(5) Find the points on the graph of 𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 that are closest to the origin
Solution

1st Method: Substitution Method

Let point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

for simplicity sub. 16
𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 → 𝐷 = 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 → 𝑧2 =
𝑥 𝑦3
16 to get critical 16 48
𝐷 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 3
→ 𝐷𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2 3 1 , 𝐷𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 4

1 → 𝑥𝑦 = 2, 2 → 𝑥𝑦 5 = 24 ⇒ 𝑦 4 = 12 → 𝑦 = ±121/4 , 𝑥 = ±2/121/4 ,
Form equation 𝑧 there are two points
4 4 4 4
(2/√12, √12), (−2/√12, − √12)

Substituting in 𝑧

4 4 2√2 4 4 2√2
(2/√12, √12 ± 4 ) , (−2/√12, − √12, ± 4 )
√12 √12
Have the same minimum value of distance

2nd Method: Lagrange Method

𝐷 = 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 16 = 0
By using Lagrange Multipliers
2𝑥
• 𝐷𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 → 2𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 → 𝜆 =
𝑦3𝑧2
2𝑦
•𝐷𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 → 2𝑦 = 3𝜆𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 → 𝜆 = 3𝑥𝑦2 𝑧2

𝑧
• 𝐷𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 → 2𝑧 = 2𝜆 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 → 𝜆 =
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧
2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑧
3 2
= 2 2
= 3 =𝜆
𝑦 𝑧 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑧

3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 = 𝑦 4 𝑧 2 → 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 (3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 0 → 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 = 0 refuse, 3𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 → 𝑦 = ±√3𝑥

2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑧 = 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 → 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧(2𝑦 2 − 3𝑧 2 ) → 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 = 0 refuse, 3𝑧 2 = 2𝑦 2 → 𝑦 = ±√3/2𝑧

2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 = 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 → 𝑦 3 𝑧(2𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0 → 𝑦 3 𝑧 = 0 refuse, 𝑧 2 = 2𝑥 2 → 𝑧 = ±√2𝑥

10
 16 𝑧=±√2 𝑥 16 𝑦=±√3 𝑥 √2 √6
𝑧2 = → 2𝑥 2
= → 𝑥𝑦 = 2 → √3𝑥 2 = 2 → 𝑥 = ± 4 , 𝑦 = ± 4
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑥𝑦 3 √3 √3
4
= ± √12
The points are

√2 4 √8 √2 4 √8
( 4 , √12, ± 4 ) , (− 4 , − √12, ± 4 )
√3 √12 √3 √12
Give the same minimum value of distance

(6) Find three positive numbers whose sum is 1000 and whose product is a
maximum
Solution

1st Method: Substitution Method

𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1000
𝑧=1000−𝑥−𝑦 To find ciritical points
→ 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦(1000 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) → 𝑃 = 1000𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 →

𝑃𝑥 = 0 = 1000𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 1 , 𝑃𝑦 = 0 = 1000𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2

2 − 1 = 0 = 1000(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 → (𝑦 − 𝑥)(𝑦 + 𝑥) − 1000(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 0

𝑦−𝑥 =0→ 𝑦 =𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 1000 refuse

sub. in 1
→ 1000𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 refuse , 𝑦 = 1000/3 = 𝑥, 𝑧 = 1000/3
2nd Method: Lagrange Method

• 𝑃𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 → 𝑦𝑧 = 𝜆
• 𝑃𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 → 𝑥𝑧 = 𝜆

• 𝑃𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 → 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜆
𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 → 𝑧(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 0 → 𝑧 = 0 refuse, or 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 → 𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑦) = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 refuse, or 𝑦 = 𝑧
1000
3𝑥 = 1000 → 𝑥 = =𝑦=𝑧
3

11
(7) Find the dimensions of the rectangular box of maximum volume with faces parallel to
the coordinate planes and that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗𝒛𝟐 =
𝟏𝟒𝟒
Solution

1st Method: Substitution Method

𝐹𝑥 16𝑥 𝐹𝑦 4𝑦
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 16𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 9𝑧 2 = 144 → 𝑧𝑥 = − =− , 𝑧𝑦 = − =−
𝐹𝑧 9𝑧 𝐹𝑧 9𝑧
find the critical points
𝑉 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 → 𝑉𝑥 = 8𝑦𝑧 + 8𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑥 1 , 𝑉𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑧 + 8𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑦 2

16𝑥 2 𝑦 ×𝑧 16 2 16 2 𝑧2 =(144−16𝑥2 −4𝑦2 )/9

𝑉𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦𝑧 − = 0→ 𝑦𝑧 2 = 𝑥 𝑦 → 𝑧2 = 𝑥 →
9𝑧 9 9
(144 − 16𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 ) = 16𝑥 2 → 32𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 144 1

4𝑥𝑦 2 ×𝑧 4 4
𝑉𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥𝑧 − = 0→ 𝑥𝑧 2 = 𝑥𝑦 2 → 𝑧 2 = 𝑦 2 → 144 − 16𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4𝑦 2
9𝑧 9 9
→ 16𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 2 = 144 2
solve
→ 6𝑦 2 = 72 → 𝑦 = 2√3, 𝑥 = √3,
4√3
𝑧= ,so the dimensions are (2√3, 4√3, 8√3/3)
3
2nd Method: Lagrange Method

𝑉 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 16𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 9𝑧 2 − 144 = 0

𝑦𝑧
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜆𝑔𝑥 ⇒ 8𝑦𝑧 = 32𝜆𝑥 → 𝜆 = 1
4𝑥
𝑥𝑧
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜆𝑔𝑦 ⇒ 8𝑦𝑧 = 8𝜆𝑥 → 𝜆 = 2
𝑦
4𝑥𝑦
𝑉𝑧 = 𝜆𝑔𝑧 ⇒ 8𝑥𝑦 = 18𝜆𝑧 → 𝜆 = 3
9𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 4𝑥𝑦
𝜆= = =
4𝑥 𝑦 9𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
⇒ = → 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 4𝑥 2 𝑧 = 0 → 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 ) = 0 → 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = ±2𝑥 refuse -ve
4𝑥 𝑦
𝑥𝑧 4𝑥𝑦 2
⇒ = → 9𝑥𝑧 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 2 = 0 → 𝑥(9𝑧 2 − 4𝑦 2 ) = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = ± 𝑦 refuse -ve
𝑦 9𝑧 3
16𝑦 2 9 ⋅ 4 𝑦2
+ 4𝑦 2 + = 144 → 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 144 → 𝑦 2 = 12 → 𝑦 = 2√3, 𝑥
4 9
= √3,

12
 4√3
𝑧= , so the dimensions are (2√3, 4√3, 8√3/3)
3
(8) A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by an
isosceles triangle as shown in the figure, if the perimeter of
window is 12 feet, what the values of 𝒙, 𝒚, and 𝜽 will
maximizes the total area?

Solution

𝑃 = 12 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥 sec 𝜃 1

𝑥2 by using Lagrange Multipliers

𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 + tan 𝜃 →
4
𝑥
𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑃𝑥 → 𝑦 + tan 𝜃 = 𝜆(1 + sec 𝜃) 2
2
𝐴𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑃𝑦 → 𝑥 = 2𝜆 3

𝑥2
𝐴𝜃 = 𝜆 𝑃𝜃 → sec 2 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝜆(sec 𝜃 ⋅ tan 𝜃) 4
4
Form 4 𝑥=2𝜆
⇒ 𝑥 sec 2 𝜃 = 4 𝜆(sec 𝜃 ⋅ tan 𝜃) → sec 2 𝜃 = 2 sec 𝜃 ⋅ tan 𝜃
→ sec 𝜃 (sec 𝜃 − 2 tan 𝜃) = 0
1 2 sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 = 0 refuse , sec 𝜃 = 2 tan 𝜃 → = → 2 sin 𝜃 = 1 → 𝜃 = 30°
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Form 2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 + tan 𝜃 = 𝜆(1 + sec 𝜃) → 𝑦 = 𝜆(1 + 2 tan 𝜃) − 𝜆 tan 𝜃 = 𝜆(1 + tan 𝜃)
2
1
𝑦 = 𝜆 (1 + )
√3
Form 1 1 4𝜆 6 6 12
⇒ 12 = 2𝜆 + 2𝜆 (1 + )+ → (4 + ) 𝜆 = 12 → 𝜆 = , 𝑥= ,
√3 √3 √3 2 + √3 2 + √3
1 + √3 6 𝟔 + 𝟔√𝟑
𝑦= =
√3 2 + √3 𝟐√𝟑 + 𝟑

13
(9) Three electrical components of a computer are located at
𝑷𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟎), 𝑷𝟐 (𝟒, 𝟎), and 𝑷𝟑 (𝟎, 𝟒). Locate the position
if a fourth component so that the signal delay time is
minimal.

Solution:

Let point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑑1 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑑2 = √(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑑3 = √𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2

Minimum delay means minimum of

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3
𝑥 𝑥−4 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 − 4 to find critical points
𝑓𝑥 = + + , 𝑓𝑦 = + + → 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
𝑥 𝑥−4 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦−4 ( )2
+ + = 0, + + = 0→
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

𝑥 𝑥−4 2 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2
( + ) +( + ) = =1
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑32

𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)2 2𝑥(𝑥 − 4) 𝑦 2 𝑦 2 2𝑦 2
+ + + 2+ 2+ =1
𝑑12 𝑑22 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 2𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 2𝑦 2
→ + + =1
𝑑12 𝑑22 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑦 2 1
→ =−
𝑑1 𝑑2 2

From the properties of dot product:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃1 ⋅𝑃𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃1 ⋅𝑃𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 , 𝑃𝑃
The angle between 𝜃 two vectors 𝑃𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ‖‖𝑃𝑃
‖𝑃𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ‖ 𝑑1 𝑑2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃1 = ⟨(𝑥1 − 𝑥), (𝑦1 − 𝑦)⟩ = ⟨−𝑥, −𝑦⟩
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑦 2 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃2 = ⟨(𝑥2 − 𝑥), (𝑦2 − 𝑦)⟩ = ⟨4 − 𝑥, −𝑦⟩ → cos 𝜃 = = − → 𝜃 = 120°
𝑑1 𝑑2 2
According to symmetric all angle between vectors is 120°

From cosine law:

𝑑12 + 𝑑22 − 2𝑑1 𝑑2 cos 120° = 16 (1), 𝑑12 + 𝑑32 − 2𝑑1 𝑑3 cos 120° = 16 (2)
(1)−(2)
⇒ 𝑑22 − 𝑑32 + 𝑑1 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 𝑑3 = 0 → (𝑑2 − 𝑑3 )(𝑑2 + 𝑑3 ) + 𝑑1 (𝑑2 − 𝑑3 ) = 0
𝑑2 = 𝑑3 (3), 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 = 0 (refuse) +ve distances

14
 sin 𝛼 sin 120° 1
𝑑22 + 𝑑32 + 𝑑2 𝑑3 = 32 → 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 = 4√2/3 → = → sin 𝛼 = , 𝛼
4√2/3 4 √2
= 45°

32 32 32 16 −2√6 + 6√2
𝑑12 + + √ 𝑑1 = 16 → 𝑑12 + √ 𝑑1 − = 0 → 𝑑1 =
3 3 3 3 3

2 2
𝑥 = 𝑑1 cos 𝛼 = 2 − , 𝑦 =2− #
√3 √3

(10) Use Lagrange multipliers to find the extrema given function to the given
constraints:
(i) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
Solution

𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 → −4𝑦 + 8𝑥 = 2𝜆𝑥 → 4(4𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 4𝜆𝑥 1

𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 → 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 2𝜆𝑦 → 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −2𝜆𝑦 2

5(4𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 𝜆(4𝑥 − 2𝑦) → 𝜆 = 5, or 𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦=2𝑥
→ 𝑥 = ±1/√5, 𝑦 = ±2/√5
𝜆=5
→ 𝑥 = −2𝑦 → 𝑦 = ±1/√5, 𝑥 = ∓2/√5
The points are
1 2 2 1
(± ,± ), (∓ ,± ),
√5 √5 √5 √5
Point 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 Conclusion
4 8 4
(±1/√5, ±2/√5) = − + =0 Abs. Min
5 5 5
1 8 16
(∓2/√5, ±1/√5) = + + =5 Abs. Max
5 5 5

(ii) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓
Solution

• 𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 → 2𝑥 = 𝜆
• 𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 → 2𝑦 = 𝜆

• 𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 → 2𝑧 = 𝜆
2𝑥 = 2𝑦 = 2𝑧 → 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 𝑦

15
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 25 → 𝑥 = 25/3 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 25/3 ⇒ Point: (25/3, 25/3, 25/3)

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 25 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (25 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)2 → 𝐹𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2(25 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 2 = 4, 𝐹𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 2(25 − 𝑥 − 𝑦), 𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 4, 𝐹𝑥𝑦 = 2
2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐹𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝐹𝑦𝑦 − 𝐹𝑥𝑦 = −4 ⇒ so Point is Local Min

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒚𝒛𝒕, 𝒙 − 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒕 = 𝟒 𝟐

Solution

𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑥 → 𝑦𝑧𝑡 = 𝜆 3

𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑦 → 𝑥𝑧𝑡 = 2𝑦 𝛽 4

𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑧 → 𝑥𝑦𝑡 = −𝜆 5

𝑓𝑡 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑡 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑡 → 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝛽 6
from 3 , 5
⇒ 𝑦𝑧𝑡 = −𝑥𝑦𝑡 → 𝑦𝑧𝑡 + 𝑥𝑦𝑡 = 0 → 𝑦𝑡(𝑧 + 𝑥) = 0 → 𝑦𝑡 = 0, or 𝑧 = −𝑥
from 4 , 6 𝑥𝑧𝑡
⇒ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 → 𝑥𝑧𝑡 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 → 𝑥𝑧(𝑡 − 2𝑦 2 ) = 0 → 𝑥𝑧 = 0, or 𝑡 = 2𝑦 2
2𝑦
2 1
𝑦𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑡=4 𝑧 = −𝑥 → 𝑥 = 1, 𝑧 = −1
2
𝑦𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 → 𝑦 = ±2
2 2 2 8
𝑥𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑧 = −2 𝑡 = 2𝑦 2 → 𝑦=± →𝑡=
2 √3 3
𝑥𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 → 𝑥=2
The values are:
2 8
(0,0, −2,4), (2,0,0,4), (0, ±2, −2,0), (2, ±2,0,0), , (1, ± , −1, )
√3 3

Point 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝒕 Conclusion

(0,0, −2,4), =0
(2,0,0,4), =0
(0, ±2, −2,0) =0
, (2, ±2,0,0) =0
2 8 −16
(1, , −1, ) = Abs. Min
√3 3 3√3
2 8 16
(1, − , −1, ) = Abs. Max
√3 3 3√3

16
(11) Find the point on the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗 that is closest to the point
(𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒)
Solution

Let point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

for simplicity
𝑑 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 + (𝑧 − 4)2 → 𝐷 = 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
By using Lagrange Multipliers
𝑥−1
• 𝐷𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 → 2(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝜆 𝑥 → 𝜆 =
𝑥
𝑦−3
• 𝐷𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 → 2(𝑦 − 3) = 2𝑦 𝜆 → 𝜆 =
𝑦
𝑧−4
• 𝐷𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 → 2(𝑧 − 4) = 2𝜆 𝑧 → 𝜆 =
𝑧
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−4
= =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 → 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑧 → 4𝑦 = 3𝑧 → 𝑧 = 4𝑥

9 9 9
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 2 = 9 → 26𝑥 2 = 9 → 𝑥 = ±√ , 𝑦 = ±3√ , 𝑧 = ±4√
26 26 26

We choose positive sign to get the required smallest distance, so the point is

9 9 9
( √ , 3√ , 4√ )
26 26 26

(12) A container with a closed top and fixed surface area is to be constructed in
the shape of a right circular cylinder. Find the relative dimensions that maximize the
volume.

Solution

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑐 → 𝐴(𝑟, ℎ) = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝑐 1 , 𝑉(cylinder) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 2

𝑉𝑟 = 𝜆 𝐴𝑟 → 2𝑟𝜋ℎ = 𝜆(2𝜋ℎ + 4𝜋𝑟) 3

𝑉ℎ = 𝜆 𝐴ℎ → 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟𝜆 → 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟𝜆 = 0 → 𝑟(𝑟 − 2𝜆) = 0 → 𝑟 = 0(refuse), 𝑟 = 2𝜆

𝜆=𝑟/2 𝑟 simplfy
From 3 ⇒ 2𝑟𝜋ℎ = 2 (2𝜋ℎ + 4𝜋𝑟) → 4𝜋ℎ = 2𝜋ℎ + 4𝜋𝑟 → 2ℎ = ℎ + 2𝑟 →
ℎ = 2𝑟

17
 ℎ=2𝑟 𝐴 √ 𝐴 𝐴
From 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 → 𝑟 2 = 6𝜋 → 𝑟 = √6𝜋 , and ℎ = 2√6𝜋

(13) The strength of rectangular beam varies as the

product of its width and the square of its depth. Find
the dimensions of the strongest rectangular beam that
can be cut form a cylindrical log whose cross sections
are elliptical with major and minor axes of lengths 24
in , and 16 in., respectively.

Solution

2
4𝑥𝑦 2 Ellipse: 𝑥2 /𝑎2 +𝑦2 /𝑏2 =1
𝑊 = 2𝑥(2𝑦) /6 = ,→ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
3 𝑎=24/2,𝑏=16/2
𝑥2 𝑦2
= + −1=0
144 64
4𝑦 2 𝑥
• 𝑊𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 ⇒ =𝜆 1,
3 72
8 𝑦 8 𝜆 3
• 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜆 2 → 𝑦 ( 𝑥 − ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 (refuse), or 𝑥 = 𝜆
3 32 3 32 256
4𝑦 2 𝑥 4𝑦 2 256𝑥 𝑥 32 2 8𝑥 2 2√2
=𝜆 → = ⋅ = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦2 = →𝑦= 𝑥 [refuse -ve]
3 72 3 3 72 27 9 3
sub. in 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)=0
→

𝑥2 8𝑥 2 /9 8 16
+ = 1 → 𝑥 2 = 48 → 𝑥 = 4√3, 𝑦 = √6 → width = 8√3, depth = √6 in
144 64 3 3
Section modulus (W) is a geometric property for a given cross-section
Note used in the design of beams or flexural members. For rectangular sections
𝑊 = width×height 2 /6

(14) Maximize 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 subject to the constraints 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔, and 𝒙 −

𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎
Solution

1st Method: Lagrange Multiplier

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0, ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑧 = 0

𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑥 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝜆 + 𝛽 1

𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑦 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2𝜆 2

𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆 𝑔𝑧 + 𝛽 ℎ𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝛽 3
sub. 3 𝑖𝑛 1
→ 𝜆 + 𝛽 = −3𝛽 → 𝜆 = −4𝛽

18
 𝜆=−4𝛽=4𝑦/3 8𝑦 solve g(x,y), h(x,y), 4
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2𝜆 → 𝑥+𝑧 = → 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 4 →
3
3
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = , 𝑧 = 1
2
2nd Method: Substitution Method
3 sub. in 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 3 3
𝑥 = 3𝑧 1 , 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑧 2 ,→ 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 (3 − 𝑧) + (3 − 𝑧) 𝑧
2 2 2
= 12𝑧 − 6𝑧 2
To get critical points 3
→ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 = 12 − 12𝑧 → 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 =
2

19