DEFLECTION

of a
BEAMS
(Module 2)
 12
Module II
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, the student will able to:

1. Find the deflection of a beam using

a. Double integration method,
b. Area-moment method,
c. Conjugate-beam method, and
d. Super-position method.

Introduction
In this module, you will consider the rigidity of the beams. To analyze the beam’s
rigidity, it is advisable that you have enough knowledge in computing the reactions of the
beam. It also important that the applications of beam deflections is to obtain equations
with which statically indeterminate beams will be analyzed in combination with the
conditions of static equilibrium.

There are several methods in computing the deflection of a beam. To name

particular, such as double integration, area moment method, conjugate beam, and many
others. And even numerical methods and method of superposition can be a tool in
computing the deflection of a beam. Note: read and re-read carefully the content of this
module.

Double Integration Method

First, let us conceptualize what is deflection. The deformation of a beam is usually
expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded position. Deflection is
measured from the neutral surface of a beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam.

Consider the beam figure

for its elastic curve of a deflected
beam with its edge view of neutral
surface (Figure 5). This figure
shows the exaggerated shape of
a beam. This is the intent of the
topic to determine the
displacement value of y at its x
coordinate.
Figure 6. Elastic Curve.
Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD
Asst. Prof. IV
 13
Module II

The left end support of the beam as its origin of an x-axis directed along the original
undeflected position of the beam, and a y-axis directed upward. The value of deflection
can be small and cannot be seen in our naked eye. It only assumed that there is really a
deflection value on a beam. Elastic curve is very flat and its slope at any point is very
small. Get the value of slope, tan θ = dy/dx, may therefore with only a small error be set
equal to θ:

𝑑𝑦
𝜃= (𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 𝑑 2 𝑦
and = (𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Consider the differential length, length of arc dS, caused by bending in the beam,
it is evident that
𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑑𝜃 (c)
where: ρ = radial distance
radius of curvature
It is because, the elastic curve is very flat, then dS is practically equivalent to dx.
So, from we can equate equation (b) and equation (c):

1 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ≈ (𝑑)
𝜌 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆
1 𝑑2𝑦
or =
𝜌 𝑑𝑥 2

In relation to flexure formula,

1 𝑀
= (𝑒)
𝜌 𝐸𝐼
𝟐
𝒅 𝒚
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 (𝑓)
𝒅𝒙

This is known as the application of the differential equation of the elastic curve of
a beam. The result of EI, called the flexural rigidity of the beam, is usually constant
along the beam. And substituting the value of 1/ρ, as it is found in the calculus text, we
can written as:

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 14
Module II
𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 𝑀
2 = (𝑔)
𝑑𝑦 𝐸𝐼
[1 + ( )2 ]
𝑑𝑥

And, since dy/dx is very small, its square can be found negligible and it will result
to unity or one (1). Hence, we obtain
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝑀
=
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝐸𝐼
Which is the same from equation (f):

If we continue integrating the equation and assuming that flexural rigidity EI is

constant, we can obtain:
𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰 = ∫ 𝑴 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏 (ℎ)
𝒅𝒙
Take note that dy/dx or y’ is a slope. Continuing integration of the given equation,
we can obtain,
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = ∬ 𝑴𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑥 + 𝑪𝟐 (𝑖)
This is the required deflection of the beam or elastic curve specifying the value of
y for any value of x; C2 is another constant of integration that must be evaluated from the
given conditions of the beam and its loading.
Hint: In order to overcome the difficulty of this method, you have exact and
complete knowledge in cutting-off the section and formulate an equation from Shear and
Moment diagram topic.

Example 1.
A concentrated load of 400N is supported as shown in figure Fig. 7. Determine the
equations of the elastic curve between each change of load point and the maximum
deflection of the beam.

Figure 7.
Solution. Write all the equations per segments of the beam.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 15
Module II

Applying the differential equation of the elastic curve, and integrating twice, we
obtain the following slope and deflection equations:
Segment A – B:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 = 160𝑥
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰 = ∫ 160𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰 = 80𝑥 2 + 𝐶1
𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = ∫(80𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 ) 𝑑𝑥
80𝑥 3
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (𝒂) Figure 8. Cut-section AB
3
Segment A – C:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 = 160𝑥 − 400(𝑥 − 3)
𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝟐 𝒚 = ∬ 160𝑥 − 400(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰 = ∫[80𝑥 2 − 200(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝐶1 ]
𝒅𝒙
80 3 200
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3)3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (𝒃)
3 3

To evaluate the constant of integration that is physically Figure 9. Cut-section AC

equivalent to slope and deflection at the origin, then we apply the
following boundary conditions:
1. At A where x = 0, the deflection y = 0.
substitute these values in equation (b), therefore C2 = 0.
2. At the other support where x = 5, the deflection y = 0.
Knowing that C2 = 0 and substituting these values in the deflection on
equation (b), we obtain
80 3 200
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3)3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 3
80 200
0= (5)3 − (5 − 3)3 + 𝐶1 (5) + 0
3 3
𝐶1 = 560
Continuing the solution, we assume that the maximum deflection will occur at
segment AB. Its location may be found by differentiating equation (a) with respect to x
and setting the derivative equal to zero, from our maxima and minima, or, the amounts to

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 16
Module II
𝒅𝒚
the same thing. Setting slope equation 𝑬𝑰 𝒅𝒙 = 80𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 equal to zero slope. And, we
obtain:
𝟎 = 80𝑥 2 − 560
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟔 𝒎
Therefore, the location of the maximum deflection is 2.646m from the left support.
And, to compute the maximum deflection:
80𝑥 3
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3
80
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = (2.646)3 − 560(2.646) + 0
3
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = −𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑵 ∗ 𝒎𝟑

Negative sign only indicates that the deflection is downward.

To continue our conditions in the problem, if modulus of elasticity (E) and moment
of inertia (INA) are given, then we can solve definitely the deflection purely:
Lets try E = 200,000 and INA = 15 x 106 mm4
−𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑵 ∗ 𝒎𝟑 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟑
𝒚=
𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒 )
𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎
Example 2.
A T-beam as shown in Figure 10. E =
200,000 MPa Determine the following
conditions:
a. Determine the moment of inertia with
respect to the neutral axis.
b. Determine the slope at the midspan.
c. Compute the deflection at the midspan.
Solution.
1. Moment of Inertia.
A1 = 180(20) = 3600 mm2
Figure 10. T-beam
A2 = 20(240) = 4800 mm2
AT = 8400 mm2
Determine the location of the neutral axis, by Varignon’s Theorem:
ATy= A1 y1 + A2 y2 Note: reference point or line is at the top.
(8400)y = 3600 (10) + 4800 (140)
y = 84.29 mm

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 17
Module II

Using the transfer moment of inertia to

determine the Moment of Inertia with respect to the
neutral axis.
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = ∑[𝐼𝑥𝑜 + 𝐴𝑑2 ]
𝑏1 𝑑13 2
𝑏2 𝑑23
𝐼𝑁𝐴 =( + 𝐴1 𝑑1 ) + ( + 𝐴2 𝑑22 )
12 12
Figure 11.
180 ∗ 203 20 ∗ 2403
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = ( + 3600 ∗ 74.392 ) + ( + 4800 ∗ 55.712 )
12 12
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 57.925 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
2. Slope at midspan.
Segment A – B:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 45 2
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 = 101.25𝑥 − 𝑥
𝒅𝒙 2
45
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 101.25𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
101.25 22.5 2
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝒚 = 𝑥− 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥
2 3
101.25 22.5 2
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝑥− 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥
2 3
101.25𝑥 3 22.5𝑥 4
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 Figure 12. Cut-section AB.
6 12
Segment A – C:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 3
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 = 101.25𝑥 − 45(3) [ + (𝑥 − 3)]
𝒅𝒙 2
67.5
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 101.25𝑥 − (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
2
101.25𝑥 2 67.5
𝑬𝑰𝒅𝒚 = − (2𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝐶1 𝑥
2 4
101.25𝑥 3 67.5
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = − (2𝑥 − 3)3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 24
Figure 13. Cut-section AC.
Determine the value of constant:
At x = 0, y = 0, then C2 = 0
x = 6, y = 0, then
101.25(6)3 67.5
0= − [2(6) − 3]3 + 𝐶1 (6) + 0
6 24
𝑪𝟏 = −𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟖

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 18
Module II
Determine the slope at the midspan:
𝒅𝒚 101.25𝑥 2 67.5
𝑬𝑰 = − (2𝑥 − 3)2 − 265.78
𝒅𝒙 2 4
𝒅𝒚 101.25(3)2 67.5
𝑬𝑰 = − [2(3) − 3]2 − 265.78
𝒅𝒙 2 4
37.97 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 =
𝐸𝐼
37.97 (1000)3
𝜽𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 =
200,000(57.925 𝑥 106 )
𝜽𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜽𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖°
3. Deflection at midspan.
101.25𝑥 3 67.5
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = − (2𝑥 − 3)3 − 265.78𝑥
6 24
101.25(3)3 67.5
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = − [2(3) − 3]3 − 265.78
6 24
−417.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
𝒚=
𝐸𝐼
−417.65 (1000)4
𝒚=
200,000 (57.925 𝑥 106 )
𝒚 = −𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎

Area-Moment Method
Another useful method in determining the deflection of beams which involves the
area of the moment diagram and of that moment of the area is called area-moment
method. This is very simple. Think that you are just computing an area of the moment
diagram. However, it is makes difficult when you are not familiar with area of the triangle
to spandrel and its centroidal distances with respect to its reference. Deflection or
deformation is vital in every structure. Aside from shear and flexural stress, deflection of
a beam are important components in analyzing the structure.

The method is useful in determining the slope or deflection at a specified position.

It depends on the elastic curve and diagram of the beams. The area-moment method
depends on its diagram. So, it is expected that you overcome the hardship in computing
the supports reaction, in sketching the shear and moment diagram. This method is very
effective when for a beam with different and variable cross sections.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 19
Module II
Area moment Theorem

Theorem I.
Which states that the angle, θAB, between two
tangents at points A and B of the elastic curve of a
beam is equal to the area of the moment diagram
between A and B divided by the flexural rigidity EI.

1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼

Theorem II.
Which states that the deviation, tB/A, of any point B
relative to a tangent at any other point A, in a
direction perpendicular to the original position of the
Figure 14. Cut section AB, Its
beam, is equal to the moment about B of the area of
Elastic Curve and
the moment diagram between A and B divided by
Moment Diagram.
the flexural rigidity EI.
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∗ ẍ𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∗ ẍ𝐴
𝐸𝐼
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 ≠ 𝑡𝐴/𝐵
Sign conventions of the curve change of slope and change of deviation:

Figure 15. Signs of deviations.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 20
Module II

Figure 16. Signs of change of slope.

Areas and Location of Centroids of Moment Diagrams

In order to facilitate the area-moment method, let us recall the properties of areas
of different shapes:

Table 2.1 Cantilever Loadings.

Degree of
Type of Cantilever Moment Moment
Moment Area ẍ
Loading Beam Equations Equation Diagram

Zero 1 1
1. Couple M=-C 𝑏ℎ 𝑏
Degree 1 2

M = Px 1st 1 1
2. Concentrated 𝑏ℎ 𝑏
Degree 2 3

3. Uniformly 𝑤𝑜 2 2nd 1 1
M=− 𝑥 𝑏ℎ 𝑏
Distributed 2 Degree 3 4

4. Uniformly 𝑤𝑜 3 3rd 1 1
M=− 𝑥 𝑏ℎ 𝑏
Varying 6𝐿 Degree 4 5

Construction of Moment Diagram

In constructing area-moment diagram, it is done by creating a cantilever and in

solving their moment value. It can be drawn by parts or groups. The construction of
moment diagrams by parts depends on two basic principles:

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 21
Module II
1. The resultant bending moment at any section caused by any load system is the
algebraic sum of the bending moments at that section caused by each load
acting separately. And it can be stated algebraically to,
𝑀 = (∑ 𝑀) = (∑ 𝑀)
𝐿 𝑅
where (∑ 𝑀)𝐿 indicates the sum of the moments caused by all forces to the left
of the section, and (∑ 𝑀)𝑅 indicates the sum of the moments caused by all
forces to the right of the section.
2. The moment effect of any single specified loading is always some variation of
the general equation
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑛

Procedure in Making a Moment Diagram by Parts

To obtain a specific procedure of making a moment diagram by parts, consider the

following:
1. Solve for the reactions. Analyze the section of where you can layout your
deviation.
2. Make a cantilever of its individual loadings.
3. Solve the slope and it is necessary to sketch the elastic curve. And, indicate
the parameters, so that you can easily grasp the computation. Recall table 2.1
for your reference in solving centroidal distances. Make sure you familiarize the
formula and notations.
4. Make sure that your assumptions and computations are correct.

Example 3.
Referring to example No. 1, analyze the beam using Area-Moment Method. A
concentrated load of 400N is supported as shown in figure Fig. 17.
1. Determine the location of the maximum deflection.
2. Determine the maximum deflection.
3. Determine the deflection at the load application.

Figure 17.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 22
Module II
Solution.
1. Location of the maximum deflection.
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
5𝑅2 = 400(3) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 400
𝑅2 = 240 𝑁 𝑅1 = 160𝑁
Draw the deviation and elastic curve,

Figure 18.

Make an individual cantilevers,

Figure 19.
Draw the moment diagram, which you think it is easy to solve in terms of centroidal
distances. Actually, you can create a moment diagram with respect to the deviation at A.
However, at point A you can have a difficulty in solving the centroidal distances. Unlike in
deviation at C which can be solve easily. Of course, take note that if you deviate at any
point you will make cantilevers and diagrams.

Figure 20. Moment diagram for Deviation at C.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 23
Module II
Look at Figure 18, solve for the angle θA:
𝑡𝐶/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐿
1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥𝐶 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰𝑰
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (800)(5) (5) − (800)(2) (2)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3
2800
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
Therefore, θA:
2800 560
𝜃𝐴 = =
5𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Look at Figure 18, through its triangle ADD’ which is in similar to triangle ACC’. Then,
compute the δmax:
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
𝑥
Slope at D is also equal to the slope at A:
𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐷
1
𝜃𝐷 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰
𝐸𝐼
Solve for the value of y, ratio and proportion:
𝑦 800
=
𝑥 5
𝑦 = 160𝑥
1 1
𝜃𝐴 = [ (160𝑥)𝑥]
𝐸𝐼 2
560 1 1
= [ (160𝑥)𝑥]
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2 Figure 21.
𝑥2 = 7
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝒎
2. Maximum deflection.
Look at Figure 18, since we have solve x = 2.645m, then solve for the angle δmax:
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
𝑥
560 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
=
𝐸𝐼 2.645
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥𝐷 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰𝑰
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 493.45
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (160 ∗ 2.645)(2.645) (2.645)] =
𝐸𝐼 2 3 𝐸𝐼

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 24
Module II
560(2.645) 493.45
= 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
987.75
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼
To continue our conditions in the problem, if modulus of elasticity (E) and moment
of inertia (INA) are given, then we can solve definitely the deflection purely:
Lets try E = 200,000 and INA = 15 x 106 mm4
−𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑵 ∗ 𝒎𝟑 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟑
𝒚=
𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒 )
𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎
Therefore, the answer in double integration method is similar to the answer in area
moment method.
3. Deflection at load application.
Solve for the value of y1, ratio and proportion:
𝑦1 800
=
3 5
𝑦 = 480
1 1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (480)3 ∗ (3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
720
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
𝛿𝐵 + 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
3 Figure 22.
720
560 𝛿𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼
=
𝐸𝐼 3
560(3) 720
= 𝛿𝐵 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟗𝟔𝟎
𝜹𝑩 =
𝑬𝑰
And, if E = 200,000 and INA = 15 x 106 mm4. Take note that, deflection at 𝛿𝐵 is
downward, hence, it is negative.
−960 𝑁 ∗ 𝑚3 (1000)3
𝛿𝐵 =
200,000(15 x 106 mm4 )
𝜹𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝒎𝒎
Example 4.
From the beam shown in Figure 23, which is subjected to a concentrated load of 1200N
at 1m from the right support and a counter clockwise couple of 800 N.m acting at 2m from
the left support.
1. Determine the deflection at the point of application of the couple.
2. Determine the deflection at the point of concentrated load.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 25
Module II
3. Determine the slope at the left support.

Figure 23.
Solution.
1. Determine the deflection at the point of application of the couple.
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
5𝑅1 = 800 + 1200(1) 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 1200
𝑅1 = 400 𝑁 𝑅2 = 800
Draw the elastic curve and deviation, choosing cantilevers at point D.

Figure 24. Elastic Curve and Deviation.

Draw the cantilevers at point D.

Figure 25. Cantilevers.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 26
Module II
Draw the Moment Diagrams.

(a)

(b)

Figure 26. Moment Diagrams.

Look at Figure 24, solve first the θA, triangle ADD’:

𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐿
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥𝐷 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰𝑰
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (800)(5) (5) + (−800)(1) (1) + (−800)(3) (3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 2
4533.33
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
4533.33
𝜃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼
5
906.66
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
By similar triangle of ADD’ to ABB’:
𝛿𝐵 + 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
2
1 𝑦1 2000
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼 2 5
1 1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (800)(2) (2)] 𝑦1 = 800 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼 2 3
533.33
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
533.33
906.66 𝛿𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼
=
𝐸𝐼 2
𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝜹𝑩 =
𝑬𝑰
Figure 27.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 27
Module II
2. Deflection at the point of concentrated load.
Since, we have the value of θA:
906.66
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
By similar triangle of ADD’ to ACC’:
𝛿𝐶 + 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
4
1 𝑦2 2000
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼 4 5
1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (800)(2) (2) − 800(2)(1)] 𝑦1 = 1600 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐸𝐼 2 3
2666.67
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
2666.67
906.66 𝛿𝐶 + 𝐸𝐼
=
𝐸𝐼 4
𝟗𝟔𝟎
𝜹𝑪 =
𝑬𝑰

Figure 28.
3. Slope at A.
Look at Figure 24, solve the θA, triangle ADD’:
𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐿
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥𝐷 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰𝑰
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (800)(5) (5) + (−800)(1) (1) + (−800)(3) (3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 2
4533.33
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
4533.33
𝜃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼
5
𝟗𝟎𝟔. 𝟔𝟔
𝜽𝑨 =
𝑬𝑰

Area Moment Method Applications in a Cantilever

Beams

For cantilever beams, the support is fixed, hence

the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at the wall will be
horizontal. Therefore, if the tangential deviation at A is
Figure 29.
Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD
Asst. Prof. IV
 28
Module II
measured from a tangent drawn at B, the magnitude of the deviation t A/B will be equal to
the deflection δA at A.

Example 5.
A cantilever beam having a span of 12m carries a
concentrated load P = 25 kN at the midspan. Assume
E = 200,000 MPa and Ix = 60 x 106 mm4.
1. Determine the slopes at the free end.
2. Determine the deflection at the free end.
3. Determine the deflection at the midspan. Figure 30.
Solution.
1. Slopes at the free end.
1
𝜃𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰
𝐸𝐼
(150)6(1000)3
𝜃𝐶 =
2(200,000)(60𝑥106 )
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
2. Deflection at the free end.
1
𝛿𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝑥𝐶 Figure 31.
𝐸𝐼
2
(150)6[ (6) + 6](1000)4
𝛿𝐶 = 3
2(200,000)(60𝑥106 )
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
3. Deflection at the midspan.
1
𝛿𝐵 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑥𝐵
𝐸𝐼
2
(150)6[ (6)](1000)4
𝛿𝐵 = 3
2(200,000)(60𝑥106 )
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Retrained Beam

A cantilever beam is
supported by two strong
reactive elements, the shear
and moment at the wall, as
shown in Figure 32. The
cantilever is considered already Figure 32. Determinate and Indeterminate Beams.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 29
Module II
as statically determinate, immediately you can solve the shear by ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 and ∑ 𝑀 = 0.
Propping-up the beam at the other position, introduces an additional reaction but does
not increase the equations of static equilibrium, so the beam has one redundant support.

Example 6.
A cantilever beam having a span of 12m is
supported by a roller at the right end. The beam
carries a concentrated load of 50 kN at midspan.
1. Compute the reaction at B and moment at A.
2. Compute the slope at B.
Figure 33.
3. Compute the deflection under load.
Solution.
1. Reaction at B and Moment at A.
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑥𝐵 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝑰𝑰
𝐸𝐼
1 1 2 1 2
0= [ (12)12𝑅𝐵 (12) − (6)(300)[ (6) + 6]]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3
0 = 576𝑅𝐵 − 9000
𝑹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐴 + 12𝑅𝐵 = 50(6)
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
2. Slope B.
𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵
1 Figure 34.
𝜃𝐵 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝜃𝐵 = [ (12)12𝑅𝐵 − (6)(300)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
1 1 1
𝜃𝐵 = [ (12)12(15.625) − (6)(300)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝜽𝑩 =
𝑬𝑰
3. Deflection under load.
𝛿𝐶 = 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
Figure 35.
1 1 2 1 1 1 2
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (187.5)6 (6) + (93.75)(6) (6) − (300)(6) (6)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 2 3
−787.5
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼
−𝟕𝟖𝟕. 𝟓
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝜹𝑪 =
𝑬𝑰

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 30
Module II
Review Questions:
A. For the beam shown indicated, use Double Integration method.
1. Compute the value of EIδ at midspan for the
beam loaded as shown in Figure 36. If E = 10
GPa, what value of I is required to limit the
midspan deflection to 1/360 of the span?
Figure 36.

2. Compute the midspan value of EIδ for

the beam loaded as shown in Figure 37.

Figure 37.

3. A simply supported beam has a span of L

and carries a uniformly distributed load of
w kN/m throughout its span, see Figure
38.
a. Compute the slope at the end point A. Figure 38.
b. Compute the slope at the end point B.
c. Compute the midspan deflection.

4. A simply supported beam, as shown in Figure

39.
a. Compute the deviation at D.
b. Compute the deflection B.
c. Compute the deflection C.
Figure 39.
5. A beam having the span of “L” meters carries
a concentrated load “P” at the midspan as
shown in Figure 40.
a. Compute the equation of the elastic curve.
b. Compute the slope at left support.
c. Compute the maximum deflection.
Figure 40.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 31
Module II
B. For the beam shown below, use Area-moment method.
1. A simply supported beam, as shown in
Figure 41.
a. Compute the slope at C.
b. Compute the deviation at A.
c. Compute the deflection at B.
Figure 41.
2. The beam shown in Figure 42 is
subjected to a concentrated load
of 12 kN at the midpoint of AB and
a load P acting at the overhanging
at C. Assuming EI is constant.
Figure 42.
a. Determine the magnitude of the force P that must be
applied at the end of the overhang at C so that the
displacement at C is zero.
b. Compute the deviation at B with respect to the tangent of A.
c. Compute the deviation at B with respect to the tangent of A.

3. A cantilever beam shown in Fig. 43

carries a uniform load of 5 kN/m on
the 3m portion of the beam and a
counterclockwise couple of 60 kN.m
acting at 1m from the fixed support.
Assume EI = 200 kN.mm2.
a. Determine the slopes at B. Figure 43.
b. Determine the angle rotation at D.
c. Determine the deflection at D.

4. A cantilever beam as shown in figure 44.

a. Determine the slopes at C.
b. Determine the deflection at C.
Figure 44.
5. Determine the midspan value of EIδ for
the beam as shown in Figure 45.

Figure 45.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 32
Module II
6. Determine the midspan value of EIδ for the
beam as shown in Figure 46.

Figure 46.

7. For a given propped-up beam as shown

in Figure 47. Assume E = 200,000 MPa
and Ix = 100 x 106 mm4.
a. Determine the slopes at C.
b. Determine the deflection at B. Figure 47.

8. For a given propped-up beam as shown

in Figure 48. Assume E = 200,000 MPa
and Ix = 100 x 106 mm4.
a. Determine the slopes at D.
b. Determine the deflection at B. Figure 48.
c. Determine the deflection at C.

9. A propped beam having a span of 20m

carries a uniformly varying load which
varies from 10 kN/m at the fixed end to zero
at the other support.
a. Compute the reaction at B.
b. Compute the location of the max. deflection from the Figure 49.
propped end.
c. Compute the max. deflection of the beam.

Conjugate-Beam Method
Another method in calculating the slopes and deflections of a beam due to actual
load and be transformed into fictitious beam, called the conjugate beam. The conjugate
beam has the same real length as to the real beam, however, it is loaded with its shear
on the conjugate beam at any point and it is equal to the slope of the real beam of that
specific location. The moment in conjugate beam at any point is equivalent to the
corresponding deflection value for the real beam of that specific point.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 33
Module II
This method was developed by Otto Mohr in 1968 and H. Miller Breslau in 1865.
This method is more convenient than the area-moment method. Which primarily based
on the analogy of shear and moment diagram.

Assumption in Computing the Conjugate Beam Method

The preliminary things to consider in computing the conjugate beam method is as

follows:
1. The actual beam and the conjugate beam always have the same length.
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads on the actual
beam.
3. A simple end support for the real beam remains a simple support for the
conjugate beam.
4. A fixed end for the real beam becomes a free end for the conjugate beam and
conversely.
5. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous real beam becomes an
unsupported hinge in the conjugate beam, and conversely.
6. The conjugate beam for a real cantilever beam is the reversed cantilever.
7. Statically determinate real beams always have corresponding beams which are
also statically indeterminate.
8. Even if the real beam is statically indeterminate the corresponding conjugate
beam is statically indeterminate.
9. The slope at a section of the real beam equals the shear in the corresponding
section of the conjugate beam.
10. The deflection at a section of the real beam equals the bending moment in the
corresponding section of the conjugate beam.
11. The point of zero shear in the conjugate beam corresponds to the point of zero
slope in the real beam.
12. The maximum deflection of the real corresponds to the maximum moment in
the conjugate beam which occurs at the point of zero shear in the conjugate
beam.

The conjugate beam method precisely the same value of that computation method
in integration and area-moment methods. In this case, it uses fictitious shear and moment
loading to determine the slopes and deflections. The disadvantages of this method is
when the loading uses with cantilever and overhanging beams which certainly applies
artificial constraints.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 34
Module II

Table 2.2 Conjugate Beam and Real Beam.

Type of Beam Real Beam Conjugate Beam

1. Simply supported

2. Cantilever

3. Propped Beam

Example 7.
A simply supported beam having a span of
8m carries a concentrated load of 40 kN at
6m from the left support. Use EI = 80,000
kN.m2. Using conjugate beam method.
1. Find the slope at the left support.
2. Compute the slope at 2m from the left support.
Figure 50.
3. Compute the deflection at the point of application of the
load.
Solution.
1. Slope at the left support.
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
1 2 1 1
8𝑅𝐴 = (2)(60) (2) + (6)(60)[ (6) + 2]
2 3 2 3
𝟐
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

Conjugate beam method: 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 Figure 51.

𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐴 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜃𝐴 = =
𝐸𝐼 80,000𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2

𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 35
Module II

2. Slope at a point 2m from the left support.

1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 − (2)(20)
2
1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐷 = 100 − (2)(20)
2
80 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑫 = Figure 52.
80,000𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅

3. Deflection at the point of application of the load.

𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶
1
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 𝑅𝐴 − (2)(20)
2
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 100(6) − (6)(60) (6)
2 3 Figure 52.
2
240 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛿𝐶 =
80,000𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟑𝒎𝒎

Example 8.
A propped beam has a span of 9m is supported at
C. It carries a concentrated load of 60 kN, 3 m from
the C. Assume E = 15,000 MPa and Ix = 200 x 106
mm4. Using conjugate beam method.
1. Compute the reaction at C.
2. Compute the angle of rotation at C.
Figure 53.
3. Compute the deflection at B.
Solution.
1. Reaction at C.
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝐶 = 0
1 2 1 2
𝑀𝐶 = 9𝑅(9) (9) − (360)(6)[ (6) + 3]
2 3 2 3
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵
Figure 54.
2. Slope at point C.
𝑉𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = (9)(31.11)(9) − (6)(360)
2 2

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 36
Module II
179.955 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑪 =
15000 (200𝑥106 )𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒°

3. Deflection at the point B.

Consider the three (3) areas, A1, A2, and A3 in Figure 54.
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵
1 2 1 1 1 2
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 = (9)(31.11) (6) + (6)(93.33) (6) − (360)(6) (6)
2 3 2 3 2 3
−400.02 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼
−400.02 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝛿𝐵 =
15000 (200𝑥106 )𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝛿𝐵 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎

Deflection by Superposition Methods

In addition to the methods of determining the slopes and deflections of a beam,

there are few simple loading which might be difficult, however, it can be solve easily
through the method of superposition. To determine slopes or deflections by this method
at any point it can be solve separately caused by each loading. The only restriction of this
method, is that the load will be solve independently and then combine as to the excess
or effect of the deflection.
The method of superposition is advantageous primarily on type of loading and its
type of supports. With the knowledge of integration method and area-moment method
which will help to solve the problem. Lastly, with the derive empirical formula of deflections
and slopes the problem can easily be solved.

Example 9.
Using the method of superposition, compute
the midspan value of EIδ for the beam
carrying two concentrated loads, as shown
in Figure 55.
Figure 55.
Solution. Using Table 2.3.
𝑃𝑏
𝐸𝐼𝛿 = ∑ (3𝐿2 − 4𝑏 2 )
48
80(3) 100(2)
𝐸𝐼𝛿 = [3(9)2 − 4(3)2 ] + [3(9)2 − 4(2)2 ] Figure 56.
48 48
𝑬𝑰𝜹 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝟐

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 37
Module II

Table 2.3 Deflections and Slopes Formula.

* Source reference www.google.com

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 38
Module II
Review Questions:
A. For the beam shown indicated, use Conjugate Beam method.
1. Compute the value of EIδ at midspan for
the beam loaded as shown in Figure 36. If
E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to
limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of the
span? Figure 57.

2. A simply supported beam loaded by a

concentrated moment, 8 kN.m clockwise at
its left end. The beam has a span of 7m.
Neglect axial deformation. Use EI = 280
Figure 58.
kN.m2. Using conjugate beam method.
a. Determine the deflection at midspan.
b. Determine the location of the max. deflection.
c. Determine the value of max. deflection.

3. A propped beam has a span of 7.2m is

simply supported at C. It carries a
concentrated load of 60 kN, 3 m from C.
Using conjugate beam method.
a. Compute the reaction at C.
Figure 59.
b. Compute the angle of rotation at C.
c. Compute the deflection at B.

4. For the given beam as shown in Figure 60.

a. Compute the angle of rotation at B.
b. Compute the deflection at D.
Figure 60.
B. For the problem indicated in A and same requirement, use method of superposition.
5. In problem A.1, use method of superposition.
6. In problem A.2, use method of superposition.
7. In problem A.3, use method of superposition.
8. In problem A.4, use method of superposition.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV
 39
Module II
Feedback

Hello there, my dear students! How are you coping with the lessons? Do you still
have some difficulty understanding the lessons? If yes, then go back to initial page of the
module and start reading again.

References

Arreola, M. A., Structural Analysis (Theory of Structures), National Book Store, SI

Metric Edition, Metro Manila, 1992.

Besavilla V. I., Structural Analysis (Theory of Structures), BERC Publishing, Cebu

City, 2007.

Singer, F. (1970). Engineering Mechanics, Harper and Row Publishing, Second Edition,
New York.

ASEP, National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume I, ASEP 7th Edition,
Quezon City, 2015.

www.chegg.com

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asst. Prof. IV