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Auld 1

The document discusses the application of general electromechanical reciprocity relations to calculate elastic wave scattering coefficients, particularly in experiments involving transducers. It highlights the advantages of using these relations for both isotropic and anisotropic media and demonstrates their applicability to Rayleigh wave scattering from surface-breaking cracks. The analysis includes the effects of transducer diffraction and is relevant for various types of wave transducers.

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4 views2 pages

Auld 1

The document discusses the application of general electromechanical reciprocity relations to calculate elastic wave scattering coefficients, particularly in experiments involving transducers. It highlights the advantages of using these relations for both isotropic and anisotropic media and demonstrates their applicability to Rayleigh wave scattering from surface-breaking cracks. The analysis includes the effects of transducer diffraction and is relevant for various types of wave transducers.

Uploaded by

fjv4h
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WAVE MOTION 1 (1979) 3-10

@ NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY

GENERAL ELECTROMECHANICAL RECIPROCITY RELATIONS APPLIED


TO THE CALCULATION OF ELASTIC WAVE SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS

IS. A. AULD
Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, U.S.A.

Received 5 May 1978

General electromechanical reciprocity relations are applied to the calculation of elastic wave scattering coefficients observed
at the electrical terminals of the transducer used in performing an experiment. Both direct backscatter and two transducer
geometries are considered. The general formulationis applicable to anisotropic media, but is applied as an exampie to Rayleigh
wave scattering from a surface-breaking crack on an isotropic substrate. This method of analysis is applicable to both the Born
and quasistatic approximations and is valid for bulk, Rayleigh and plate wave transducers using any single transduction
mechanism.

1. Introduction acoustic wave transducers used as source and


receiver. It was noted that a significant advantage
Reciprocity relations-this is, theorems relating of reciprocity relation analysis of bulk wave scat-
two different solutions to a given set of field equa- tering is that it includes directly the diffraction
tions-were first stated in the nineteenth century effects of the transducers used in an experiment.
for electromagnetic wave fields and elastic wave The present paper is concerned with the use of
fields, and such relations have long been used to electromechanical reciprocity relations for cal-
demonstrate the symmetry of general wave culating elastic wave scattering coefficients in a
transmission problems with respect to interchange manner similar to that described in [2]. General
of the source and the receiver. In the case of wave reciprocity relations involving coupled elec-
scattering from an obstacle this is a statement of tromagnetic and elastic waves were first treated in
the equivalence of the scattered field amplitudes 1947 by Primakoff and Foldy [3] who used them
for the two situations. For elastic wave problems to de,monstrate the interchangeability of source
this approach was recently used to demonstrate and receiver in electroacoustic transmission
special relationships applicable to the scattering of measurements. These relations will be used here to
elastic waves by isotropic obstacles of arbitrary analyze elastic wave scattering coefficients obser-
shape [ 11. Another recent paper [2] has developed ved at the electrical terminals of the electrome-
a new domain of applicability of reciprocity rela- chanical transducers employed in performing an
tions-that of calculating the elastic wave scatter- experiment. Advantages of this approach are
ing coefficients themselves. This is applicable to (1) that the derivation is simpler than in [2] since
general anisotropic, as well as isotropic, scatterers details of the elastic behavior of the transducer are
and includes a demonstration of the interchan- contained implicitly in the statement of the
geability of source and receiver in this more reciprocity relation, and
general case. For this analysis the elastic recipro- (2) the same derivation is applicable essentially
city relation was used to evaluate scattering unchanged to any type of bulk or surface wave
coefficients defined at the surfaces of the bulk transducer. As in the approach of [2], this analysis

3
4 B.A. Auld / Calculation of elastic wave scattering coefficients

also includes directly the diffraction effects of the behavior may result.3’7 However, divergence rela-
transducers. tions of the form of eq. (2) are always obtained
when only one type of coupling is present. The
relevant divergence relation can be obtained
2. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Electromechanical reciprocity relations directly from eqs. (lo), (25) and (26) of [3]. For
example, if the coupling is strictly electromagnetic
In [3] the reciprocity relation for coupled elec- (i.e., due to a Lorentz force interaction), the rela-
tromagnetic and elastic fields was stated in a form tion is
that contains general electromechanical coupling
terms, which may be of piezoelectric, magneto- V.(U,.T~-L)~.T~-E~XH~+E~XH~)=O
strictive, electrostatic (Coulomb force), or elec- (3)
tromagnetic (Lorentz force) types. The strictly
piezoelectric form of this general relation has Note that rationalized MKS units are being used
subsequently been used in the general theory of here.
piezoelectric resonators [4, 5, 61 and waveguides
[6]. The piezoelectric reciprocity relation is stated
succinctly, for time harmonic fields of frequency w, 3. Scattering Formulas
as
The derivation will be carried out in detail only
V*(u*. T2-02’ T,+E,xH*-&XH1)= for the case of purely piezoelectric coupling, start-
=u2.F1-vl.F2+E2.Jsl-El.Js2, (1) ing from eq. (2). However, it will be evident that
the same procedure may be followed, for example,
where u, T, E and H are the mechanical particle in the case of purely electromagnetic coupling by
displacement velocity, stress, electric field and using eq. (3).
magnetic field, respectively, and the subscripts 1 Consider the general geometry of Fig. 1, where
and 2 designate two possible solutions to the field we wish to determine the transmission from
equations excited by two distributions of body transducer a to transducer b due to the presence of
force density F and electtic current density J,. a scattering object. It is assumed that the only
Since sources present are electrical sources external to
the enclosing surface So and that the transducers
V * T+viTii are electromagnetically shielded; that is, the elec-
tromagnetic fields are confined within the trans-
is a vector, the divergence operation on the left-
ducers and the two identical co-axial line feeds.
hand side of eq. (1) has its usual interpretation, as
Eq. (2) is integrated over the source-free region
do the dot products on the right-hand side of the
enclosed by surfaces So and SF in the figure and the
equation.
result is converted into a surface integral
At any source-free point in the field, the right-
hand side of eq. (1) is zero, and
(q - T2- v2 . T1
V~(v~~T~-v2~T,+E1xH2-EZxH1)=o.
(2) +ElxH2-E2xH1).n*dS=0 (4)

This relation is applicable when the electro-


mechanical coupling is of a piezoelectric nature by applying Gauss’ Theorem. Since the body is
only. When different types of coupling are nonpiezoelectric and the electromagnetic field is
combined it has been shown that nonreciprocal confined within the co-axial line feeds, this reduces

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