COMPLETE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

ARM BASED / ARDUINO BASED PROGRAMMING

EXP. NO.: 1

DATE: ________________

MEASURE ANALOG SIGNAL FROM TEMPERATURE SENSOR

AIM:

To measure the analog voltage output of a temperature sensor using Arduino/ARM and display the
corresponding temperature value.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- Temperature Sensor (e.g., LM35 or DHT11)
- Analog-to-Digital Converter (if required)
- Jumper Wires
- USB Cable
- Computer with Arduino IDE

THEORY:

Temperature sensors convert temperature into an electrical signal. Analog sensors provide varying
voltage output, which is read using the microcontroller's ADC and converted into temperature.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the temperature sensor's VCC, GND, and signal pin to the microcontroller.
- Initialize the ADC in the Arduino/ARM code.
- Read the analog voltage from the sensor.
- Convert the voltage to temperature using the sensor's formula.
- Display the temperature value on the serial monitor.

PROGRAM CODE:
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int tempValue = analogRead(A0);
float voltage = tempValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
float temperature = voltage * 100;
Serial.println(temperature);
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

The analog voltage from the temperature sensor is successfully measured, and the corresponding
temperature value is displayed on the serial monitor.

EXP. NO.: 2

DATE: ________________

GENERATE PWM OUTPUT

AIM:

To generate a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal using Arduino/ARM and observe its duty cycle
variations.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- LED (for visualization)
- Resistor (220Ohm)
- Oscilloscope (optional)
- Jumper Wires
- Computer with Arduino IDE

THEORY:

PWM is a technique to control power delivered to electrical devices using a square wave with a
varying duty cycle. It is commonly used in motor control and LED dimming.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect an LED to a PWM-capable pin on the microcontroller.

- Write code to generate a PWM signal with different duty cycles.
- Upload the code and observe the brightness of the LED.
- If available, use an oscilloscope to visualize the PWM waveform.

PROGRAM CODE:

void setup() {
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
analogWrite(9, 128); // 50% Duty Cycle
delay(1000);
analogWrite(9, 255); // 100% Duty Cycle
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

PWM output is successfully generated, and the LED brightness varies according to the duty cycle.

EXP. NO.: 3

DATE: ________________

DRIVE SINGLE CHARACTER GENERATION ON HYPER TERMINAL

AIM:

To send and display a single character from Arduino/ARM to the Hyper Terminal via serial
communication.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- USB to Serial Converter (if required)
- Computer with Hyper Terminal Software
- Jumper Wires
- USB Cable

THEORY:

Serial communication allows data transfer between the microcontroller and a computer. The UART
protocol is used to send characters to a terminal interface.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the microcontroller to the computer via USB or a serial adapter.

- Open the Hyper Terminal and configure the COM port.
- Write and upload code to send a character.
- Observe the character displayed in the terminal.

PROGRAM CODE:

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.write('A');
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

A single character is successfully transmitted and displayed on the Hyper Terminal.

EXP. NO.: 4

DATE: ________________

DRIVE A GIVEN STRING ON HYPER TERMINAL

AIM:

To send and display a string from Arduino/ARM to the Hyper Terminal via serial communication.
APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- USB to Serial Converter (if required)
- Computer with Hyper Terminal Software
- Jumper Wires
- USB Cable

THEORY:

Similar to single character transmission, a string can be sent over UART to display meaningful
messages on the Hyper Terminal.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the microcontroller to the computer.

- Open the Hyper Terminal and set up serial communication.
- Write and upload code to send a string.
- Observe the string output on the terminal.

PROGRAM CODE:

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.println("Hello, World!");
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

The given string is successfully transmitted and displayed on the Hyper Terminal.

EXP. NO.: 5

DATE: ________________

FULL DUPLEX LINK ESTABLISHMENT USING HYPER TERMINAL

AIM:

To establish a full-duplex communication link between the microcontroller and Hyper Terminal.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- USB to Serial Converter (if required)
- Computer with Hyper Terminal Software
- Jumper Wires
- USB Cable

THEORY:

Full-duplex communication allows simultaneous bidirectional data transfer. UART enables

continuous sending and receiving of data without interference.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the microcontroller to the computer.

- Open Hyper Terminal and configure baud rate settings.
- Write and upload code for full-duplex communication.
- Send and receive messages using the terminal.

PROGRAM CODE:

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if (Serial.available()) {
char received = Serial.read();
Serial.print("Echo: ");
Serial.println(received);
}
}

RESULT:

Full-duplex communication is successfully established with messages being echoed back in real
time.

EXP. NO.: 6

DATE: ________________

DRIVE A GIVEN VALUE ON AN 8-BIT DAC CONSISTING OF SPI

AIM:

To send an 8-bit digital value to a DAC using SPI and obtain an analog output.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- 8-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
- SPI Communication Wires
- Power Supply
- Oscilloscope (optional)

THEORY:

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is used to send digital data to a DAC, which then converts it into an
equivalent analog voltage.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the DAC module to the microcontroller using SPI pins.

- Write and upload SPI communication code.
- Send different digital values to the DAC.
- Measure the output voltage using a multimeter or oscilloscope.

PROGRAM CODE:

#include <SPI.h>
void setup() {
SPI.begin();
}
void loop() {
SPI.transfer(128); // Mid-range output
 delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

The 8-bit digital value is successfully sent via SPI, and the corresponding analog output is obtained.

EXP. NO.: 7

DATE: ________________

DRIVE STEPPER MOTOR USING ANALOG GPIOS

AIM:

To control the movement of a stepper motor using GPIOs of the microcontroller.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- Stepper Motor
- Motor Driver Module (ULN2003 or A4988)
- Power Supply
- Jumper Wires

THEORY:

A stepper motor moves in discrete steps and requires sequential energizing of its coils. GPIO pins of
the microcontroller send control signals to achieve rotation.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the stepper motor to the driver module.

- Connect the driver module to the microcontroller GPIOs.
- Write and upload the stepper motor control code.
- Observe the motor rotating in steps.

PROGRAM CODE:

#include <Stepper.h>
Stepper motor(200, 8, 9, 10, 11);
void setup() {
motor.setSpeed(60);
}
void loop() {
motor.step(200);
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

The stepper motor is successfully driven using GPIOs, achieving precise rotational movement.

EXP. NO.: 8

DATE: ________________

DRIVE ACCELEROMETER AND DISPLAY THE READINGS ON HYPER TERMINAL

AIM:

To interface an accelerometer with a microcontroller and display real-time acceleration values on the
Hyper Terminal.

APPARATUS:

- Arduino/ARM Board
- Accelerometer Module (e.g., ADXL335, MPU6050)
- I2C/SPI Communication Wires
- Jumper Wires
- Computer with Hyper Terminal Software

THEORY:

An accelerometer measures acceleration forces along different axes. It provides analog or digital
output, which is processed by the microcontroller and displayed via serial communication.

PROCEDURE:

- Connect the accelerometer module to the microcontroller.

- Write and upload code to read acceleration values.
- Send the readings to the Hyper Terminal.
- Observe real-time acceleration data.

PROGRAM CODE:

#include <Wire.h>
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Wire.begin();
}
void loop() {
int x = analogRead(A0);
int y = analogRead(A1);
int z = analogRead(A2);
Serial.print("X: "); Serial.print(x);
Serial.print(" Y: "); Serial.print(y);
Serial.print(" Z: "); Serial.println(z);
delay(500);
}

RESULT:

Real-time acceleration values are successfully read and displayed on the Hyper Terminal.