A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

On

SIGNAL PROCESSING USING MATLAB TOOL

(Automatic Vehicle Detection)

Submitted for the partial fulfilment

of

B. Tech.

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

Snehal Shukla
(2100270310147)

Vth Sem - IIIrd Year

Section- ECE-3

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. AMIT GARG

(ASSO. PROF.)
ECE DEPT.

Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad

27th Km Milestone, Delhi-Meerut Expressway, P.O. Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad-201009
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
NOVEMBER 2023
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 Acknowledgement

I want to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Prof. (Dr.) Neelesh

Kumar Gupta (HoD, ECE Department), Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering
College, Ghaziabad for granting me permission for my industrial training
in the field of “Signal Processing Using MATLAB Tool”.

I express my sincere thanks to Asso. Prof. (Dr.) Amit Garg for his
cooperative attitude and consistence guidance, due to which I was able to
complete my training successfully.

Finally, I pay my thankful regard and gratitude to the team members and
technicians of “Training Resource Company/ Organization” and Ajay
Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad for their valuable help,
support and guidance.

Snehal Shukla
2100270310147
Vth Sem - III Year
Section- ECE-3

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction to MATLAB 1-2

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Description to Major Tool Boxes in MATLAB 1

Chapter 2. Introduction to Signal Processing Toolbox 3-5

2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Commands and Operations available in Signal Processing Toolbox 4

Chapter 3. Project Description 6-11

3.1 Introduction to Automatic Vehicle Detection System 6
3.2 Objectives 6
3.3 Description of Project 7
3.3.1 Block Diagram/ Flow Chart
3.3.2 Algorithm Description
…..
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Chapter 4. Simulation Results 20

References

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 CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

1.1 Introduction
MATLAB, a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numerical computing
environment created by MathWorks, is an acronym for "MATrix LABoratory". Matrix
manipulation, data and function charting, algorithm implementation, user interface design, and
language interface programming are all possible with MATLAB. Even though MATLAB's
primary purpose is numerical computation, symbolic computing capabilities can be accessed
through an optional toolbox that makes use of the MuPAD symbolic engine. Simulink is an extra
programme that provides model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems as well as
graphical multi-domain simulation. Globally, there are more than 4 million MATLAB users as of
2020.24 Their backgrounds include engineering, science, and economics. In order to support
teaching and research, more than 5000 colleges and institutions throughout the world used
MATLAB as of 2017.24

1.2 Description of Major Tool Boxes in MATLAB

In MATLAB, a "toolbox" refers to a collection of functions, tools, and algorithms designed to

solve specific classes of problems. These toolboxes extend the basic functionality of MATLAB
and cover a wide range of applications. Here are some major toolboxes in MATLAB:
1. MATLAB Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox:
- Provides functions for statistical analysis, machine learning, and predictive modeling.
- Includes algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality reduction.
2. MATLAB Signal Processing Toolbox:
- Offers tools for analyzing, processing, and visualizing signals.
- Includes functions for filtering, spectral analysis, and time-frequency analysis.
3. MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox:
- Designed for image processing, computer vision, and deep learning applications.
- Contains functions for image enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, and object
recognition.

4. MATLAB Simulink:
- Simulink is a graphical environment for modeling, simulating, and analyzing multidomain
dynamical systems.
- Widely used for control system design, signal processing, and communication system
modeling.

5. MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox:

- Focuses on designing, implementing, visualizing, and simulating neural networks.

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 - Suitable for tasks like pattern recognition, classification, regression, and clustering.

6. MATLAB Optimization Toolbox:

- Provides algorithms for solving optimization problems, both linear and nonlinear.
- Useful for parameter estimation, model fitting, and solving constrained optimization problems.

7. MATLAB Parallel Computing Toolbox:

- Enables parallel computing and distributed computing in MATLAB.
- Allows users to speed up computationally intensive tasks by utilizing multiple processors or
clusters.

8. MATLAB Control System Toolbox:

- Designed for the analysis and design of control systems.
- Includes functions for modeling, analysis, and simulation of dynamic systems.

9. MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox:

- Facilitates symbolic computation, allowing manipulation of algebraic expressions, equations,
and calculus operations symbolically.

10. MATLAB Communications System Toolbox:

- Focused on designing and simulating communication systems.
- Includes functions for modulation, demodulation, coding, and decoding.

11. MATLAB Computer Vision Toolbox:

- Offers functions for computer vision tasks, such as object detection, recognition, and tracking.
- Integrates with deep learning for advanced vision applications.

12. MATLAB Robotics System Toolbox:

- Designed for modeling and simulating robotic systems.
- Provides tools for forward and inverse kinematics, trajectory planning, and control.

These toolboxes significantly expand MATLAB's capabilities, making it a versatile platform for a
wide range of scientific, engineering, and data analysis tasks. Depending on your specific needs,
you can leverage these toolboxes to streamline your workflow and tackle complex problems.

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 CHAPTER- 2
INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL PROCESSING TOOLBOX

2.1 Introduction
The Signal Processing Toolbox in MATLAB is a comprehensive collection of functions and tools
designed for the analysis, processing, and visualization of signals. Signals, in this context, can
represent a wide range of data types, including time-series data, audio signals, image signals, and
more. This toolbox is particularly valuable for engineers, scientists, and researchers working with
signals in various applications.
Here is a brief introduction to the key features and capabilities of the Signal Processing Toolbox:

Signal Analysis:
The toolbox provides functions for analyzing signals in both the time and frequency domains.
Time-domain analysis includes operations such as convolution, correlation, and resampling.
Frequency-domain analysis involves techniques like Fourier analysis, filtering, and spectral
analysis.
Filter Design and Implementation:

Users can design and implement various types of filters, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass,
and notch filters.
Filter design functions allow for customizing filter specifications and visualizing filter responses.
Spectral Analysis:

The toolbox facilitates the exploration of signal frequency content through functions like
periodogram, spectrogram, and power spectral density estimation.
Wavelet Analysis:

Wavelet analysis is supported for tasks such as signal denoising, compression, and feature
extraction.
The toolbox includes functions for continuous and discrete wavelet transforms.
Time-Frequency Analysis:

Techniques like the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform help
analyze how the frequency content of a signal changes over time.
Filtering and Convolution:

Various functions allow users to filter signals using different filter types and perform convolution
operations.
Signal Visualization:

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The toolbox offers tools for visualizing signals, spectra, and filter responses through plots and
displays.
Windowing:
Users can apply different window functions to signals, which is crucial for mitigating issues like
spectral leakage in frequency domain analysis.

Speech and Audio Processing:

Specific functions cater to speech and audio processing tasks, such as speech analysis, pitch
estimation, and audio feature extraction.
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) System Design:
Users can design, analyze, and simulate DSP systems, including the modeling of filters and other
processing elements.
Whether working with time-series data, audio signals, or images, the Signal Processing Toolbox
in MATLAB provides a powerful set of tools for researchers and engineers to analyze and
manipulate signals for a wide range of applications, including communications, audio processing,
biomedical signal analysis, and more.

2.2 Commands and Operations available in Signal Processing Toolbox

The Signal Processing Toolbox in MATLAB offers a variety of commands and operations for
analyzing, processing, and visualizing signals. Here's an overview of some key commands and
operations available in the Signal Processing Toolbox:
1. Filter Design and Analysis:
- `designfilt`: Design digital filters using various methods.
- `filtfilt`: Zero-phase digital filtering for minimizing phase distortion.
- `fvtool`: Visualize filter responses using the Filter Visualization Tool.

2. Spectral Analysis:
- `periodogram`: Estimate the power spectral density of a signal.
- `spectrogram`: Compute the spectrogram of a signal for time-frequency analysis.
- `pwelch`: Welch's method for power spectral density estimation.

3. Wavelet Analysis:
- `cwt`: Continuous wavelet transform for time-frequency analysis.
- `wavedec` and `waverec`: Decompose and reconstruct signals using wavelet transforms.

4. Time-Frequency Analysis:
- ‘tfridge’: Compute the instantaneous frequency using the synchro-squeezed transform.
- `spectrogram`: As mentioned earlier, used for time-frequency analysis.

5. Filtering and Convolution:

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 - `conv`: Perform linear convolution of two vectors.
- `filter`: Apply digital filter to a data sequence.
- `conv2`: Perform 2-D convolution of two matrices.
6. Signal Analysis:
- `xcorr`: Compute the cross-correlation between two signals.
- `autocorr`: Compute the autocorrelation of a signal.
- `resample`: Change the sample rate of a signal.

7. Windowing:
- `hamming`, `hann`, `blackman`, etc.: Generate different types of windows for signal processing
applications.

8. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) System Design:

- `dsp.CICDecimator` and `dsp.CICInterpolator`: Implement cascaded integrator-comb (CIC)
decimator and interpolator.
- `dsp.FIRFilter` and `dsp.IIRFilter`: Design and implement FIR and IIR filters.

9. Speech and Audio Processing:

- `melcepst`: Compute mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) for speech analysis.
- `audioread` and `audiowrite`: Read and write audio files.

10. Visualization:
- `plot`: Basic 2-D plot for visualizing signals.
- `subplot`: Create a grid of subplots for side-by-side visualizations.

11. Miscellaneous:
- `findpeaks`: Locate peaks in a signal.
- `pwelch`: Welch's method for power spectral density estimation.
- `hilbert`: Compute the Hilbert transform of a signal.

These commands and operations collectively provide a comprehensive set of tools for users to
perform a wide range of signal processing tasks. From filter design and spectral analysis to time-
frequency analysis and digital signal processing system design, the Signal Processing Toolbox
equips MATLAB users with the capabilities needed for various applications in fields such as
communications, audio processing, and biomedical signal analysis.

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 CHAPTER- 3
Project Description
3.1 Introduction to Project Name
The topic of the project is Automatic Vehicle Detection and counting which is based on video
processing. Automatic vehicle counting refers to the automated process of detecting and tallying
the number of vehicles in a given area or along a particular route using technology, typically
computer vision and image processing techniques. This technology eliminates the need for manual
counting and provides a more efficient and accurate means of collecting traffic data. The process
involves the use of cameras or sensors to capture images or video footage of the traffic scene, and
specialized algorithms are then applied to identify and count the vehicles within the captured data.
This technology is widely used in various applications, including urban planning, traffic
management, public safety, environmental studies, and research. It plays a crucial role in the
development of intelligent transportation systems aimed at improving the safety and efficiency of
road networks.

3.2 Objectives
The development of an automatic vehicle counting system in MATLAB holds significant
importance due to its potential impact on various domains. Here are some key aspects that highlight
the significance of such a project:

Traffic Management and Optimization:

Accurate vehicle counting facilitates real-time traffic monitoring, helping city officials optimize
traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance overall transportation efficiency.
Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development:
Vehicle count data is essential for urban planners to design and develop road networks, parking
facilities, and public transportation systems that can accommodate the needs of a growing
population.
Public Safety and Emergency Response:
Knowing the number of vehicles on the road is critical for emergency services and law enforcement
agencies to respond effectively to incidents, accidents, or emergencies.

Environmental Impact Assessment:

By analyzing vehicle counts, researchers can assess the environmental impact of traffic on air
quality, noise pollution, and overall sustainability, aiding in the development of eco-friendly urban
environments.
Business and Retail Analytics:

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Businesses located near roadways can benefit from vehicle count data to analyze customer traffic,
make informed business decisions, and optimize marketing strategies.
Parking Management:
Vehicle counting assists in monitoring parking lots, optimizing space utilization, and providing
drivers with information about available parking spaces, thereby reducing congestion and
enhancing the parking experience.
Public Transportation Planning:
Public transportation agencies can leverage vehicle count data to optimize bus schedules, plan
routes based on demand, and improve the overall efficiency of public transportation services.
Infrastructure Maintenance and Management:
Understanding traffic patterns through vehicle counting is essential for planning and scheduling
road maintenance activities, optimizing resources, and minimizing disruptions.
Research and Academic Studies:
Vehicle counting systems developed in MATLAB contribute to transportation engineering
research, urban planning studies, and related academic pursuits, providing valuable data for
analysis and experimentation.
Event Management:
During large events or gatherings, an automatic vehicle counting system can aid in managing traffic
flow, ensuring security, and planning logistics to enhance the overall event experience.
Smart Cities Initiatives:
As cities aim to become smarter and more connected, accurate vehicle counting systems play a
crucial role in implementing smart transportation solutions and enhancing overall urban living.
By implementing an automatic vehicle counting system in MATLAB, you are contributing to the
development of intelligent transportation systems that have far-reaching effects on urban
infrastructure, public safety, environmental sustainability, and the overall quality of life in cities.
The flexibility and capabilities of MATLAB make it a powerful platform for developing advanced
algorithms and solutions in the field of computer vision and image processing.

3.3 Description of Project

3.3.1 Block Diagram/ Flow Chart
The sequential procedures involved in an Automatic Vehicle Detection and Counting system can
be better understood by visualising the flowchart. An abridged block diagram showing the normal
flow of such a system is shown below:

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Fig.1 Flow Chart of Vehicle Counting

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This MATLAB-specific block diagram outlines the major steps involved in the automatic vehicle
detection and counting process. Each block corresponds to a specific stage in the workflow, and
MATLAB functions or toolboxes relevant to that stage are indicated in parentheses. Note that the
specifics of each block may involve more detailed MATLAB code and functions. This flowchart
provides a high-level overview of the sequential steps involved in implementing such a system
using MATLAB.
3.3.2 Algorithm Description
Creating an algorithm for automatic vehicle detection and counting using MATLAB involves a
series of steps that leverage computer vision techniques and image processing. Below is a high-
level description of the algorithm:
Algorithm Description:
• Image/Video Capture:
Utilize MATLAB functions like imread or VideoReader to capture frames from a video source or
load static images.
• Preprocessing:
Enhance image quality using MATLAB functions such as imadjust or histeq for contrast
adjustment and histogram equalization.
Apply additional preprocessing steps like noise reduction to improve the accuracy of subsequent
processing.
• Object Detection:
Employ an object detection algorithm, such as the Viola-Jones object detection framework or a
deep learning-based approach using a pre-trained model.
For example, use the vision.CascadeObjectDetector for Viola-Jones or integrate a pre-trained deep
learning model using the detect function.
• Object Tracking (Optional):
If working with video, implement object tracking to maintain continuity across frames. MATLAB's
Computer Vision Toolbox provides functions like vision.MultiObjectTracker for this purpose.
• Counting Algorithm:
Develop a counting algorithm to tally the detected vehicles.
This may involve iterating through the detected objects and applying logic to avoid counting the
same vehicle multiple times, considering factors like object size, position, and trajectory.
• Data Analytics & Visualization:
Analyze the collected data to extract insights, such as traffic patterns, peak hours, and vehicle
density.
Visualize the results using MATLAB's plotting functions or create interactive visualizations for a
more comprehensive understanding.
• Integration with External Systems (Optional):
If required, integrate the system with external systems, databases, or APIs using MATLAB
functions for data exchange.
• Optimization & Fine-Tuning (Optional):
Optimize the algorithm for improved accuracy and efficiency.

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Fine-tune parameters based on the specific characteristics of the dataset and deployment
environment.
• Real-Time Monitoring:
Implement real-time monitoring capabilities to continuously process incoming video frames or
images.
Display real-time results using MATLAB's visualization tools.

Pseudo-Code Overview:
Step 1: Image/Video Capture
videoFile = 'your_video_file.mp4';
videoReader = VideoReader(videoFile);
Step 2: Preprocessing
frame = readFrame(videoReader);
enhancedFrame = imadjust(frame);
Step 3: Object Detection
detector = vision.CascadeObjectDetector;
bboxes = step(detector, enhancedFrame);
Step 4: Object Tracking (Optional)
tracker = vision.MultiObjectTracker;
tracks = initializeTracks(bboxes, frame);
Step 5: Counting Algorithm
while hasFrame(videoReader)
frame = readFrame(videoReader);
enhancedFrame = imadjust(frame);
bboxes = step(detector, enhancedFrame);
[tracks, counts] = updateTracks(tracker, tracks, bboxes);
Step 6: Data Analytics & Visualization
Analyze counts, visualize results, and update real-time displays
Step 7: Integration with External Systems (Optional)
Integrate with external systems or databases
Step 8: Optimization & Fine-Tuning (Optional)
Fine-tune parameters and optimize the algorithm
End
The actual implementation may vary based on the specific requirements of the project, the choice
of object detection algorithms, and the characteristics of the target environment.

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 REFERENCES

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[2] Argenti F., Lapini A., Bianchi T. and Alparone L., 2013. A tutorial on speckle reduction in
synthetic aperture radar images, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, Vol. 1, No.
3, pp. 6-35.

[3] Cheney M. and Borden B., 2009. Problems in synthetic-aperture radar imaging, Inverse
problems, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 123005.

[4] Goodman J.W., 1976. Some fundamental properties of speckle, JOSA, Vol. 66, No. 11,
pp.1145-1150.

[5] Hill P.R., Achim A.M., Bull D.R. and Al-Mualla M.E., 2014. Dual-tree complex wavelet
coefficient magnitude modelling using the bivariate Cauchy–Rayleigh distribution for image
denoising, Signal Processing, Vol. 105, pp. 464-472.

[6] Xie H., Pierce L.E. and Ulaby F.T., 2002. Statistical properties of logarithmically transformed
speckle, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 721-727.

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