FIRE DETECTION

ABSTRACT

Fire detection systems are the most critical element of any building design these days.
These days, reports of fire occurrences are frequent. In many instances, this could be the
result of people's carelessness. Take a look at a few locations, such as gas stations, snack
stores, homes, and primarily offices, etc. Every year, there are believed to be around ten
thousand fire incidents. In this study, an automatic fire detection system using a sensor is
introduced, taking all of these factors into account. The proposed system contains the fire
alarm, Bread Board, LCD screen and Arduino.

INTRODUCTION

Fires are frequently reported, often due to carelessness. Fires occur in places like gas stations,
stores, homes, and offices. Annually, fire incidents are estimated to number around ten thousand.
This study introduces an automatic fire detection system with a sensor, including a fire alarm,
breadboard, LCD screen, and Arduino.

A fire alarm system alerts people to fire, smoke, or harmful gas. Alarms activate automatically or
manually via devices like call points or pull stations. Manual activation helps people quickly
report a fire or gas leak, as sensors may take time to respond. Alarms can be motorized bells,
sounders, or horns. Speaker strobes can sound alarms followed by evacuation messages, warning
people and advising against elevator use. Fire alarm sounds vary in frequency and tone by
country and manufacturer. High-frequency tones are needed in places like malls and tall
buildings. Fire alarm systems are vital in buildings to prevent accidents and save lives. These
systems detect heat and gas, alerting people with buzzers, announcements, or lights. This is faster
than shouting to warn people of fire or gas leaks. Heat sensors detect temperatures above normal
room temperature. The Arduino microcontroller controls the system. When a temperature rise is
detected, a signal is sent to the buzzer or LED to alert people. People are then alerted, allowing
for safe evacuation. Fire alarm systems are safety systems that warn people of flames and
flammable gas. The system activates automatically when the flame and gas sensors detect them.
The piezo buzzer sounds, and the LED illuminates to warn people nearby. The LCD also
displays the fire alarm system's status.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The fire detection system's circuit diagram includes several components connected on a
breadboard. An Arduino board is central, linked to a gas sensor, piezo sensor, micro servo motor,
and LCD display. The gas sensor detects smoke or combustion gases, and the piezo sensor
listens for fire sounds. When a sensor detects a fire hazard, the Arduino processes the data and
triggers the servo motor to activate a safety mechanism, like closing a vent or sounding an alarm.
The LCD shows sensor data and alerts, keeping occupants informed of potential fire risks.

LIST OF ELEMENTS AND OVERVIEW

The components needed to develop a fire detection system are in Table 1. Main components
include Arduino, a micro servo motor, and a breadboard.

TABLE I. LIST OF REQUIRED COMPONENTS

Component Quantity

Arduino 1

Micro servo motor 1

Piezo sensor 1

Gas sensor 1

Breadboard 1

LCD screen 1

Connecting wires As needed

Each component in Table 1 will be discussed.

 Arduino:

The Arduino Uno R3 is used in this fire alarm system. The Arduino environment includes a
development board and software. The development board has an 8-bit microcontroller,
programming hardware, a USB programming interface, and input/output pins. The software, an
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), has a cross-compiler, debugger, simulator, and
programmer. Code for the system is uploaded from the Arduino IDE to the microcontroller
(ATMEGA328P) on the Arduino Uno.

Fig2: Arduino diagram

Micro Servo Motor:

Micro servo motors function through the interaction of electrical signals and mechanical parts,
including a small DC motor, gears, a potentiometer, and control electronics.

Here's how they work:

 DC Motor: A small DC motor is at the core. Electricity flowing through the motor generates
rotation.
 Gears: Rotation from the DC motor is transferred to gears, increasing torque and reducing
rotation speed. Gears are essential for precise control in servo motors.
 Potentiometer (Position Feedback Device): A potentiometer provides feedback to the control
electronics about the motor shaft's current position. It is mechanically linked to the output shaft,
so its resistance changes as the shaft rotates.
 Control Electronics: Control electronics receive input signals, like PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation), from a controller, such as a microcontroller. These signals set the desired rotation
position or angle.
 Feedback Loop: Control electronics compare the desired position with the actual position. If they
differ, the electronics adjust the voltage to the motor until the positions match.
 Closed-Loop Control: Servo motors use closed-loop control. They continuously monitor their
output and adjust to achieve the desired output. The potentiometer ensures accurate positioning
and corrects deviations.
 Mechanical Output: The servo motor's output shaft rotates to the desired position based on the
control signals. This rotation can control mechanisms like steering in RC vehicles, robot joints,
or camera gimbals.

Fig3: Micro servo motor

Piezo Electric Sensor:

Piezoelectric sensors convert mechanical stress or pressure into electrical signals.

Here's how they work:

 Piezoelectric Material: Piezoelectric materials, like quartz or certain ceramics, are at the core.
They exhibit the piezoelectric effect, generating an electric charge in response to mechanical
stress or pressure.
 Crystalline Structure: Their unique crystalline structure allows them to generate electric charges
when mechanically deformed. Pressure distorts the atoms within the crystal lattice, separating
positive and negative charges.
 Generation of Electric Charge: Mechanical stress or pressure generates an electric charge across
the piezoelectric material's surface. The charge is proportional to the applied pressure.
 Electrodes: Electrodes attached to the material's surface capture the electric charge. These
electrodes conduct the charge away as an electrical signal.
 Output Signal: The electric charge is typically a voltage or current signal. This signal can be
amplified and processed to measure the applied pressure or stress.
 Applications: Piezoelectric sensors are used for:

o Pressure sensing: Measuring pressure changes in industrial processes, car tire monitoring, and
medical devices.
o Acceleration sensing: Detecting acceleration changes in airbag systems and vibration
monitoring.
o Force sensing: Measuring force or load in touch screens, weighing scales, and structural health
monitoring.
 High Sensitivity: Piezoelectric sensors are highly sensitive and have fast response times. They
detect small changes in pressure or stress, making them suitable for precise measurements.

In summary, piezoelectric sensors use the piezoelectric effect to convert mechanical stress or
pressure into electrical signals for accurate measurement of physical parameters.

Fig4: Piezo Electric Sensor

 Gas Sensor:

Gas sensors detect the presence and concentration of gases in the air.

Here's an overview:

 Construction:

o Gas-Sensitive Material: This material is key. Its electrical properties change when it contacts
specific gases. Examples include metal oxides, semiconducting polymers, and catalytic metals.
o Substrate: The gas-sensitive material is placed on a substrate for support and electrical
connections. Substrates can be ceramic, glass, or silicon.
o Electrodes: Electrodes measure changes in the gas-sensitive material's electrical properties. They
connect the sensor to external circuitry for signal processing.
o Enclosure: Protective enclosures shield gas sensors from environmental factors. The enclosure
may have openings for gas to reach the sensing element.
o Heater Element (For Some Types): Some sensors, especially those using metal oxides, include a
heater to increase operating temperature, promoting gas adsorption and improving sensor
response.
 Working Principle:

o Gas Adsorption: Gas contacting the gas-sensitive material undergoes adsorption or absorption.
This changes the sensing element's electrical conductivity or capacitance.
o Change in Electrical Properties: Gas molecule adsorption changes the gas-sensitive material's
electrical properties. For example, reducing gases decrease resistance in metal oxide sensors,
while oxidizing gases increase it.
o Measurement: Electrodes detect these changes. Resistance, capacitance, or voltage
measurements determine the target gas concentration.
o Signal Processing: Circuitry like amplifiers and filters processes the sensor's electrical signal.
This may include calibration to improve accuracy.
o Output: Gas sensors provide an output signal proportional to the target gas concentration. The
output can be displayed, sent to a control system, or logged.
 Gas sensors are used for environmental monitoring, industrial safety, air quality monitoring,
automotive monitoring, and hazardous gas detection. They are crucial for safety and efficiency.

Fig5: Gas Sensor

Bread Board:

A breadboard, or protoboard, is a tool for creating temporary circuits in electronics prototyping.

Here's how it works:

 Construction:

o Holes: A breadboard has a plastic base with a grid of holes. These holes are interconnected
underneath the base.
o Rails: Metal strips called rails run along the edges. These rails provide power distribution for
circuits.
o Terminal Strips: Rows of holes are divided into terminal strips. Each strip has interconnected
holes, typically five per row.
 Working Principle:

o Inserting Components: Electronic components like resistors and wires are inserted into the holes
to create circuits. Component leads inserted into holes in a terminal strip create electrical
connections within that strip.
o Interconnections: Components are connected across the breadboard by inserting their leads into
different terminal strips.
o Power Distribution: Rails distribute power. One rail is for positive voltage, and the other is for
ground.
o Building Circuits: Components are inserted and connected to build circuits for testing.
Components can be rearranged to experiment with different configurations.
o Prototyping and Testing: Breadboards are used to test circuit designs before soldering them onto
a printed circuit board (PCB). They allow for experimentation and troubleshooting.
o Reusable: Breadboards are reusable for iterative design and experimentation.

Overall, breadboards are a versatile platform for creating, testing, and modifying circuit designs
without soldering.

Fig6: Bread Board

Lcd Screen:

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens are used in devices like televisions and smartphones.

Here's how they work:

 Construction:

o Liquid Crystal Layer: A liquid crystal material layer is sandwiched between two transparent
electrodes. This layer contains rod-shaped molecules that align under an electric field.
o Polarizing Filters: Two polarizing filters are placed on either side of the liquid crystal layer,
oriented at right angles. Light can only pass through when its polarization matches both filters'
alignment.
o Glass Substrates: Electrodes and filters are attached to glass substrates for support and
protection.
o Backlight: Most LCDs use a backlight, such as fluorescent tubes or LEDs, for illumination.
 Working Principle:

o Polarization of Light: Light from the backlight passes through the first polarizing filter, which
polarizes the light.
o Control of Light by Liquid Crystals: The liquid crystal layer acts as a light valve. Electric fields
applied to the liquid crystal layer change the orientation of its molecules. This change affects the
polarization of light passing through.
o Manipulating Light Transmission: Varying the voltage controls the amount of light transmitted,
allowing the LCD to display colors and brightness.
o Color Filters: Color LCDs use filters over the pixels to produce a full range of colors. Each pixel
has red, green, and blue subpixels to create a wide spectrum of colors.
o Pixel Array: The LCD is divided into pixels, each containing liquid crystal cells. Voltage applied
to each pixel displays the desired image.
o Backlight Adjustment: Some LCDs adjust backlight intensity to control brightness and power
consumption.

In summary, LCDs work by manipulating light polarization with liquid crystals controlled by
electric fields to display images and text.
 Fig7: Lcd Screen

Connecting Wires:

Connecting wires, or jumper wires, are essential for making electrical connections between
electronic components.

Here are key points:

 Purpose: Connecting wires transmit electrical signals, power, or data between components.
 Types: Types include solid core wires and stranded wires. Solid core wires are suitable for
breadboarding. Stranded wires are flexible and durable, useful for projects with movement.
 Gauge: Wires come in different gauges (thicknesses), measured in AWG or mm². The gauge
determines the wire's current-carrying capacity. Thicker wires carry more current without
overheating.
 Colors: Wires are often

provided in different colors to distinguish connections, such as power, ground, and data lines, for
easier circuit organization and troubleshooting.

 Termination: Wires have various terminations or connectors, like header pins, clips, or bare ends
for soldering. The termination type depends on the application.

 Usage: Connecting wires are used for prototyping, circuit building, testing, and repair. They are
common with breadboards, allowing components to be plugged in and connected without
soldering.

 Safety: Use appropriate gauge wires, avoid sharp bends, and ensure secure connections to
prevent issues like short circuits.
Fig8: Connecting Wires

Flow Chart:
The program for the flame and gas sensors runs on the ATMEGA328P microcontroller, using
pins A2 and A0 as inputs. The outputs are a buzzer, LED, and LCD. The LCD is connected to
analog pins A4 and A5, while the buzzer and LED are connected to digital pins 8 and 13,
respectively. The threshold is set at 500. If the flame sensor detects a flame (flame value <500),
the buzzer and LED activate, and the LCD displays "FLAME: FLAME IS DETECTED". If the
flame sensor does not detect a flame (flame value >500), the buzzer and LED do not activate,
and the LCD displays "FLAME: NO FLAME". If the gas sensor detects flammable gas or smoke
(>500), the buzzer and LED activate, and the LED displays "GAS: GAS IS DETECTED". If the
gas sensor does not detect gas or smoke (<500), the buzzer and LED do not activate, and the
LCD displays "GAS: NO GAS". The program repeats in a loop.

Assembly Method:

All components for the fire alarm system are prepared. The piezo buzzer and gas sensor are
placed on the breadboard. For the piezo buzzer, the positive pin is connected to a digital pin, and
the negative pin to a ground pin, using a jumper wire. For the gas sensor, pin A0 is connected to
analog pin A0 on the Arduino Uno. The flame sensor is connected to analog pin A2. The LED is
connected to pin 13. The LCD is connected to analog pins A4 and A5. The Arduino is powered
by connecting it to a laptop/PC. Arduino IDE software is opened, and the program code is
uploaded to the Arduino Uno. Then, a flame is lit near the flame sensor to test the output.
Flammable gas is released near the gas sensor to test the output.

Piezo buzzer Positive pin (+) = pin 8 Negative pin (-) = ground

LED Anode = pin 13 Cathode = ground

Flame sensor A0 = pin A2 GND = ground VCC = power 5 V

Gas sensor A0 = pin A0 GND = ground VCC = power 5 V

Liquid crystal (LCD) GND = ground VCC = power 5 V SDA = pin A4 SCL = pin A5

Coding:
C++
#include <Servo.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd (5,6,8,9,10,11); int buzzer = 4; int sensor = A0; int sensorThresh = 400; int
sensor2 = A1; int sensor2Thresh = A1; Servo myServo;

void setup() {
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
myServo. Attach(7);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
}

void loop() {
int val = analogRead(sensor);
Serial.println(val);

if (val > sensorThresh) {

tone(buzzer, 1000, 500);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("MUST EVACUATE");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("ALARM ON!");
myServo.write(180);
delay(1000);
}
else {
noTone(buzzer);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ALARM OFF");
delay(1000);
}
}
Result and Conclusion:

After testing, the Fire Alarm System performed as intended. The system has two inputs: a flame
sensor and a gas sensor. The flame sensor detects fire and sends a signal to its outputs: LED,
Piezo Buzzer, and LCD Panel. The LED lights up, and the buzzer sounds to alert users to the
fire. The LCD Panel displays fire information. The gas sensor measures the presence of gas,
specifically smoke. The gas sensor used is an MQ-2, which detects butane, methane, LPG, and
smoke. This gas sensor enhances safety in case of fire. When gas is detected, it sends a signal to
the buzzer, which acts as an alarm. Tests, improvements, and changes were made to achieve
these results. The sensors were tested and worked as expected. This project can help society
prevent unwanted situations. This alarm system can fulfill fire alarm requirements for safety and
hazard elimination.

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