Volumes of Revolution Cheat Sheet Edexcel Core Pure 2

Previously in Core Pure 1, you learnt how to find volumes of revolutions for simpler functions, usually polynomials. We will now extend this further and learn to do so for Volumes of revolution of parametrically defined curves
more complex functions. You will need to be very proficient with the methods of integration covered in Pure Year 2 to be successful with problems relating to this chapter. You can also be expected to find volumes of revolution for curves given in parametric form. The formula in such cases is simply an adjustment of the previous formulas by
use of the chain rule:
Volumes of revolution around the 𝒙𝒙-axis
Recall from Core Pure 1:  The volume of revolution, 𝑉𝑉, formed when the parametric curve with equations 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) is rotated through 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑥𝑥-axis
between the lines 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 and𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 is given by
 The volume of revolution, 𝑉𝑉, formed when a function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is rotated through 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑥𝑥-axis between the lines 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 is given by 𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2
𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎

Here is an example illustrating how we find the volume of revolution formed by a more complicated curve being rotated around the 𝑥𝑥-axis:  The volume of revolution, 𝑉𝑉, formed when the parametric curve with equations 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) is rotated through 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑦𝑦-axis
between the lines 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 is given by:
Example 1: The finite region 𝑅𝑅 represents the area bounded by the curve 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥, the 𝑥𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥𝑥 = 3. The region 𝑅𝑅 is 𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
rotated through 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑥𝑥-axis. Use integration to find the exact volume of the solid generated. 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 being 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
rotated around
the 𝑥𝑥-axis
We start with a quick sketch to clarify the region It is important to remember that any integration should be done with respect to 𝑡𝑡. You may need to use the given parametrisation to find the limits of integration if they
represented by 𝑅𝑅. Since 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 cuts the 𝑥𝑥-axis at 𝑥𝑥 = 1, are not given to you in terms of 𝑡𝑡.
our limits of integration are 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑥𝑥 = 3.
𝜋𝜋
Example 3: The curve 𝐶𝐶 is given by the parametric equations 𝑥𝑥 = sin4 𝑡𝑡 √cos 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ . The finite region 𝑅𝑅 bounded by the curve and the 𝑦𝑦-axis is rotated
2
𝑏𝑏 3
through 360° about the 𝑦𝑦-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜋𝜋 � (ln 𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Using the above formula: 𝑎𝑎 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We need to find the quantities 𝑥𝑥 2 and and substitute them into the 𝑥𝑥 2 = sin8 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
To evaluate an integral of the form [ln (𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛 , it is a good = 1, 𝑢𝑢 = (ln 𝑥𝑥) 2
formula 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. = − sin 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
idea to use the ‘by parts’ method. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝜋𝜋
∴ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥, = 2(ln 𝑥𝑥) � � 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 Using the formula: 𝑉𝑉 = −𝜋𝜋 � sin9 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
3 3 We took the minus sign outside of the integral here. 0
∴ � (ln 𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [𝑥𝑥(ln 𝑥𝑥)2 ]13 − 2 � ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Substituting into the ‘by parts’ formula: 1
3
1 𝜋𝜋

= 3(ln 3)2 − 2 � ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin10 𝑡𝑡 2

To evaluate an integral, we use the reverse chain rule. Recall that 𝑉𝑉 = −𝜋𝜋 � �
1
[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛+1
10 0
∫ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛+1
+ 𝑐𝑐 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝜋𝜋 � �
= 1, 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥 10
3
To evaluate ∫1 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 we need to use by parts again: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝜋𝜋
∴ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥, =� � Volume cannot be negative so we take the absolute value of our answer: 𝑉𝑉 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 10
3 3
∴ � ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥]13 − � 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Substituting into the by parts formula: 1 1
= 3 ln 3 − 2 Modelling with volumes of revolution
3 You may also need to solve volumes of revolution problems involving a real-life scenario. Usually, there will be a symmetric object modelled by a curve and you will be
3 ∴ 𝜋𝜋 � (ln 𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜋𝜋[3(ln 3)2 − 2(3 ln 3 − 2)] required to find a volume enclosed by the object, either by rotating about the 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦 axes. Sometimes, you will need to figure out which axes to rotate about and the limits
Back substituting our result to find ∫1 (ln 𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑: 1
= 𝜋𝜋[3(ln 3)2 − 6 ln 3 + 4] of integration to be used. You may also need to use your knowledge of the shapes formed when particular lines are rotated:

Example 4: The diagram shows the cross-section of a domed tent. The tent can be modelled by a solid of revolution of a curve 𝐶𝐶
Volumes of revolution around the 𝒚𝒚-axis 𝜋𝜋
about the 𝑦𝑦-axis. Curve 𝐶𝐶 has parametric equations 𝑥𝑥 = 50𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑦𝑦 = 30𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ . Find the volume of the tent.
2
Recall from Core Pure 1:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We need to find the quantities 𝑥𝑥 2 and and substitute them into the 𝑥𝑥 2 = 2500 cos 2 𝑡𝑡
 The volume of revolution, 𝑉𝑉, formed when a function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is rotated through 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑦𝑦-axis between the lines 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 is given by 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏 formula 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Resultant volume of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 30 cos 𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 revolution:
𝑎𝑎
Using the formula, taking the 2500 outside the integral. You must notice 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 2
It is important to remember that when finding the volume of revolution around the 𝑦𝑦-axis, any integration is done with respect to 𝑦𝑦. You may have to rearrange a given that the limits 0 and given in the question correspond to only one half 𝑉𝑉 = 75000𝜋𝜋 � cos3 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
equation to make 𝑥𝑥 2 the subject before you can find any volumes of revolution. of the curve in the diagram. The required volume will therefore be 0
𝜋𝜋
found when we use the limits 0 and .
2
Example 2: The diagram shows the curve with equation 𝑦𝑦 = 4 ln 𝑥𝑥 − 1. The finite region 𝑅𝑅, shown in the diagram, is bounded
� cos 3 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � cos 2 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
by the curve, the 𝑥𝑥-axis, the 𝑦𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦𝑦 = 4. Region 𝑅𝑅 is rotated by 2𝜋𝜋 radians about the 𝑦𝑦-axis. Use
integration to show that the exact value of the volume of the solid generated is 2𝜋𝜋√𝑒𝑒(𝑒𝑒 2 − 1). To evaluate this integral, we rewrite it as a product of cos 𝑡𝑡 and cos 2 𝑡𝑡. = �(1 − sin2 𝑡𝑡) cos 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then we use the identity cos 2 𝑡𝑡 ≡ 1 − sin2 𝑡𝑡.
𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 4 ln 𝑥𝑥 = � cos 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � sin2 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We first rearrange to make 𝑥𝑥 the subject, then square the 𝑦𝑦 + 1
= ln 𝑥𝑥
entire expression to attain 𝑥𝑥 2 : 4
𝑦𝑦+1 𝑦𝑦 1 𝑦𝑦 1 We know from Pure Year 2 that cos 𝑡𝑡 integrates to sin 𝑡𝑡. To find the sin3 𝑡𝑡
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 4 = 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑒𝑒 4 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑒𝑒 2 [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛+1 = sin 𝑡𝑡 − (+𝑐𝑐)
4 Resultant volume second integral, we used the result ∫ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝑐𝑐. 3
𝑦𝑦 1 𝑛𝑛+1
Using the volume of revolution formula: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 of revolution 𝜋𝜋
0 sin3 𝑡𝑡 2
𝑦𝑦 1 4
∴ 𝑉𝑉 = 75000𝜋𝜋 �sin 𝑡𝑡 − �
3 0
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 �2𝑒𝑒 2 𝑒𝑒 2 � Now we just need to apply the limits to our result.
Carrying out the integration and simplifying the result. The 0
1 4 1 1
result ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 was used here. = 𝜋𝜋 �2𝑒𝑒 2 𝑒𝑒 2 − 2𝑒𝑒 0 𝑒𝑒 2 � 1 2
𝑎𝑎 = 75000𝜋𝜋 �1 − � = 75000𝜋𝜋 � � = 50000𝜋𝜋
= 2𝜋𝜋√𝑒𝑒(𝑒𝑒 2 − 1) 3 3

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