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DCN Practical-10

The document outlines various networking devices, starting with the Network Interface Card (NIC), which is essential for communication between devices. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, gateways, and brouters, detailing their functions and types. Each device plays a unique role in network connectivity, data transmission, and traffic management.

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11 views3 pages

DCN Practical-10

The document outlines various networking devices, starting with the Network Interface Card (NIC), which is essential for communication between devices. It describes repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, gateways, and brouters, detailing their functions and types. Each device plays a unique role in network connectivity, data transmission, and traffic management.

Uploaded by

patelsoham.797
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL- 10

AIM: To demonstrate the use of the Networking devices.

 Network Interface Card (NIC)

In the list of the networking devices, NIC stands on the first place. Without this device,
networking cannot be done. This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and
LAN card. NIC allows a networking device to communicate with the other networking device.

Typically all modern PCs have the integrated NICs in the motherboards. If additional NICs are
required, they are also available as add-on devices separately.

 Repeater

A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same
network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which
the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted about
repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When the signal becomes weak, they copy the
signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. It is a 2 port device.

 Hub
A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs
cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. Also, they do not have the
intelligence to find out best path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.

Types of Hub
 Active Hub: - These are the hubs which have their own power supply and can clean, boost,
and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as wiring
centre. These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes.
 Passive Hub: - These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and power supply from
active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them
and can’t be used to extend the distance between nodes.
 Intelligent Hub: - It work like active hubs and include remote management capabilities.
They also provide flexible data rates to network devices. It also enables an administrator to
monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure each port in the hub.

 Bridge

A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of
filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output
port, thus making it a 2 port device.
Types of Bridges
 Transparent Bridges: - These are the bridge in which the stations are completely unaware
of the bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network,
reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes
i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
 Source Routing Bridges: - In these bridges, routing operation is performed by source
station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The host can discover frame by
sending a special frame called discovery frame, which spreads through the entire network
using all possible paths to destination.

 Switch

A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency (a large
number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The
switch can perform error checking before forwarding data that makes it very efficient as it does
not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port
only.

 Router

A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router
is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have
a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets. Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
 Gateway
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may
work upon different networking models. They basically work as the messenger agents that
take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also
called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally more
complex than switch or router.
 Brouter
It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of both bridge and
router. It can work either at data link layer or at network layer. Working as router, it is
capable of routing packets across networks and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering
local area network traffic.

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