DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements in the 8 th semester of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By
MALIKA G
1NH16IS055
N SWETHA
1NH16IS064
PAVITHRA S
1NH16IS074

Under the guidance of

Mrs. KARTHIYAYINI J

Sr.Assistant Professor, Dept. of ISE, NHCE

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Outer ring road, Kadubeesanahalli, Near Marathahalli, Bengaluru-560103

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “Charging station for E-vehicles using solar
with IOT ”, carried out by Ms. Malika G, 1NH16IS055, Ms. N Swetha, 1NH16IS064, Ms.
Pavithra S, 1NH16IS074 bonafide students of NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, Bengaluru, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Information Science and Engineering of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum
during the year 2019-20. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Name & Signature of the Guide Name Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
Mrs. Karthiyayini J Dr. R J Anandhi Dr. Manjunatha

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we have followed the guidelines provided by the Institution
in preparing the project report and presented report of project titled “Charging
station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT”, and is uniquely prepared by us after
the completion of the project work. We also confirm that the report is only prepared
for my academic requirement and the results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree.

Signature of the Students

Name: Malika G Name: N Swetha Name: Pavithra S

USN: 1NH16IS055 USN: 1NH16IS064 USN: 1NH16IS074
 ABSTRACT

This project is about charging E-vehicle module using the Solar panel, availability of maximum
power is viewed by IOT device and the maximum power generated by the solar is being tracked
using the MPPT controller. The whole setup is connected to the Arduino UNO, the battery level,
generated and distributes an amount of the battery is viewed using an LCD. Here we can chage
multiple vehicles using solar cell. GSM modem is used to get an alert message for any reduction
of power occurred in the system. A web page is used to check the availability status of charge, the
amount of power transferred to the charging module and the available location for the charging
station can be displayed. The main idea of this project is to reduce greenhouse gas emission and
fossil fuel.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts
but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders and friends. A
number of personalities, in their own capacities have helped me in carrying out this project. We
would like to take an opportunity to thank them all.

First and foremost we thank the management, Dr. Mohan Manghnani, Chairman, New Horizon
Educational Institutions for providing us the necessary state of art infrastructure to do Project.

We would like to thank Dr.Manjunatha, Principal, New Horizon College of Engineering,

Bengaluru, for his valuable suggestions and expert advice.

We would like to thank Dr. R J Anandhi, Professor and Head of the Department, Information
Science and Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for constant
encouragement and support extended towards completing my Project.

We deeply express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mrs. Karthiyayini J, Sr. Assistant
Professor, Department of ISE, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for her able
guidance, regular source of encouragement and assistance throughout our project period.

Last, but not the least, we would like to thank our peers and friends who provided me with
valuable suggestions to improve my project.

MALIKA G (1NH16IS055)
N SWETHA (1NH16IS064)
PAVITHRA S (1NH16IS074)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SERIAL NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Preamble 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Relevance of the project 2

1.3 Purpose of study 2

1.4 Scope of the project 3

1.5 Problem Definition 4

1.6 Problem Explanation 5

1.7 Objective of the study 5

1.8 Existing System 5

1.8.1 Limitations 5

1.9 Proposed System 7

1.9.1 Advantages 8

2 Literature Survey 9

3 System Requirements Specification 29

3.1 General Description of the system 29

3.1.1 Overview of Functional Requirements 29

3.1.2 Overview of Data Requirements 30

3.2 Technical Requirements of the system 30

3.2.1 Hardware Requirements 30

3.2.2 Software Requirements 31

3.3 Input Requirements 31

3.4 Output Requirements 32

3.5 Language Specification 32

3.5.1 Embedded C 33
4 System Design and Analysis 34

4.1 Preliminary Design 34

4.2 System Architecture 35

4.3 Data Flow Diagram 36

4.3.1 System DFD 36

4.3.2 Input DFD 37

4.4 Use Case Diagram 38

5 Implementation 39

5.1 Different Modules of the project 39

5.2 Flow Chart of the proposed system 43

6 Experimental Results 44

6.1 Outcomes of the proposed system 44

7 Testing 45

7.1 Testings and Validations 45

7.2 Testing Levels 45

7.2.1 Functional Testing 46

7.2.2 Non Functional Testing 46

7.3 White Box Testing 47

7.4 Different Stages of Testing 47

7.4.1 Unit Testing 48

7.4.2 Integration Testing 51

7.4.3 System Testing 52

8 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 53

8.1 Conclusion 53

8.2 Future Enhancement 54

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Figure Name Page no

4.1 Screenshots of initial stage of the app 34

4.2 Proposed System Architecture 35

4.3 DFD of the system 36

4.4 Input DFD of the system 37

4.5 Use Case Diagram of the system 38

5.1 Flow Chart of the system 43

6.1 Screenshots of final stage of the app 44

7.1 Different stages of testing 47

 LIST OF TABLES

Table no Table Name Page no

2.1 18-19

7.1 Unit Testing 49-50

7.2 Integration Testing 51

Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

Chapter 1

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction

Presently, developing new types of energy conversion and storage systems is becoming evident thanks
to increasing human population and thus greater reliance on energy-based devices for survival. due to the
rapid increase within the globe population and economic expansion geometrically, this can be often
bringing about rapidly diminishing fossil fuels and so the continuously growing environmental concerns
as greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore with the technological advancements during this epoch, more
electronic devices are becoming accustomed exchange manpower thus leading to an additional increase in
energy consumption. Energy obtained from the suns radiations when in-tuned with the earth’s atmosphere
and or surface as irradiances is termed energy. Presently, this can be often known by humans to be the
prime renewable energy living till date, the energy produced in day is in a very position of sustaining
mankind even when traditional energy sources gets finished. This readily available environmentally
friendly energy source can easily be obtain via series of methods as photovoltaic, solar thermal energy,
artificial photosynthesis, solar heating and also solar architecture. Research works have shown that at the
core of the sun.
With the free and abundant solar irradiances that has enormous times more energy to the globe than we
consume, photovoltaic processes ensures that not only sustainable but greater efficiency and reliability to
access wattage for charging electric cars anywhere around the world without environmental pollution.
With little upkeep, viable approach to self charging of electrical cars.

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1.2 Relevance of the Project

Technologically, adopting the electric vehicle technology is a good initiation to go green. Building solar
charging stations could constitute a small step to encourage people to opt for Electric vehicles. If the
technology is already operating, local car manufacturers could consider using it in their future designs.
Economically, this project will be efficient in terms of energy savings since the system generates its own
energy by the PV solar panels station installed. The cost invested in fuel for normal car users could be
invested in this Electric Vehicles system
Environmentally, one of the fundamental criteria that this study is based on is air quality; this project’s
main goal is to reduce the CO2 emissions, thus help maintain the same air quality level. Most of the
vehicles run of liquid fuel. In fact, the automotive industry constitutes a major player among the air biggest
polluters. Reducing transportation-related air pollution can make a huge difference in the total amount of
CO2 emissions. Fortunately, electric cars can be a good solution and substitute to vehicles that run-on fuel.
Taking into consideration cost reduction, renewable energies such as solar power constitute the best
solution for the implementation of electric cars. Fossil fuels constitute an exhaustible natural resource,
however; solar energy guaranties an infinite supply for the coming years.

1.3 Purpose of Study

India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population.
According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects, the population stood at 1,324,171,354.
During 1975–2010 the population doubled to 1.2 billion. The Indian population reached the billion marks
in 1998. India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2024, surpassing the population of
China. This demographic of the visually impaired population is rarely considered or given much
importance in our country when focusing on certain factors, the one we are focusing on is Transportation.
As more countries are moving towards pollution free traffic, Electric Vehicle’s are gaining more popularity
across the globe. This project is an attempt to provide power from solar PV cell to the charging station in
which the vehicle can be charged through the rechargeable battery and also with the help of IOT, the
availability status of the charging station can be monitored frequently at any moment.

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1.4 Scope of the Project

This project is about charging E-vehicle module using the electrical device, availability of maximum
power is viewed by IOT device and also the maximum power generated by the solar is being tracked
using the MPPT controller. Here we will charge multiple vehicles using electric cell.GSM modem is
employed to urge an alert message for any reduction of power occurred within the system. An internet
page is employed to test the provision status of charge, the quantity of power transferred to the charging
module and also the available location for the charging station may be displayed. Electric vehicles can
play a big role for individual mobility under specific mission conditions for the good thing about specific
user groups. Although substantial progress may be expected within the area of embarked energy storage
technologies, existing vehicles already feature ranges suitable to meet well-defined missions, thereby
contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions and other pollutions. One in every of the most problems
with electro-mobility is that they must provide ultra-fast charging of electrical vehicles (UFCEV). This
project aims to look at both direct connectivity to the distribution grid further as new storage technologies
as a method of enabling ultra-fast charging. To demonstrate how the developed solutions are also
implemented a transportable charging station for an average-size vehicle is going to be developed on little
scale, including the interface to a household electricity supply. The project was divided into vehicle and
export power hardware phases and operations engagements to achieve insight in potential field use and
controls preferences.

1.5 Problem Definition

The problem statement is to create a system to charge the e-vehicle and to verify the charging status of the
vehicle using IOT components and an app to display the result and standing. Electric cars are introduced
into the transportation market years ago, but failed because of many reasons which are visiting be taken
into consideration during this design process. There has been rapid increase in levels of oceans because
of faster rate of ice melting in arctic, including fast desertification’s in other parts of the earth’s surface as
a results of continues increase in global climate likewise. Gazing the rapid increase in world population and
further increase in number of circulating cars, it’s found that over 70% of environmental pollution is
caused by cars using traditional source of energy for power. With the temperature change crises
becoming a worldwide issue, the continual awareness created by learning institutions, government bodies
and other stockholders should be intensified and implemented. Nowadays, with the worldwide concern for
greenhouse gases and environmental pollution, electrical vehicles are being developed in quick paces for
both private and commercial purposes.
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1.6 Problem Explanation

These non-renewable fossil fuels have the added disadvantage of releasing large quantities of harmful
sculpture dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particularly acid gas into the environment while burning. Each of
these compounds are directly indicted within the problematic heating phenomenon. In realization of this
work, actual relevant studies are identified regarding the planning, the optimization, the simulation of
solar charging stations for electrical vehicles, different approaches being critically analyzed, but also this
state of the worldwide implementation of these energy generating systems, based upon the green charging
solar station concept for green electrical vehicles.

1.7 Objective of the Study

Optimal scheduling of EVs charging could also be a necessity to counter the increasing burden on grid. If
not exhausted advance, it'll end in imbalance of voltage also as frequency, which ultimately may end in
grid failure and blackout. A typical demand profile for at some point in terms of 15min bidding time
blocks, obtained from Indian Power Exchange (IEX). Which can be a reproduction of the energy demand
in Indian scenario, where the minimum load is observed during the night hours and also during the mid of
the day.

1.8 Existing System

The availability of the placement spaces along with urban conditions in Romania allows positioning of
charging stations supported the Green-to-Green concept proposed by this paper, both in areas with urban
agglomerations, additionally as in rural areas. Additionally, the solar charging stations for electric vehicles
are proposed within the study, through its presence in congested areas with a high power demand, can help
stabilize the operation of the electricity distribution network. Vehicles used for transportation purposes are
the one most source of harmful and injurious gas emissions, because the maximum of those vehicles run on
petroleum fuels. These vehicles are the first source of carbon gas emission. To cut back the impact of this
on the environment, E-vehicles are introduced which run on manual charging through circuit points.

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Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

1.8.1 Limitations

• Power density: Power from a tool is forbidden by the scale of the vehicle and space that is in a
position to be exposed to daylight. This may even be overcome by adding a flatbed and then
connecting it to the automotive and therefore this provides a lot of space for panels for powering
the automotive. whereas energy are aiming to be accumulated in batteries to lower peak demand
on the array and supply operation in overcast conditions, the battery adds weight and value to the
vehicle. The facility limit is aiming to be lessened by use of standard electrical cars provided by
star (or other) power, recharging from the electrical grid.
• Cost: whereas daylight is free, the creation of PV cells to capture that daylight is pricey. Prices
for star panels are steady declining (22% price reduction per doubling of production volume).
• Style considerations: whereas daylight has no lifetime, PV cells do. The life of a star module is
about thirty years. Customary photovoltaic typically embody a warranty of ninetieth (from
nominal power) once ten years and eightieth once twenty five years. Mobile applications are
unlikely to require lifetimes as long as building integrated PV and star parks. Current PV panels
are principally designed for stationary installations. However, to realize success in mobile
applications, PV panels should be designed to resist vibrations. Also, star panels, particularly
those incorporating glass, have vital weight. Therefore as for its addition to be necessary, a
device should give energy love or bigger than the energy consumed to propel its weight.
• Electrical cars will travel less distance: on the everyday have a shorter vary than gas-powered
cars. Most models locomote between sixty and one hundred twenty miles per charge and a few
luxury models reaching ranges of three hundred miles per charge. For comparison, gas
supercharged vehicles can average around three hundred miles on a full tank of gas, and a lot of
fuel economical vehicles obtaining a lot of higher driving ranges. This may be a problem once if
you regularly take long journeys. Convenience of charging stations will build less appropriate for
activities like road journeys.
• Electrical automotives take longer to “refuel”: provision Associate in nursing all-electric car
may be a problem. totally recharging the battery pack with tier one or Level two charger will
take up to eight hours, and even quick charging stations take 30 minutes to charge to eighty p.c
capability. Electrical drivers should set up a lot of rigorously, as a result of running out of power
can’t be solved by a fast stop at the pump.

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Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

1.9 Proposed System

In realization of the current work, actual relevant studies are known concerning the look, the
optimization, the simulation of star charging stations for electrical vehicles, completely different
approaches being critically analyzed, however conjointly the present state of the worldwide
implementation of those energy generating systems, primarily based upon the inexperienced charging
star station idea for inexperienced electrical vehicles. The star PV will generate full power throughout
recently and it's terribly less within the remaining days, the ability demand is managed by each the star
and alternative energy and therefore the balance energy required for charging electrical Vehicle’s is
taken from the grid. The total power generated by the charging station for charging from the star PV
cell modules and therefore the turbine must be calculable. The generated power ought to be managed
the daily power demand. In order that an applied mathematics analysis must be performed for the
typical range of PEVs and electrical Vehicle’s charged per day round the locality of the charging
station. The automatic system is incorporated to manage the charging of electrical Vehicle’s and
discharge the electrical energy through the grid once the load demand of the grid is high.

1.9.1 Advantages

• Electric cars are energy efficient: Energy potency refers to the number of energy from the fuel
supply that's regenerate into actual energy for powering the wheels of a vehicle. Electrical
Vehicle’s are much more economical than standard gas-powered vehicles. Electrical Vehicle
batteries convert fifty nine to sixty two p.c of energy into vehicle movement whereas gas power-
driven vehicles solely convert between seventeen and twenty one p.c. this implies that charging an
electrical Vehicle’s battery puts additional towards truly powering the vehicle than filling up at an
island dispenser.
• Electric cars scales emission: Emission reduction together along with reduced usage of fuel is
another professional for all-electric vehicles. As a result of they have confidence a chargeable
battery, driving an electrical automobile doesn't produce any piping emissions that are a serious
supply of pollution. Additionally, the reversible battery suggests that abundant less cash spent on
fuel, which implies all energy typically may be sourced domestically (and often through
renewable resources like solar battery systems). Up battery technology in today's light electrical
Vehicle’s suggests that they will drive a hundred miles whereas intense solely twenty five to forty
kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. Forward that your electric automobile will travel 3 miles per

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Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

KWh, the electrical vehicle will travel concerning forty three miles for $1.00. By comparison, if
we tend to assume that gas prices $2.50 per gallon, a mean gasoline vehicle with a fuel potency of
twenty-two miles per gallon can solely be able to travel ten miles for the same price. The space
traveled for a fuel price of $1.00 is almost fourfold as so much with an electrical vehicle.
• Electric cars are high performance and low maintenance: All-electric vehicles are high
performance vehicles whose motors aren't solely quiet and swish however needs less maintenance
than combustion engines. The driving expertise may also be fun as a result of electrical Vehicle’s
motors react quickly, creating them responsive with smart torsion. Electrical Vehicle’s are overall
newer than their gas power-driven counterparts and are typically additional digitally connected
with charging stations providing the choice to manage charging from an app.

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Case Study - 1: Optimization of Solar Energy System for the Electric Vehicle
By Mr. Chowdhury Akram Hossain, Nusrat Chowdhury, Wahiba Yaici,
Michela Longo.

Abstract
The consolidation of sustainable power source and the transportation framework can be
fundamentally useful for the economy and condition of Bangladesh. The primary energy hotspot
for vehicles in Bangladesh are the nation’s gaseous petrol and fuel. However, because of the
quick exhaustion of the gas hold, taking off gas costs and a worldwide temperature alteration,
nearby the ecological contamination brought about by consuming fuel, this raises worries about
these energy sources. Sustainable power source offers a conceivable answer of these issues. This
present paper’s goal is to concentrate on the most extreme uses of a sunlight based photovoltaic
(PV) framework in electrical vehicles and to limit the ecological effect as far as CO2 emission.
This framework might be incompletely used to control up the electric vehicle with a charging
facility and contribute abundance capacity of the national mix. The demonstrating, with its ideal
examination of the green transportation framework, is mimicked utilizing the Hybrid
Optimization of Multiple Energy Renewable (HOMER) programming. The energy created by the
PV framework can give up to 13,792 kWh/year. Roughly 21% of the all out creation can be
utilized in the charging station for charging the electrical vehicles and the remainder of the energy
can add to the national lattice. Besides, utilizing the proposed idea of green vehicle will at last
decrease ozone harming substance discharges by 52,944 k/year.
Keywords: sustainable power source; sunlight based photovoltaic; electric vehicles; green
transportation; circulated energy; HOMER.

1. Introduction
Transportation assumes a crucial job in each general public. It encourages the development of a
way of life and empowers the conveyance of products and ventures that advance the improvement
of society. Inside worldwide endeavors to expand the supportability of improvement designs,
certain methodologies for expanding transportation's manageability have been enunciated. These

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incorporate vehicle innovation enhancements and clean powers. Along these lines, the
transportation framework has a critical significance for the decent improvement of financial and
social frameworks of a nation. One of the serious issues of the worldwide vehicle framework is a
high reliance on petroleum derivatives including oil and gas. 33% of the all out conclusive vitality
utilization is a consequence of the vehicle segment, including traveler and cargo ventures, in light
of non-renewable energy sources.
Specifically, oil is the primary vitality supplier in the vehicle vitality. As per a report, 94%
of the complete vitality interest for transport is given by oil, 3% by gaseous petrol and different
powers, 2% by biofuels, and 1% by power. These non-inexhaustible non-renewable energy
sources have the additional drawback of discharging enormous amounts of hurtful sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and particularly carbon dioxide into the earth while copying. Every one of these
mixes are legitimately arraigned in the dangerous an unnatural weather change wonder. These
outflow issues are the central inspiration for the expanding consideration regarding the charge of
portability. As of late, there have been noteworthy undertakings to analyze the impacts and ways
to deal with diminishing on-street traffic toxin emanations and the resultant outcomes of these
discharges on air quality. As of now, the key objectives of these techniques are either (a)
lessening the outflows per vehicle by executing lower-dirtying powers and innovations, for
example, utilization of inexhaustible fills or biofuels, petroleum gas vehicles, energy unit
vehicles, or (b) embracing versatility the executives systems to diminish the most extreme speed
of course.
The joining of sustainable power source and the transportation framework can be
fundamentally valuable for the economy and condition of Bangladesh. The primary vitality
hotspot for vehicles in Bangladesh is the nation's gaseous petrol and fuel. In any case, because of
the fast consumption of the gas hold, taking off gas costs and a dangerous atmospheric deviation,
close by the natural contamination brought about by consuming fuel, this raises worries about
these vitality sources. Sustainable power source offers a conceivable answer for these issues.
2. Literature Survey

The paper gives a depiction about the transportation framework in Bangladesh utilizing
sustainable power source. Bangladesh has introduced 13,555 MW to satisfy the need of power
where the per capita vitality utilization is just 308 kWh. Besides, this power is produced utilizing
national assets like gaseous petrol and coal where around 1890 MW of the force couldn't be
created from the open force plants because of a lack of gas as fuel and others. Then again, fuel
consuming in vitality age is answerable for a dangerous atmospheric devation and natural
contamination. As of late in Dhaka City, the fuel utilized by each vehicle and transport is 0.4
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metric ton per capital. Hence, it is significant for the current transportation framework to progress
into an economical framework. Consequently, to improve this circumstance, Renewable Energy
Technologies (RETs) ought to be utilized to control up the electric vehicle can be viewed as one
answer for diminish carbon outflows and high fuel utilization. The 1 kWh of power produced by
sunlight based photovoltaic (PV) lessens roughly 660 tons of CO2 emanations every year.
The paper presents a reusable framework for people in general with the assistance of the
sustainable power source for their transportation offices. The isolation in Bangladesh fluctuates
from 4 kWh/m2/day to 4.5 kWh/m2/day at a normal of 4.25 kWh/m2/day. Thus, this can be
utilized to control up the electric vehicle for use as day by day transport in Dhaka city as Green
vehicle or Smart versatility is another idea. In this way, inexhaustible types of vitality discharge
far littler measures of ozone harming substances contrasted and petroleum products and builds
vitality protection.
The paper centers around the decrease of the petroleum products which are on an appeal.
Economical Transportation Infrastructure (STI) is growing quickly all through the world. To
decrease the developing interest for petroleum derivatives and to wipe out ecological
contamination and clamor outflow, eco-accommodating transportation frameworks or Green
transportation frameworks are getting progressively well known. Their near bit of leeway is clear
effectiveness: though the fuel motor has a productivity of 25−28%, and a diesel up to 40%, an
acceptance electric engine in rotating flow has a proficiency of 90%. Similarly helpful is that it
doesn't discharge exhaust vapor or poison outflows and it creates zero contamination whenever
provided with vitality from sustainable sources. Besides, sustainable power sources like sun
oriented, photovoltaic, and wind vitality frameworks have been transcendently used to gracefully
vitality in a few countries. Sustainable power sources are generally abused as circulated ages in
ordinary force conveyance systems and new shrewd networks since they ordinarily produce little
scope power on the areas that are close by to the clients.
The paper portrays a creative technique for lessening the utilization of petroleum products
for the transportation reason. The objective of this work is to offer an elective utilization of RETs
to give another vehicle framework, which can lessen the working cost and limit the CO2
outflows. The displaying with its ideal investigation is reenacted utilizing HOMER programming.
We have picked HOMER as our reenactment apparatus since it is a streamlining instrument
where animal power method is applied. This is a general critical thinking strategy that comprises
of methodically specifying every single imaginable mix for the arrangement and checking
whether every blend fulfills the difficult the announcement.
The paper is organized as such: Section 1, gives a portrayal of a sun oriented photovoltaic

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framework introduced in Dhaka. Segment 2 presents the idea of electric transports with an
association and administrations for the Campus.

1. Existing Solar PV System Installed in Dhaka University Campus

The Institute of Energy in the University of Dhaka (DU) is situated close Curzon lobby. It
has a gigantic territory secured with structures, however one side of the neighboring zone is
outfitted with a 9.9 kW sun based Photovoltaic System with a limit of 10 kW, dynamic since
January 2014. The electric attributes of PV modules are named under the term of STC (Standard
Test Conditions), which are sun oriented light of 1000 W/m2 , sun based range AM 1.5 and
temperature of 25 ◦C. The PV frameworks is situated in the University.
The month to month sun based radiation information for the Dhaka college grounds
territory (scope of 23◦430 North and longitude of 90◦250 East) are gathered from HOMER by
means of a NASA satellite. The Global Horizontal Radiation (GHR) bend for a year is
introduced. The scaled yearly normal radiation for Bangladesh is equivalent to 4.59 kWh/m2/day.
2. Proposed Electric Busses for the University According to the Bangladesh
Street Transport Authority (BRTA), in excess of fifty thousand Electric Vehicles (EVs)
are accessible in every one of Bangladesh's significant urban communities. The EVs incorporate
battery-worked Auto rickshaw, electrically mechanized rickshaw, electric bikes, and electric
bikes. While no electrical transports are right now accessible in Bangladesh, a battery worked
electrical transport for the understudies of the Dhaka University is proposed. A charging station
for this electric transport will be structured with a 9.9 kW sun oriented Photovoltaic System close
to the University, depicted in the past area. This transport will be helpful to get and drop-off for
understudies at various areas all through Dhaka city. Because of the inaccessibility, this sort of
transport can either be imported, built, or manufactured from the nearby market.
In this circumstance, the underlying expense could be higher over the long haul; be that as
it may, it is exceptionally gainful for the nation. It is a transport with 14 seats. It has a driving
limit of 100 km. Battery limit has a scope of 8.64 kWh, while its greatest speed is 40 km/h and
the vitality utilization is 0.086 kWh/km.
In this paper, two courses have been chosen. The primary course is from Dhaka
University grounds to Uttara and is roughly 21.4 km. The subsequent course is from Dhaka
University grounds to Jatra Bari. It has been viewed as that the transport must run four excursions
for every day and each outing must cover 42.7 km, so the absolute number of month to month
excursions will be 100. Transports spread then 51,240 km/year and need to charge their battery
510 times each year. In this way, yearly vitality utilization every year will be 4406.64 kWh.
The HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) beta 2.68 rendition is
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a mainstream recreation apparatus utilized for structuring small scale frameworks that consolidate
customarily created and sustainable force, stockpiling, and burden the board with least per unit
vitality creation cost. It is solid for smaller scale matrix structure improvement and attainability
for varieties in innovation costs, electric burden, and vitality asset availability. To decide the PV
size, diverse board blends are embedded in the HOMER programming alongside different
parameters to enhance the framework's exhibition. 20 years lifetime for the PV has been thought
of and no following framework has been utilized. The establishment cost of PV exhibits is
$0.0/WP on the grounds that effectively 9.9 kW PV frameworks have been introduced at the
Dhaka University premises. Besides, to energize the full battery of one transport, 2.2 kW is
required day by day taking into account use during top hours 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. In this way, two
transports would require 4 kW for each day, which can without much of a stretch be provided
from the introduced PV framework. Establishment, substitution, and working and support (O&M)
costs for 1 kW PV are taken as $0, $1050 and $2/year individually.

3. Barriers
There are a larger number of challenges than visualized should be made plans to
acknowledge energetic EV improvement and supplant a striking fragment of fuel vehicles.
Numerous boundaries to such an epochal progress into EVs are clarified in ongoing writing,
including the hesitance of existing oil firms and dubious customer perspectives. The presentation
and infiltration of EVs is stood up to by a few boundaries, for example, youthfulness of
innovation, divided framework, fragmented principles and guidelines, and incredulity of
purchasers towards a rising innovation. On the off chance that the appropriations gave by the
administration don't remunerate the negative parts of EVs' presentation, they can't be appealing
and cause satisfactory. Absence of charging framework and generally high vehicle costs make
difficulties to EVs and influence government bolster arrangements.
To summarize, these challenges are primarily secured by four things:
It is hard to decrease the expense of EVs, on the grounds that the ecological advantages are
not dire, direct, or simple to be measured. Therefore, EVs can't show evident points of interest;
their improvement needs adequate driving force; and it is hard to settle on choices in regards to
EV advancement.
There are various reasonable charging models, working models and plans of action, which
cause trouble in choosing an improvement way.
A sizeable and precise exhibition venture doesn't exist yet. Along these lines, there are no
major information to adequately portray real circumstances, with the goal that it isn't yet
conceivable to check EV studies and examinations.
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The working and industry chain is exceptionally long. There are numerous members with
muddled connections, and the coordination among them is exceptionally troublesome.
By and large, there are two key obstructions that are basic for the advancement of EV
improvement. Regarding efficiency or innovation, the key boundary is the exploration and large
scale manufacturing of intensity batteries that can offer high vitality thickness, power thickness
and security. Various specialists have directed broad investigations on this subject.

4. Conclusion

The paper proposed is a finished new use for the current introduced sun powered PV
boards at the chose area, which will advance the employments of the introduced framework. As
the flow framework is just being utilized to gracefully vitality to the network, we have played out
an investigation that demonstrated that the productivity of the created vitality can be upgraded by
presenting an electric vehicle charging framework. Our examination has demonstrated that the
general expense of vitality will be diminished surprisingly as the framework is now incorporated
with the college grounds so the general zero establishment cost is expected to run the framework.
The vitality created by the sun based photovoltaic framework introduced in the Institute of
Energy of Dhaka University can give up to 13,792 kWh/year, which can be used in a charging
station (2861 kWh/year) for two electrical transports and can be imported or developed from the
neighborhood advertise. Roughly 21% of the all out creation can be utilized in the charging
station for charging the electrical vehicles and the remainder of the vitality can add to the national
network (around 9837 kWh/year). The amplification of the vitality stream from the PV
framework to the electric vehicle requires very long and low force charges that permit misusing
the hours when the creation of the photovoltaic safe house is high. In any case, a smart thought
could be to utilize a vitality stockpiling framework. Also, utilizing this new idea of green
transportation will at last diminish the ozone depleting substance discharges by 52,944 kg/year.
Along these lines, ecological contamination will diminish fundamentally. In general, green
transportation will be very useful for the economy of the nation as it will diminish complete
burden pressure on the power framework organize and for nature as it will decrease the CO2
emissions which is noticeable in the air which is very harmful and dangerous.

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Case Study - 2: Design and Simulation of Romanian Solar Energy Charging

Station for Electric Vehicles
By Mrs. Raluca-Andreea Felseghi, Gheorghe Badea, Constantin Filote,
Mihai Varlam, Mariana IIiescu, Mihai Culcer, Maria Simona
Raboaca

Abstract
Since mid 2010, petroleum utilization in the vehicle segment has expanded at a higher rate
than in different parts. The vehicle segment creates 35% of the complete CO2 discharges. In this
unique situation, techniques have been embraced to utilize clean vitality, with electromobility
being the fundamental order. This paper analyzes the chance of accusing electric vehicle batteries
of clean vitality utilizing sun based autochthonous sustainable assets. A separated framework was
planned, dimensioned, and recreated in activity for a charging station for electric vehicles with
photovoltaic boards and batteries as their fundamental segments. The ideal arrangement of the
photovoltaic framework was finished with improved Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms
(iHOGA) programming version 2.4 and we mimicked its activity. The photovoltaic framework
must be intended to guarantee that the charging station consistently has enough power to flexibly
a few electric vehicles all through every one of the 24 h of the day. The primary outcomes were
identified with the vitality, ecological, and monetary execution accomplished by the framework
during one year of activity.

Keywords: charging station; electric vehicle; photovoltaic framework; Romania; sun based
illumination.

1. Introduction

Under the Paris Agreement, governments have focused on the progress from petroleum
derivatives to cleaner vitality sources. Romania's primary commitments under the Paris
Agreement are to decrease ozone depleting substance outflows by 43% by 2030 contrasted with
2005, and to take an interest in the European Union's endeavors to diminish ozone depleting
substance discharges by 30% by 2030. The Paris Agreement's signatory nations settled upon the
drawn out objective to restrict worldwide temperature increment to beneath 2 ◦C contrasted with
pre-modern occasions and to proceed with endeavors to confine the development to 1.5 ◦C to

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lessen the dangers and effects of environmental change. The new strategy in Roman has clean
vitality as its key goal, in accordance with European Commission (EC) Directives
2016/November 30, 2016 ("Clean Energy for All"), and electromobility as a need bearing. The
methodology evaluates that in spite of the fact that the all out separation went via vehicles in
Romania will increment by about 35% by 2030, CO2 discharges will remain consistent.
Utilization is estimate to increment by 6% by 2030 because of the vitality effectiveness of new
ages of motors.
The electric engine is described by high productivity and an absence of outflows, coming
about because of the absence of ignition powers. The fundamental issue with the electric vehicle
is the trouble in putting away power. From a manageability perspective, there is likewise the issue
of discharges identified with petroleum derivative force age. In time, electric vehicles are relied
upon to assume a focal job as battery effectiveness increments alongside the creation of a lot of
clean power. One of the issues with electric vehicles that worries potential clients is the absence
of a charging station framework or, in increasingly created nations, the constrained size of this
foundation. Individuals may not accepting electric vehicles not just in light of the fact that they
are costly or have constrained self-sufficiency, but since "outlets are not all over the place".
A significant issue looked by electric vehicle creation organizations and governments is
identified with fears in regards to the limit of electric force appropriation systems and how to
address the fast approaching insurgency in electro mobility. The genuine electric force
transportation arrange in Romania was built up during the 1980s so as to guarantee a most
extreme intensity of 12,000 MW on the national level every day, in view of the mechanical
energy. Notwithstanding, the national limit in Romania has been seriously decreased, with the
goal that the national utilization shifts somewhere in the range of 6000 and 8000 MW. From a
certain point of view, the national system has a force hold of half from the underlying structure,
which is sufficient to deal with charging, even in the quick charging mode, of two or three
thousand electrical vehicles in the following barely any years, without the system being a hazard
for the time being. The creation and conveyance of electric force will be tried by numerous
shoppers in the following scarcely any years. After 2020, the quantity of vehicles with huge and
additional huge batteries will build generously, and afterward electric force conveyance will be an
issue. Exceptional consideration is being paid to the decongestive bunches in the limit of system
dissemination in each zone, and particularly huge urban areas, where countless electrical vehicles
are relied upon to be thought alongside charging stations.

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2. Implementation

All together for this contextual investigation to be effective, it is important to characterize

the info information, with respect to the vitality request of the charging station for electric
vehicles, the autochthon accessibility of sunlight based assets, the qualities of the vitality
transformation framework, and the photovoltaic framework's setup, specialized, ecological, and
money related attributes of the fundamental segments. It was additionally important to portray the
numerical and computational components with respect to the plan and reenactment of Romanian
sun based vitality charging stations for electric vehicles.

1. Electrical Load
The vitality request of the charging station for electric vehicles that were considered in this
examination had a normal every day load estimation of 8.63 kWh/day, an immediate flow (DC)
greatest hourly dynamic force heap of 360 W, and a DC most extreme fifty-fifty hour interims of
415 W. A consistent burden profile was fixed to build up the greatest framework limit, which was
equivalent to the most extreme vitality request that the photovoltaic charging station for electric
vehicles could cover during the charging time.
2. Solar Energy Resources
Sunlight based vitality is the most significant sustainable power source asset, being
practically a limitless wellspring of vitality. The potential for sun powered vitality in Romania is
generally significant, as it is the second sunniest territory in Europe. Consequently, for Romania,
it is conceivable to characterize five bright zones from the Coast zone, Dobrogea, and in most
southern regions, to at least 1100–1200 kWh/m2/year in rocky zones and in the north of the
nation. In many areas of the nation, the yearly sunlight based vitality surpasses 1250–1350
kWh/m2/year. Because of topographical area and climatic conditions, the capability of sun based
vitality was described by day by day normal light.
3. Solar Energy System Configuration
The framework that continues with vitality, the charging station for electric vehicles is
given in this module. During the day, the power is provided straightforwardly from the sun
powered vitality assets to the electrical vehicle by the DC transport. The vitality created by
photovoltaic boards is dashed into the batteries when the creation from sunlight based vitality is
more prominent than the heap, and is released from the batteries when the creation is lower than
the interest of the EV charging station. Also, it has been prescribed to put a DC/rotating flow
(AC) inverter in the framework, so if abundance power is produced, it very well may be utilized

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in different kinds of uses.
4. Analytical Description
The force created by the photovoltaic boards was determined utilizing Equation (1):

Where PPV is power created by the PV (kWp), Gi is the hourly sun based light (kW/m2 ), ISC is
the short out current (A), Fp is the factor of misfortune remuneration by influence because of
concealing, and UDC is the DC voltage produced by the PV (V).
The surface size of the photovoltaic boards was determined by the producer's standard
measurements, indicated in Table 1 with Equation (2):

where APV_total is the size of the PV generator (m2 ), NPV is the quantity of PV modules
expected to acquire the vitality guaranteeing full burden inclusion during the most noticeably
terrible month, and APV is the standard size of the PV unit (m2 ).

The limit of the sunlight based vitality framework stockpiling battery pack was resolved
dependent on the most extreme burden request, determined with Equation (3) as follows:

where CB is the limit of the capacity battery pack (Ah), T is the hour of self-governance required
(days), Lmax is the most extreme burden request (kWh), Ndays is the quantity of days in the most
noticeably terrible month, and Vs is the transport ostensible voltage (V).
The cycled vitality all through the battery's lifetime is communicated as:

where DODi is the profundity of release (%), Cyclesi is the quantity of life cycles to
disappointment, Cn is the ostensible limit (Ah), and Vn is the ostensible voltage (V).
The quantity of identical cycles is determined as:

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where:

The terms in Equations (5) and (6) have comparable implications as in past reports.
5. Virtual Simulation Condition
The streamlining procedure had predominantly two significant parts: Choosing the ideal
segments of the vitality framework and enhancement with recreation in activity of the vitality
framework (which was finished utilizing the product apparatus). Computational reproductions
were directed with iHOGA programming rendition 2.4, which utilized the information introduced
in the past segments and provided data in regards to the vitality, natural, and monetary execution
of the sunlight based vitality framework during one year of activity and money related execution
for a 25-year lifetime. iHOGA version 2.4 is a PC instrument for the ideal dimensioning of half
and half establishments, including sunlight based, wind, and water driven sustainable power
sources, along with emotionally supportive networks, in light of capacity (batteries), back-up
generators (AC generators), and energy components (joined with electrolyser and hydrogen
tanks). To accomplish this, the product utilizes hereditary calculations that acquire the ideal blend
of segments and control procedures.

3. Architecture and Modules

The framework that continues with vitality, the charging station for electric vehicles is
given in this module. During the day, the power is provided legitimately from the sun oriented
vitality assets to the electrical vehicle by the DC transport. The vitality created by photovoltaic
boards is dashed into the batteries when the creation from sun powered vitality is more prominent
than the heap, and is released from the batteries when the creation is lower than the interest of the
EV charging station. Also, it has been prescribed to put a DC/rotating flow (AC) inverter in the
framework, so if overabundance power is created, it tends to be utilized in different sorts of
utilizations.

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Figure 1. Schematic chart of the sun powered vitality framework.

The primary parts of the framework were as per the following:

1. Photovoltaic boards (PV) were as per the information introduced in Table 1. The misfortune
factor was characterized as the expansion in influence required for the PV generator to make up
for any misfortune from shadows, direction, earth in boards, and so forth. For the most part, the
worth ranges somewhere in the range of 1.1 and 1.3. For this examination, the misfortune factor
chose was 1.2 and the PV incline was 60◦.

2. The batteries are lead-corrosive sort, and the info information utilized for the investigation are
introduced in Table 2. The information were accommodated every battery for the quantity of life
cycles to disappointment (Ciclesi ) for every profundity of release (DODi %), which are shown in
red. The reenactment programming utilized in this study determined the cycled vitality all
through the battery lifetime for every DOD. This worth is shown in dim.

3. The inverter chose for the nearby planetary group activity was a 900 VA inverter. Its
fundamental qualities are appeared in Table 3. The normal force was 40% of the appraised
intensity of the chose inverter and the normal proficiency considered was 88.9%.

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Table 1. Characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) panels.

Table 2. Battery characteristics.

Table 3. Inverter characteristics.

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In light of information, numerical conditions, and the computational reproductions

introduced in the past areas, the ideal design of the sunlight based vitality framework was built
up. Photovoltaic boards, which are the essential gear required for sustainable power source
change with an ostensible intensity of 280 Wp, were set up with two in arrangement x 14 in
equal, bringing about an absolute introduced intensity of 7.84 kWp. The absolute establishment
surface of the photovoltaic boards was 45.65 m2 .

4. Conclusion

The chance of utilizing sun based vitality assets to give vitality backing to an EV charging
station, as a beginning stage to exhibit the handiness of the innovation introduced in versatile
applications (electro mobility), both for territories with an association with the open power
gracefully arrange, just as for separated zones without an association with the power circulation
organize. The reenactments were led utilizing iHOGA 2.4. Programming (improved mixture
streamlining by utilizing hereditary calculations) for the recreation and advancement of
independent electric force age frameworks dependent on sustainable power sources. The nearby
planetary group of the EV charging station introduced in this paper can work in a segregated
mode utilizing 100% sustainable power source. The absolute surface involved by the introduced
sun based boards was 45.65 m2 . A recreation was performed, taking into account that few
vehicles are charged sequentially utilizing the photovoltaic station at its full limit with respect to
the entire day. The photovoltaic boards created a sum of 5789 kWh/year, and 55.47% of the
vitality was utilized for charging the station and 44.53% was the abundance vitality and the loss
of the vitality framework. The most favorable month for yield power was August, with a month to
month normal force estimation of 843 W and the most noticeably terrible month for yield power
was December, with a month to month normal force estimation of 416 W. The remainder of the
months had a middle normal force estimation of 657 W.

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Case Study - 3: Solar and Wind Energy Based Charging Station for Electric
Vehicles
By Mr. C. Chellaswamy, V. Nagaraju, R. Muthammal

Abstract

This paper depicts the sun powered and wind vitality based charging instrument
(SWCM) to supply the force for charging the battery packs of electrical vehicles (EVs). The
sustainable charging station comprises of both the sun powered photovoltaic (PV) modules and
a breeze generator. The SWCM gigantically diminish the prerequisite of petroleum products to
form power which brings about enormously decreased CO2 and CO related outflows. The
inexhaustible sources, as an example, wind and sun based has been displayed utilizing single
diode model and an explanatory demonstrating has been accomplished for wind vitality age.
The recreation model has been created in MATLAB-Simulink for the proposed SWCM. The I-
V and PV qualities of the daylight based board are concentrated under different irradiance
levels and various parameters of turbine has been concentrated under two diverse stacking (1
kW and three kW) conditions. There are two unidirectional direct flow (DC) to DC converters
are related to the PV modules and therefore the breeze turbine and 6 bidirectional DC-DC
converters are related to ten charging focuses which supplies charging to the electrical vehicle.
To regulate the heap request, the proposed framework is related to the lattice through a 3 stage
bidirectional DC-AC (rotating current) inverter. The got outcomes show that the proposed
inexhaustible charging component is affordable for EV charging therefore making
contamination free condition.
Keywords: Electrical Vehicles, Generator, Recharging Mechanism, solar power, Wind Energy.

1. Introduction

Since electric vehicles have been used during the 1990s, their scattering into the vehicle
advertise has not been sufficient as a result of the explanation that it is less financially savvy and
these vehicles need to energize once in 60 to 70 km drive. The crossover vehicles assume a
significant job in the current market and it acquires their vitality from the ignition motor.
Notwithstanding, so as to reduce the usage of gas, the module electric vehicles (PHEVs) went
into the market and it takes the vitality from the lattice for driving. To build the life of capacity
framework, cost decrease, and the adaptable network availability, the PHEVs are still under

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research.
These days, the recreation center stations, side of the road units, and the standard home
outlets are utilized to charge the battery packs of EVs. The capacity framework present in the EV
takes a drawn out period for reviving the battery packs and it will fluctuate contingent on the
limit. Another charging technique is presented by Chellaswamy et al. for energizing the EVs. The
control framework present in this component naturally charges the battery packs without the
commitment of the driver. The presentation examination has been done and the outcome is
contrasted and different EVs. The module EVs are utilized to lessen the green house gas
outflows. The high-recurrence air conditioning dc converter is utilized to charge the footing
battery packs and an electromagnetic impedance (EMI) channel is associated with the high-
recurrence transformer to smother the EMI clamor. A high testing rate camera with a sensor is
utilized to appraise the slip edge estimation of EV. The exhibition of this model based estimator
has been concentrated by Yafei et al. with the assistance of multi-rate Kalman separating. A
straight writing computer programs is utilized to evaluate the working cost, ideal planning, and
CO2 outflow of a half breed EV under European guideline. This system likewise controls the
power utilization of EVs. A control calculation has been created to similarly keep up the
condition of charge (SOC) of all the NiMH battery packs which are available in the EVs. The
SOC variety for various temperature and the level of progress has been concentrated by Man et
al. To confine the pace of charge and the cost a keen calculation has been created and the
presentation is concentrated by Mosaddek et al. An exploratory arrangement has been actualized
and jolting the module EVs by parking structure standard outlet. A relative investigation has been
performed for SOC under various temperature conditions.
Mixture sustainable power source (RE) based force age become well known as a result of
uneasiness over the environment. To dispose of the transmission misfortune and network
availability issues, RE based influence age is completed. The breeze power age framework has a
less hurtful effect contrasted with petroleum derivatives. The breeze vitality potential and power
age for energizing the capacity framework present in the EV. The most extreme force following
and control framework has been presented for expanding the measure of intensity age of the
breeze turbine. The conceivable outcomes of giving power through a sustainable cross breed
vitality framework to a remotely found network, Bekele and Palm and an inexhaustible hotspot
for energizing the EV is examined by Chellaswamy and Ramesh. The half and half vitality
framework is a superior option for contamination free climate. This kind of vitality framework is
actualized in an area Hurghada in Egypt for turn around assimilation desalination is done by
Fahmy et al.

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2. Implementation

The sustainable accusing station is built of the sun oriented PV module of 10m×20m of
SPM050-P and a vertical pivot wind turbine (WKV-10000) with the evaluated breeze speed of 12
m/h. The meteorological forecast has been broke down throughout the previous five years (2012-
2017) and the extricated factual information shows that there are 276 bright days are accessible
during the year. The sunlight based PV can produce full power during nowadays and it is
exceptionally less in the rest of the days, the force prerequisite can be overseen by both the sun
based and wind power and the parity vitality required for charging EVs can be taken from the
network. The complete force created by the charging station from the sun oriented PV modules
and the breeze turbine must be evaluated. The produced force ought to be dealt with the everyday
power request. With the goal that a measurable investigation must be performed for the normal
number of PEVs and EVs charged every day around the region of the charging station. The
quantity of EVs charging step by step every day. The proposed SWCM comprises of a breeze
vitality change framework, PV exhibit, most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller,
unidirectional DC/DC converters for PV cluster, DC-AC inverter associated with network, and
bidirectional DC-DC converter for giving charging to EVs. In this examination, the charging
station is built so that it can deal with 10 EVs charging focuses.
As sunlight based PV cluster assumes an imperative job in a task, the model with LDR
sensor to follow the situation for producing power from the source which helps the ceaseless
progression of vitality. What's more, will charge the sunlight based cell and spare charging in
battery after that we can utilize charging for vehicles. The whole yield from the cell and it should
unprejudiced yield when it surpasses the normal outcome so as to evade a hysteresis misfortune.
At first, DC-DC converter acknowledges the DC input voltage and furthermore gives yield as DC
voltage in next level whether lower or higher relies upon the prerequisite with the end goal that
converter yield voltage coordinates the force gracefully required to the module.
Voltage sensor will check the voltages of originating from the battery. On the off chance
that a voltage is out of range, at that point send the message utilizing GSM module. What's more,
we will print on LCD show and transferring information on cloud utilizing thing talk.
1. Solar PV Panels: A photovoltaic (PV) board bridles the sun oriented radiation into electrical
vitality to be provided to the electric vehicle batteries. In quick EV charging stations, huge exhibit
(~300) of electrically associated sun based boards would be introduced to create the necessary
capacity to charge electric vehicles in a day.
The angle of sun powered board is one of the critical factors in choosing the yield effectiveness of

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these boards. Different elements being the scope, longitude and climate conditions.
The sun oriented boards are appended to moveable, engine controlled sun powered trackers. In
light of the contributions from the microcontrollers, these engine run trackers move the sun
oriented boards pivot to get most extreme daylight any given time in a day.
2. Microcontrollers: The microcontrollers, (for example, Texas Instrument C2000, NXP
P89V51RD2) utilized in a run of the mill sun powered PV charging framework have the
obligation of :
Guaranteeing greatest productivity of sun powered force age through the MPPT controllers.
Putting away the additional vitality created from the sun based PV boards into capacity battery
cells which. Moreover, the microcontrollers are customized to control the engine utilizing a Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) strategy to adjust the boards for most extreme force age.
3. Motor to control Solar Panel Axis Rotation: A bi-directional engine is utilized to control
the sun based trackers with the goal that the boards are tilted at an edge where they get the most
extreme daylight at some random time in a day. The constant data about greatest sun based
radiation is acquired through the Solar Position Algorithm.
The Solar Position Algorithm figures the sun's position dependent on the azimuthal and height
esteems, in light of the time, date and area of Earth. This data is utilized by the focal
microcontrollers to control the engines to turn the boards at explicit points at which they would
get the most extreme sunlight based radiation.
4. DC-DC converter with MPPT: An electronic DC-DC converter helps in changing over the
high force created from sunlight based boards to required EV battery voltage. These DC-DC
converters utilize Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to help the PV boards to work at the
greatest force.
Most extreme Power from sun based radiations is intrinsically non-uniform in nature and changes
with temperature and time in a specific day. The DC-DC converter offers an interfacing between
the photovoltaic board and the heap to accomplish most extreme force move without misfortune.
The MPPT controller is associated with the yield of the sun oriented PV board.
In a normal photovoltaic producing frameworks, for example, the sunlight based EV charging
framework, a MPPT can be empowered (inside the microcontroller) through :
Programming usage as a component of the firmware, or
As a major aspect of equipment usage through System – On-Chip ( SOC) with confirmed ICs, for
example, TI C2000.
The MPPT controller takes in higher voltage DC yield from boards, and assesses the most
ideal estimation of intensity from the board to charge the battery and changes over the force into
enhanced voltage levels to get greatest Ampere esteems.
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5. Correspondence Interface between the EV battery frameworks and charging framework:
The battery checking framework (BMS) of the electrical vehicle ought to speak with the sun
based fueled charging framework to guarantee an ideal charging come what may. Frequently the
accusing gadgets impart of the BMS of the electric vehicle either through a CAN BUS or Power
Line correspondence. During this handshaking, following data is traded between the two
frameworks:
Most extreme limit of the vehicle battery Rate at which current is moved temperature and
different parameters identified with the EV batteries.
6. Interface: Most EV accusing stations happen to a Human-machine Interface to show different
parameters including sun powered vitality catch, the vitality devoured by the EV battery while it
is being charged. The quantity of show choices on the HMI may change with the maker, to
improve the client experience.
7. EV Battery charging gear: The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) determines 3
degrees of charging measures for electric vehicle charging hardware: Level 1, Level2 and Level
3-where the 'levels' demonstrate the charging power.
Level I Charging: A level 1 charging hardware utilizes standard family unit electrical plug with
120 V circuit. Completely charging an EV utilizing a L1 Charger can take 8 to 12 hours or
considerably more, contingent upon the EV battery type. A Level 1 charging is best done at home
for the time being, the point at which the vehicle use is the least.
Level II Charging: A level II charging depicts a 240 volt AC charging and is ordinarily utilized
for day by day drive. A LII Charger can completely charge an EV in 4 - 6 hours, contingent upon
the EV battery type. The LII charging hardware can be found in broad daylight spaces, private
settings, and business territories to encourage simple EV charging.
Level III-DC Fast Charging: A level III charging gear charges an EV through a high-voltage
DC chargers (480 V attachment) and supports energizing to 500 volts. In a quick charging mode,
a L3 charger can gracefully an EV with 80% of charge in only twenty to thirty minutes.
At this stage, we are seeing the beginning of far reaching establishments of Solar Powered
Charging Stations across different urban areas of the world. Purposes behind this development in
numbers are many. Let us take a gander at a portion of the substantial advantages:
About 80% of a sun based board module can be reused utilizing propelled end-of-life reusing
procedures. The final results of this reusing can be utilized for increasingly gainful procedures.
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has seen that different materials
recuperated from sun based board reusing could be $450 million before the finish of 2030.

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3. Architecture and Modules

Figure 2. Architecture of a charging station for charging EVs using solar and wind energy.

As a sunlight based PV exhibit assumes an essential job in an undertaking, the model

basically utilizes lights with LDR sensor to follow the situation for producing power from the
source which helps the constant progression of vitality. Since the tilting edge of the sun changes
from 0 o to 180o, two sensors ought to be worked for either course i.e., one in the left and other
morally justified. At that point, the gathered electric source from the PV cell is moved to the
converter along with the buck controller which settles the force.

The whole DC-DC converter arrangement keeps up the unwavering quality of yield from
the phone and it should unprejudiced yield when it surpasses the normal outcome so as to
maintain a strategic distance from a hysteresis misfortune. At first, DC-DC converter
acknowledges the DC input voltage and furthermore give s yield as DC voltage in next level
whether lower or higher relies upon the prerequisite to such an extent that converter yield voltage

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coordinates the force gracefully required to the module.

The controlled steady voltage is conveyed to a simple contribution of Arduino to maintain

a strategic distance from the multifaceted nature of the activity. The meter should assist with
checking the steady voltage. Arduino UNO R3 is a microcontroller board with 20 advanced info
and six can be utilized as a simple information. Program for following, conveying and showing
the necessary force yield flexibly can be stacked on it as follows from the simple to-utilize
Arduino PC program. In IOT we will transfer the voltage information on thingspeak.

The breeze vitality transformation framework and the sun based modules have been
associated through the two indistinguishable DC-DC converters to the DC transport, and the PV
exhibit is persistently screen and track by the controller and the DC-interface voltage is taken as a
kind of perspective for the controller. The execution of the proposed charging instrument for EVs
The mixture sustainable sources, for example, the breeze and sun powered vitality age component
are utilized to produce electrical vitality for energizing the battery packs of EVs. The attributes
(V-I and P-V) of sun based module and the breeze turbine execution have been demonstrated.
The stochastic conduct of both the sustainable sources should be possible by likelihood
appropriation work (PDF) in a measurable way.

The recreation was created utilizing MATLAB-Simulink form 2016, Intel center i5, 2.3
GHz with 8 GB RAM PC. The recreation is completed in the accompanying manners. The
doubly-took care of 3-stage nonconcurrent machine having rating 1200 rpm, 13.4 kVA, 400V, 50
Hz with the 3-stage arrangement resistive burden. The secluded resistive burden is associated
through its stator windings and a dc engine is utilized to fluctuate the speed of SG. The
information speed of the SG is differed and the voltage and recurrence of the heap are kept
consistent. The exhibition of the model has been read for various loads, for example, 1 kW and 3
kW are applied for different paces of SG. To understand the exhibition of the proposed
framework, variable speed from 100-1200 rpm has been differed for the predefined loads.

Web of Things (IoT) based battery sensor screens the constant status of the battery as a
vitality stockpiling the executives framework. The IoT created here utilizations a cloud stage for
the board reason. The vehicle client can without much of a stretch check to the goal to arrive at
the charging station and can see the withdrawal of battery voltage from the framework. The
information put away in the Arduino can withstand until battery neglects to charge. For the future
use, various client for the e-vehicle who settles the station are put away and updated in the
database with the goal that the conveyance to the diverse client can be observed.

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4. Conclusion

In this paper, another reviving system for electric vehicles is proposed utilizing sun
powered and wind vitality. The utilization of EV is straightforwardly influenced by the present
charging method. Reviving stations are important for longer drive vehicles and it is usually
utilized in barely any nations. The voyaging separation relies upon the limit of vitality stockpiling
present in the vehicle. The reviving stations are required for significant distance travel. In this
paper, we have presented another cross breed inexhaustible charging system for EVs. A
recreation model has been created utilizing MATLAB-Simulink and the exhibition of sun
oriented and wind vitality has been contemplated. Different parameters of the sun based module
have been confirmed under various illumination level. The SG has been concentrated under
various stacking condition. At long last, the hourly heap of EV versus produced power has been
investigated. From the yield created by the half breed framework, we emphatically state that the
proposed SWCM gives enough capacity to energizing the electric vehicle and the time taken for
charging can be dodged by battery trading technique. Finally, we are inferring that this
methodology decreases the contamination and increment the utilization of EVs subsequently
making contamination free condition. In this manner, the mix of Solar Energy, wind vitality and
EV is commonly gainful one wherein every one can open up new road of development for the
other, while additionally helping in decreasing the eco impression, altogether. Moreover, the PV-
EV cooperative energy is relied upon to open up new windows of business openings soon all
through the worth chain while keeping up the clean vitality duty.

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Chapter 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 General Description of the System

This paper is about charging E-vehicle module using the solar battery, availability of maximum power is
viewed by IOT device and therefore the maximum power generated by the solar is being tracked using the
MPPT controller. the full setup is connected to the Arduino UNO, the battery level, generated and
distributes an amount of the battery is viewed using an LCD. Here we will chage multiple vehicles
using electric cell. GSM modem is employed to induce an alert message for any reduction of power
occurred within the system. an online page is employed to test the provision status of charge, the number of
power transferred to the charging module and therefore the available location for the charging station are
often displayed. the most idea of this paper is to cut back greenhouse emission emission and fuel.

3.1.1 Overview of Functional Requirements

As a solar PV array plays a vital role in a project, the model with LDR sensor to track the
position for generating power from the source which helps the continuous flow of energy.
And will charge the solar cell and save charging in battery after that we can use charging
for cars.The entire output from the cell and it should unbiased output when it exceeds the
expected result in order to avoid a hysteresis loss. Initially, DC-DC converter accepts the
DC input voltage and also provides output as DC voltage in next level whether lower or
higher depends on the requirement such that converter output voltage matches the power
supply required to the module. Voltage sensor will check the voltages of coming from the
battery. If voltages is out of range then send the message using GSM module. And we will
print on LCD display and uploading data on cloud using thing speak.

3.1.2 Overview of Data Requirements

Data requirements are the consensual agreements or prescribed directives that define
the content and structure that consist of high quality values and data instances. Data
requirements can therefore be stated by the several different individuals or groups of
individuals. The device requires the car type when it needs to be parked in the station
for charging.
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3.2 Technical Requirements of the System

This technical requirement specifies the requirements of the project. The information on
technical design, development and procedures related to the requirements is outlined here.
This section talks about the system requirement details, including functional, interface and
design requirements.

3.2.1 Hardware Requirements

For the application to be built and used efficiently the hardware components required to
run these below mentioned software resources on the computer. It gives a physical
computer resource list accompanied by Hardware Compatibility List (HCL).

1. ARDUINO
2. LDR SENSOR (2)
3. SERVO MOTOR
4. LCD DISPLAY
5. GSM
6. SOLAR CELL
7. BATTERY
8. VOLTAGE SENSOR
9. ESP8266

The high speed processor and the CPU speed is required to run Android Studio faster and
smoother. The RAM also helps in faster execution of the application and to run the emulator
with no lag. The large storage is used for holding the IDE and the minimum OS version
specified is required to access the voice over feature. There must be good internet
connection.

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3.2.2 Software Requirements

The software requirements deal with the prerequisites and software resource requirements
that are needed to be installed on the computer to give optimal functioning of the
application.
Operating System - Windows 7 or above
Programming Language - EMBEDDED C
IDE - Arduino IDE
Libraries - SoftwareSerial
Here the Windows operating system with version 7 or above is used to run the IDE, that is
Arduino IDE. The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes us easy to write code and
upload it.. The code in this IDE is written in java and based on Processing.

3.3 Input Requirements

The input requirements are that the device must be compatible to possess voice access. ThingSpeak is
an open-source IoT application and API to retrieve and store data from things using the protocols
over the web or through an Area Network. ThingSpeak has a support from the computing software
called MATLAB, allowing the users to visualize and uploaded data using Matlab without
requiring the acquisition of license.

3.4 Output Requirements

The output requirements are that the device must be connected to the internet in order to see if
the Vehicle is charged or not. The device needs to have their GPS on after the car parking. The
volume needs to be high in order for the passenger to hear the instructions given from the device.
The application will also provide the user with the available cabs and hence the user has to give
the appropriate car type in order to get the vehicle charged. To get the commands to the device
the voice access must be turned on in the device.

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3.5 Language Specification

The language specification is used during system analysis, system design and requirement
analysis to describe the system at a higher level than the programming language, and hence used
to the executable code for the system. These area unit are usually in a roundabout way dead.
they're meant to explain the what, not the however. Indeed, it's thought-about as a slip-up if a
demand specification is untidy with inessential implementation detail. A common elementary
assumption of the many specification approaches is that programs area unit modelled as pure
mathematics or model-theoretic structures that embrace a set of sets of knowledge values at the
side of functions over those sets.

3.5.1 Embedded C

Embedded C programming requires non-standard extensions to the C language and an

support enhanced microprocessor features like fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct
memory banks, and basic input and output operations. Embedded C is a bunch of language
extensions for the C language . Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of
normal C like main() function, definition of variables, declaration of datatype, conditional
statements, loops, functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros,
etc. It includes few style of features which are not available in normal C, such as fixed-point
arithmetic, named address spaces and basic input and output hardware addressing.
Embedded C formally called as Programming languages or C-Extensions to support
embedded processors is additionally a technical reported approved by ISO for publication.
.

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Chapter 4
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Preliminary Design

Fig 4.1 The Screenshots of the initial stage of the app

In the preliminary builds of the application the Charging station for e-vehicles greeted
the user with only a single interactable element on the page which would be the users
present location.

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4.2 System Architecture

ThingSpeak is an open-source IoT application and API to retrieve and store data from things using
the protocols over the web or through an Area Network. ThingSpeak has a support from the
computing software called MATLAB, allowing the users to visualize and uploaded data using
Matlab without requiring the acquisition of license.
A GSM modem or GSM module could be a hardware device that uses GSM mobile telephone
technology to supply a knowledge link to a foreign network. They are usually used as a part of an
embedded system.

Fig 4.2 The proposed architecture of the system

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4.3 Data Flow Diagram

4.3.1 System DFD

This diagram represents the entire systems flow of data and how each module
communicates with the other. Starting with the login, where once the user is logged in
using the credentials and confirmed they can request a cab after specifying the pickup
location and destination. Once the app searches for drivers it calculates the cost to reach
the destination and starts searching for nearby cabs. Once a driver accepts the ride
request, the ride will commence and the payment can be made once the ride is over.

Fig 4.3 DFD of the system

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4.3.2 Input DFD

The input DFD depicts the ways the app accepts input from the user to carry out
the charging process through the iot device.
The app asks for yhe below details from the user:
 Car type
 Car name
 User details
 User mobile number

Fig 4.4 Input DFD of the system

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4.4 Use Case Diagram

In the following diagram, various use cases of charging station for e-vehicles is depicted.

 The user configures the mobile app, views charging status and stop charge e-
vehicle.

 The user can view the charging statistics, temperature statistics, and
humidity statistics.

 In this mobile app the user will get the notifications of the e-vehicle and can view
the charging status of the vehicle.

Fig 4.5 Use Case Diagram of the system

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Chapter 5

Implementation
5.1 Different Modules of the project

The various modules used in the project are :

Voltage sensor module

int analogInput = A1;
float vout = 0.0;
float vin = 0.0;
float R1 = 30000.0; //
float R2 = 7500.0; //
int value = 0;
void setup(){
pinMode(analogInput, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.print("DC VOLTMETER");
}
void loop(){
// read the value at analog input
value = analogRead(analogInput);
vout = (value * 5.0) / 1024.0; // see text
vin = vout / (R2/(R1+R2));

Serial.print("INPUT V= ");
Serial.println(vin,2);
delay(500);
}

Servo motor module

#include <Servo.h> //including the servo library
Servo sg90; //including a variable for servo named sg90
int servo_pin = 2;
void setup()

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{
sg90.attach(servo_pin); //Giving the command to arduino to control pin 2 for servo
}
void loop()
{
sg90.write(0); // moving the servo at 0 degree
delay(1000);

sg90.write(45); // moving the servo at 45 degree

delay(1000);
sg90.write(90); // moving the servo at 90 degree
delay(1000); // wait for 1 second
sg90.write(135); // moving the servo at 135 degree
delay(1000);
sg90.write(180); // moving the servo at 180 degrees
delay(1000); // wait for 1 sec
}

Ldr sensor interface module

void setup() {
int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for LDR
int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); //sets serial port for communication
}
void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor
Serial.println(sensorValue); //prints the values coming from the sensor on the screen
delay(100);
}

LCD module
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); // set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line
display
void setup()
{
lcd.init(); // initialize the lcd
//lcd.init();
// Print a message to the LCD.
// lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("hello everyone");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("konichiwaa");
}

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GSM Module
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(9, 10);
char msg;
char call;
void setup()
{
mySerial.begin(9600); // Setting the baud rate of GSM Module
Serial.begin(9600); // Setting the baud rate of Serial Monitor (Arduino)
Serial.println("GSM SIM800A BEGIN");
Serial.println("Enter character for control option:");
Serial.println("h : to disconnect a call");
Serial.println("i : to receive a call");
Serial.println("s : to send message");
Serial.println("r : to receive a message");
Serial.println("c : to make a call");
Serial.println("e : to redial");
Serial.println();
delay(100);
}
void loop()
{
if (Serial.available()>0)
switch(Serial.read())
{
case 's':
SendMessage();
break;
case 'r':
ReceiveMessage();
break;
case 'c':
MakeCall();
break;
case 'h':
HangupCall();
break;
case 'e':
RedialCall();
break;
case 'i':
ReceiveCall();
break;
}
if (mySerial.available()>0)
Serial.write(mySerial.read());
}
void SendMessage()

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{
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"6362518394\"\r"); // Replace x with mobile number
delay(100);
mySerial.println("hi good morning");// The SMS text you want to send
delay(100);
mySerial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(100);
}
void ReceiveMessage()
{
mySerial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); // AT Command to recieve a live SMS
delay(1000);
if (mySerial.available()>0)
{
msg=mySerial.read();
Serial.print(msg);
// Serial.println(mySerial.read());
}
}
void MakeCall()
{
mySerial.println("ATD+916362518394;"); // ATDxxxxxxxxxx; -- watch out here for semicolon
at the end!!
Serial.println("Calling "); // print response over serial port
delay(1000);
}
void HangupCall()
{
mySerial.println("ATH");
Serial.println("Hangup Call");
delay(1000);
}
void ReceiveCall()
{
mySerial.println("ATA");
delay(1000);
{
call=mySerial.read();
Serial.print(call);
}}
void RedialCall()
{
mySerial.println("ATDL");
Serial.println("Redialing");
delay(1000);
}

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5.2 Flow Chart of Proposed system

START

POWER SUPPLY TO ARDUINO

DISPLY
MESSAGES ON
LCD
CHECK LIGHTS ON BOTH LDR

ROTATE SOLAR CELL DEPENDS

CHARGE BATTERY SEND MESSAGES ON MOBILE

CHECKING VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE DATA UPLOADING ON CLOUD

Fig 5.1 Flow chart of the proposed system

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Chapter 6

Experimental Results

6.1 Outcome of Proposed System

Fig 6.1 : Screenshots of final stage of the application

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Chapter 7

Testing
7.1 Testing and Validations

Software testing is that the strategy accustomed evaluate the functionality of a software
application with an intent to hunt out whether the developed software met the
required requirements or not and to spot the defects to verify that the merchandise is defect
free so on provide the standard product. Validation Testing ensures that the merchandise
actually meets the client's needs. It may be defined on demonstrate that the merchandise
fulfills its intended use when deployed on appropriate environment.

● Meets the necessities that guided its design and development,

● Responds correctly to any or all or any or any kinds of inputs,
● Performs its functions within an appropriate time,
● Is sufficiently usable,
● Are installed and run in its intended environments,
● Achieves the last word result its stakeholders desire.

7.2 Testing Levels

A level of software testing could be a process where every unit or component of a software/ system
is tested. the most goal of system testing is to guage the system's compliance with the
required needs.

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7.2.1 Functional Testing

FUNCTIONAL TESTING may well be a range of software testing whereby the system is
tested against the functional requirements/specifications. Functional testing ensures that the
requirements are properly satisfied by the applying.
Functional testing types include:
● Unit testing.
● Integration testing.
● System testing.
● Sanity testing.
● Smoke testing.
● Interface testing.
● Regression testing.
● Beta/Acceptance testing.

7.2.2 Non Functional Testing

Non-functional testing is defined as a type of Software testing to test non-functional aspects
of a software application. it's designed to check the readiness of a system as per
nonfunctional parameters which are never addressed by functional testing.

Examples of non-functional tests include:

● Load/Performance testing.
● Compatibility testing.
● Localization testing.
● Security testing,
● Reliability testing.
● Stress testing.
● Usability testing.
● Compliance testing.

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7.3 Whitebox Testing

White Box Testing (also called Clear Box Testing, Open Box Testing, Glass Box Testing,
Transparent Box Testing, Code-Based Testing or Structural Testing) could be a software testing
method during which the inner structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is
understood to the tester.

Fig 7.1 Different stages of testing

7.4 Diferent Stages of Testing

Stage – 1: Unit Testing

This is the stage where the developers dissect the software and scrutinize its smallest units to
travel searching out any grass root level problems. Here the foremost focus is on analyzing and
testing each and each unit of each module to work out whether it’s working properly

.Stage – 2: Integration Testing

Moving on from the units, the subsequent stage involves testing how well the varied modules and
components are integrated within the developed software. the mixing is checked both ways in which
is top-down also as bottom-up, so on bring out the look, construction and architectural defects within
the software. It’s at this stage that almost all of the fundamental
design flaws of the software will become obvious.

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Stage – 3: Sub-System and System Testing

This stage focuses on validating and analyzing that the software and every one its sub-systems
adjust to the necessities as specified by the client. It’s at this stage the software is tested as a full.

Stage – 4: Testing Systems Engineering

The objective of this fourth stage of software testing is to determine whether the
software works well when integrated with external components like computer systems and other
software, as per the software requirements provided by the top user or client. It’s important to
notice here that the software won't be used on the developer’s computing system, so testing must
be made keeping in mind the pc system on which the software will ultimately be used.
Stage – 5: User Testing

This ending is additionally called acceptance testing stage, wherein the tip user or some
representative tests the ultimate software to determine if its complete and it actually performs the
functions it's alleged to perform.

7.4.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing can be a testing technique using which individual modules are tested to work out
if there are any issues by the developer himself. The foremost aim is to isolate each unit of the
system to identify, analyze and fix the defects. Unit Testing has its advantages, form of them
are:
● Reduces Defects within the newly developed features or reduces bugs when changing this
functionality.
● Unit Tests, when integrated with build gives the quality of the build additionally.

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TC ID Test case Description Input Data Expected Output Actual Output Status
1 Test if power is supplied On the power Display the lights Display the lights Pass
to the arduino button on both the LDR’s on both the LDR’s
2 Test arduino if power is On the power Does not display Does not display Pass
not supplied properly button lights on both the lights on both the
LDR’s LDR’s
3 Test if lights are on in both Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
the LDR’s from arduino on LCD that both on LCD that both
the LDR lights are the LDR lights are
on on
4 Test if lights are not on in Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
both the LDR’s from arduino on LCD that both on LCD that both
the LDR lights are the LDR lights are
off off
5 Test if lights are on in both Power supply Rotate the solar Rotate the solar Pass
the LDR’s from arduino cell depending on cell depending on
the light the light
6 Test if lights are not on in Power supply Solar cell is not Solar cell is not Pass
both the LDR’s from arduino rotating rotating
7 Test if solar cell is rotating Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
from both the on LCD that solar on LCD that solar
LDR’s cell is rotating cell is rotating
8 Test if solar cell is not Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
rotating from both the on LCD that solar on LCD that solar
LDR’s cell is not rotating cell is not rotating
9 Test if solar cell is rotating Power supply Should charge the Should charge the Pass
from both the battery battery
LDR’s
10 Test if solar cell is not Power supply Should not charge Should not charge Pass
rotating from both the the battery the battery
LDR’s
11 Test if battery is getting Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
charged from the on LCD that on LCD that
rotating solar battery is getting battery is getting
cell charged charged
12 Test if battery is not Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
getting charged from the on LCD that on LCD that
rotating solar battery is not battery is not
cell getting charged getting charged
13 Test if battery is getting Power supply Voltage should be Voltage should be Pass
charged from the checked checked
rotating solar
cell
14 Test if battery is not Power supply Voltage should Voltage should Pass
getting charged from the not be checked not be checked
rotating solar
cell
15 Test if voltage is of range Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
from the on LCD that on LCD that

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charging battery voltage is of range voltage is of range
16 Test if voltage not in the Power supply Displays message Displays message Pass
range from the on LCD that on LCD that
charging battery voltage is not in voltage is not in
the range the range
17 Test if voltage is of higher Power supply Sends message to Sends message to Pass
range from the the mobile that the mobile that
charging battery voltage is of voltage is of
higher range higher range
18 Test if voltage not in Power supply Sends message to Sends message to Pass
higher range from the the mobile that the mobile that
charging battery voltage is not in voltage is not in
the range the range
19 Test if voltage is of range Power supply Voltage data will Voltage data will Pass
from the be uploaded on be uploaded on
charging battery cloud cloud
20 Test if voltage not in the Power supply Voltage data will Voltage data will Pass
range from the not be uploaded not be uploaded
charging battery on cloud on cloud
21 Test if car is getting Stored charge Sends a message Sends a message Pass
charged from battery to the mobile on to the mobile on
the amount of car the amount of car
charged charged
22 Test if car is not getting Stored charge Sends a message Sends a message Pass
charged from battery to the mobile of to the mobile of
car not getting car not getting
charged charged

Table 7.1 Unit Testing

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7.4.2 Integration Testing

In Integration Testing, individual software modules are integrated logically and tested as a
gaggle. Integration testing focuses on checking transmission amongst these modules. Defects still
exist for various reasons like:
● A Module normally is supposed by a personal software developer whose understanding and
programming logic may differ from other programmers.
● At the time of module development, there are wide chances of change in requirements by the
clients. These new requirements won't be unit tested.
● Interfaces of the software modules with the database would be erroneous.

TCID Test case Description Input Data Expected Output Actual Output Status
1 Test if the message of GSM module Sends message Message sent Pass
car getting charged is to send to the mobile successfully
sent to the mobile message that car is
charged fully
2 Test if message is sent GSM module Sends message Message sent Pass
wherever the user is to send to the user’s successfully
staying message mobile,
irrespective of
wherever he/she
is staying
3 Test if server motor Power supply Server motor Server motor Pass
rotates and also from arduino should rotate rotated and
provides energy to the and also provided energy
solar cell provides energy to the solar cell
to the solar cell successfully
4 Test if all the messages Power supply Each message Message Pass
are internally displayed from arduino should be displayed
on LCD displayed on LCD successfully
5 Test if the voltage sensor Power supply Voltage range Voltage is Pass
senses the voltage range from arduino should be sensed and sent
sensed and to the mobile
should be sent successfully
to the mobile

Table 7.2 Integration Testing

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7.4.1 System Testing

System testing is performed on a completely integrated system which would meet the
specified requirements. The main purpose of system testing is to check the problems
between any of the software components. It takes all the components which have
passed the integration testing. It not only checks the functionalities along with the
behavior of the system. Some of the tests included in system testing are graphical user
interface testing and usability testing.

Finally The system is tested altogether and all the subsystems that were tested are put
together and tested as a whole system. The various components of the system work well
together and it passes the test cases. This ensures that the user can easily and efficiently
use the system.

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Chapter 8

Conclusion and Future Enhancement

8.1 Conclusion

The vehicle user can easily check to the destination to reach the charging station and might view the
withdrawal of battery voltage from the system. the data stored within the Arduino can withstand
until battery fails to charge. For the long term use, multiple user for the e- vehicle who settles the
station are stored and upgraded within the database so as that the distribution to the assorted user
are often monitored. Striving for a greener and eco-friendly future depends on what quantity actions
we put in so on reduce and while not stop those humane behaviours supported car usage that
increases the number on environmental pollution. Efficient harnessing of alternative energy
involved choosing efficient components that provide the required energy capacity to charge the
electrical cars. With a expanse of 2900m2, 840 1STH-350-WH PV modules at 71 degrees
inclination, it generated approximately a minimum of 136kwh daily energy output in winter,
average 823.2kwh daily energy output throughout a year in theory. Since the alternative energy
generation and charging occurs during the day, thus using photovoltaic to charge electric cars
means most of the electrical vehicle charging will must occur during working hours, which might
have significant impact on reducing carbon emissions during the day which is that the most humane
concern. With this piece of labor we do hope it's an area to start for other research
add this area.

Dept of ISE,NHCE Page 53

Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

8.2 Future Enhancement

One of the Dutch company has already put a vehicle to the test. While doing so, it had been
even able to resupply the grid and power kind of the areas that it capable. This information
indicates that a future solar car is additionally able to not only supply itself for either short trips
to and from work or long trips across the country, but may additionally be able to play
employment in contributing to the planet power supply. this can be often often big news
considering kind of the key issues related to the world’s growing power needs. Modern
technologies are coming a protracted way. There are variety of great health and environmental
problems related to this status in transportation. Although still in early stages of their
development, solar cars offer real promise and so the best method forward in combating these
issues. Early models are promising, and it mustn't be long before the solar car becomes a daily
sight on a road near you.

Dept of ISE,NHCE Page 54

 Charging station for E-Vehicles using solar with IOT

REFERENCES

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[4] H. Anandakumar and K. Umamaheshwari, “An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive

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CHARGING STATION FOR E-VEHICLES USING SOLAR WITH
IOT
ORIGINALITY REPORT

13 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
%
INTERNET SOURCES
13%
PUBLICATIONS
%
STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
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Michela Longo, Wahiba Yaïci. "Optimization of
5%
Solar Energy System for the Electric Vehicle at
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2
A. Akila, E. Akila, S. Akila, K. Anu, J. Elzalet.
"Charging Station for E-Vehicle using Solar with
4%
IOT", 2019 5th International Conference on
Advanced Computing & Communication
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3
Tianhong Pan, Yi Zhu. "Designing Embedded
Systems with Arduino", Springer Science and
1%
Business Media LLC, 2018
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4
Marius D. Marcu, Razvan I. Slusariuc, Florin G.
Popescu, Liliana B. Samoila. "Universal DC
<1%
Motor Protection System Based on
Microcontroller Embedded Algorithm", 2018
 International Symposium on Fundamentals of
Electrical Engineering (ISFEE), 2018
Publication

5
Mustafijur Rahman, A.H.M Zadidul Karim,
Sultanur Nyeem, Faisal Khan, Golam Matin.
<1%
"Microcontroller Based Home Security and Load
Controlling Using Gsm Technology",
International Journal of Computer Network and
Information Security, 2015
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6
Mohammad Asaad, Furkan Ahmad, Mohammad
Saad Alam, Yasser Rafat. "IoT Enabled
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Battery System", Mobile Networks and
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7
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"Water condensation system based on
<1%
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International Journal of Advances in Applied
Sciences, 2020
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8
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Software Testing", IGI Global, 2020
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9
Jiantie Xu, Yonghua Chen, Liming Dai.
"Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by
<1%
 perovskite solar cell", Nature Communications,
2015
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10
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P. Joel Joshuva, A. Prabhu, R. Arun Kumar.
<1%
"Wastage Pay Smart Bin", International Journal
of Engineering & Technology, 2018
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11
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Shadow Tracker", MATEC Web of Conferences,
<1%
2018
Publication

12
Neil Cameron. "Arduino Applied", Springer
Science and Business Media LLC, 2019
<1%
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13
"Real-time vehicle safety monitoring and
recording system using microcontroller
<1%
Atmega16 and ultrasonic sensor", Foundations
and Frontiers in Computer Communication and
Electrical Engineering, 2016.
Publication

14
Fazlullah Khan, Mukhtaj Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Izaz
ur Rahman, Muhammad Alam. "Chapter 16
<1%
Secure and Safe Surveillance System Using
Sensors Networks - Internet of Things", Springer
Science and Business Media LLC, 2017
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15
Md Sohail Tanveer, Sunil Gupta, Rahul Rai,
Neeraj Kumar Jha, Mohit Bansal. "Solar based
<1%
electric vehicle charging station", 2019 2nd
International Conference on Power Energy,
Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC),
2019
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16
Jack Purdum. "Beginning C for Arduino",
Springer Science and Business Media LLC,
<1%
2015
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17
Martina Halás Vančová, Zuzana Kovačičová.
"Chapter 7 Challenges in Management of
<1%
Software Testing", Springer Science and
Business Media LLC, 2019
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18
S. Sudha, D Indumathy, A Lavanya, M
Nishanthi, D Merline Sheeba, V Anand. "Patient
<1%
monitoring in the hospital management using Li-
Fi", 2016 IEEE Technological Innovations in ICT
for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR),
2016
Publication

19
"Assistive Technology for Intellectually Disabled
and Physically Challenged People",
<1%
International Journal of Innovative Research in
Electronics and Communications, 2016
 Publication

20
Mayank Jha, Frede Blaabjerg, Mohammed Ali
Khan, Varaha Satya Bharath Kurukuru,
<1%
Ahteshamul Haque. "Intelligent Control of
Converter for Electric Vehicles Charging
Station", Energies, 2019
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21
L. Vijayaraja, B. Gokulnath, S. Sai Ganapathy,
R. Dhanasekar, Rupa Kesavan. "Modified
<1%
SEPIC Converter Based PV Inverter for Power
Quality Improvement", 2018 Internat2018
International Conference on Computation of
Power, Energy, Information and Communication
(ICCPEIC)ional conference on computation of
power, energy, Information and Communication
(ICCPEIC), 2018
Publication

22
Ebrahim Rokrok, Miadreza Shafie-Khah, Joao
P. S. Catalao. "Comparison of two control
<1%
strategies in an autonomous hybrid microgrid",
2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-
Europe), 2017
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23
Constantin Filote, Raluca-Andreea Felseghi,
Filip Cârlea, Mihai Raţă et al. "Green Hybrid
<1%
Energy for Office Building", E3S Web of
 Conferences, 2019
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