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Rewrap 2 Answer

The document discusses various data structures for image representation, including arrays, linked lists, quad trees, and graphs, detailing their definitions, advantages, and applications. It also covers types of image noise and defines image functions. Additionally, it contrasts traditional and hierarchical data structures, explaining their roles in efficient image storage and processing.

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9 views5 pages

Rewrap 2 Answer

The document discusses various data structures for image representation, including arrays, linked lists, quad trees, and graphs, detailing their definitions, advantages, and applications. It also covers types of image noise and defines image functions. Additionally, it contrasts traditional and hierarchical data structures, explaining their roles in efficient image storage and processing.

Uploaded by

nirmalsam.s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REWRAP TEST 2

IMAGE AND VIDEO ANALYTICS ANSWERS


2 MARKS
1. List the data structures for Image Representation.
1. Array (Matrix): 2D grid of pixel values (e.g., RGB values).
2. 1D Array: Flattened version of the image (useful in machine learning).
3. Linked List: Stores non-zero or sparse pixel data.
4. Tree Structures:
• Quad Tree: Used for 2D spatial partitioning.
• Octree: For 3D image data.
• K-D Tree: For high-dimensional data.
5. Graph: Used for image segmentation and pixel connectivity.
6. Run-Length Encoding (RLE): Stores sequences of repeated pixel values.
7. Sparse Matrix: Stores only non-zero pixels to save space.
8. Huffman Coding: Compression based on pixel value frequency.
9. Histogram: Represents pixel value distribution.
10.Wavelet Decomposition: Multi-resolution image representation.
11.Binary Tree: For binary images (black and white).
12.Bitmap: Direct representation of pixel data in memory.

2. Define Linked List


A linked list is a linear data structure where elements (called nodes) are connected
by pointers. Each node contains two parts:
1. Data: The actual value or information stored.
2. Next (or Pointer): A reference to the next node in the sequence.

Unlike arrays, linked lists do not use contiguous memory locations. They allow for
dynamic memory allocation, meaning elements can be inserted or removed easily
without shifting the entire structure.
In the context of image representation, a linked list might be used to store only non-
zero or significant pixels, especially in sparse images where most of the pixels are
empty or white. This reduces memory usage by storing only relevant data.
3. Define Quad Tree
A quad tree is a tree data structure used for partitioning a 2D space by recursively
subdividing it into four quadrants. Each node represents a region, and it has four
children that further divide the region. It is efficient for sparse data, like images with
large empty spaces, as it only stores non-empty areas, making it useful for image
compression and spatial indexing.
4. List the types of noises in image.

1. Salt-and-Pepper Noise
2. Poisson Noise
3. Speckle Noise
4. Quantization Noise
5. Chromatic Noise
6. Thermal Noise
7. White Noise
8. Gaussian Noise
5. What is image function?
An image function is a mathematical representation of an image, where each pixel in
the image is assigned a value that represents its intensity or color. This function
typically maps the spatial coordinates (x, y) to the pixel values, often denoted as
f(x,y)f(x, y), where ff is the image function and x,yx, y are the pixel coordinates.

16 marks

1. Explain in detail about traditional and hierarchical data structures to represent


images.
Traditional Image Data Structures
Traditional data structures are simple and widely used for basic image
representation and processing.

Matrix/Array
- Definition:
- Images are represented as 2D (grayscale) or 3D (color) arrays.
- Structure:
- Grayscale: 2D array (height × width).
- Color: 3D array (height × width × channels).
- Advantages:
- Simple and intuitive.
- Compatible with most image processing libraries (e.g., OpenCV, NumPy).
- Applications:
- Basic image processing tasks like filtering, thresholding, and transformations.
- Example:
- A 5x5 grayscale image:
```
[[120, 130, 140, 150, 160],
[110, 120, 130, 140, 150],
[100, 110, 120, 130, 140],
[ 90, 100, 110, 120, 130],
[ 80, 90, 100, 110, 120]]

Linked List
- Definition:
- A dynamic data structure where each element (node) contains data and a pointer to
the next node.
- Usage in Images:
- Rarely used for storing entire images but useful for specific tasks like contour
tracing.
- Advantages:
- Efficient for storing sparse data (e.g., boundary pixels).
- Applications:
- Storing the coordinates of boundary pixels in an object.
- Example:
- Storing the boundary of a circle as a linked list of (x, y) coordinates.

Graph
- Definition:
- A collection of nodes (vertices) connected by edges.
- Usage in Images:
- Representing relationships between pixels or regions.
- Applications:
- Image segmentation, object recognition, and region adjacency graphs (RAG).
- Example:
- Region Adjacency Graph (RAG):
- Nodes represent regions, and edges represent adjacency between regions.

Hierarchical Image Data Structures


Hierarchical data structures organize image data into multiple levels of abstraction,
enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and processing of complex images.

Quad Tree
- Definition:
- A tree data structure where each node has exactly four children.
- Structure:
- Divides an image into four quadrants recursively until a stopping condition is met
(e.g., uniform intensity).
- Advantages:
- Efficient for representing images with large uniform regions.
- Reduces storage requirements and speeds up processing.
- Applications:
- Image compression, spatial indexing, and region-based processing.
- Example:
- Dividing a 16x16 image into quadrants and sub-quadrants based on intensity
uniformity.

Octree
- Definition:
- A 3D extension of the quad tree, where each node has eight children.
- Structure:
- Divides a 3D space (e.g., volumetric data) into eight octants recursively.
- Advantages:
- Efficient for representing 3D images or volumetric data.
- Applications:
- Medical imaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans) and 3D object representation.
- Example:
- Representing a 3D model of a human brain using an octree.

Pyramid
- Definition:
- A multi-resolution representation of an image, where each level is a downsampled
version of the previous level.
- Structure:
- The base level is the original image, and higher levels are progressively smaller.
- Advantages:
- Enables efficient multi-scale analysis and processing.
- Applications:
- Image compression, feature detection, and object recognition.
- Example:
- Creating a Gaussian pyramid for multi-scale edge detection.

Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) Tree


- Definition:
- A tree data structure that recursively partitions space into two subspaces.
- Structure:
- Each node represents a partition, and leaves represent regions of the image.
- Advantages:
- Efficient for spatial indexing and collision detection.
- Applications:
- Ray tracing, 3D rendering, and spatial database indexing.
- Example:
- Partitioning a 3D scene into regions for efficient rendering.

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