2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Communication, Control and Computing (ICONC3)

Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Feb 21-22, 2020

PSIM based Simulation and Hardware

Implementation of 1-Phase and 3-phase Shunt
Active Filter based on p-q Theory
Krishna Veer Singh Hari Om Bansal
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India Pilani, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The research presented deals with the control frequency disturbances may appear which can lead to
strategy for the power electronics converters in order to reduce voltage sag or swell. These may be source or load generated.
the harmonic and to govern the injected active power into the But it ultimately leads to the susceptibility of electrical
grid. The compensation process is basically established on the equipment which is of great concerned.
p-q theory. This paper exhibits the investigation and execution
of hardware implementation for a 1-phase and 3-phase shunt The extreme application of non-linear loads and
active power filter based on p-q theory (instantaneous reactive converters in the commercial and industrial sector the
power theory).This theory have been widely used for 3-phases voltage and current waveforms of the existing power system
3- wires and 3-phases 4-wire system but its use has not been gets deteriorates. Static power converters like rectifiers
carried out for 1-phase system. In this paper it has been consisting of diodes, thyristors and other power electronic
modified so that it can also be implemented for the 1-phase device are nonlinear loads which are responsible for the
system as well. To use this theory for 1-phase systems, two generation of large disturbances in the supply and
extra dummy signals were created with a phase difference of distribution system. The harmonics current which is a
120º. These three signals were fed to controller to decrease the consequence of nonlinear load are widely responsible for the
THD in load current. voltage harmonics and power distribution issues [5].
Keywords—SAPF; THD; p-q theory;harmonics;powerquality A supplementary voltage is produced due to the flow of
nonlinear currents in the electrical system and the
I. INTRODUCTION distribution-transmission lines. The occurrence of this
distortion is due to the impedance of the lumped elements of
The various electronic devices consisting of converters power system. The increased use of switching device in
and non-linear load which are liable for the production of power electronic results in severe harmonic pollution which
harmonics in the power system. These harmonics are goes above the set standards. Utilities facing lot of problems
responsible for losses in the power system and also in the to maintain the power quality as a result of which consumers
communication system in the form of interference. It also are paying more tariff due to low power factor. There are
leads to the failure of various kinds of electronic devices. various issues reported due to the deterioration of current in
The devices which are more susceptible to harmonics are the power system like EMI .heat loss, transformer heating,
considered more sensitive devices. The upper limit of skin effect etc. The equipment like distribution static
harmonics is fixed based on the sensitivity of the equipment compensator (DSTATCOM) are used by the utilities on the
like medical equipment’s being sensitive are kept at the base distribution side to reduce the effect of harmonic and in
level of harmonics. Electrical devices are becoming smaller inject Var compensation [6].The p-q theory employed here
and more sensitive to power quality issues [1]. is quick in action (it takes instant action) with the chanhe in
To eradicate the problem of harmonics, many load current and hence used for the generation of reference
developments have been reported for better filtering current.
technique. Harmonics are responsible for various critical This paper has been structured in the following
issues of power systems and in consumer electronic goods. sequence: Sections 2 is the principle of compensation and 3
The overheating of equipment, harmonic in voltage presents the vector calculation. Section 4 presents the 1-
waveform, excessive neutral current and low power factor phase SAPF. Section 5 shows the algorithm applied. Section
etc. are the common problem due to harmonics. There are 6 is the simulation of 1-phase-SAPF. Section 7 simulation
several methods of harmonics mitigation namely, passive, of 3-phase SAPF based. Section 8 hardware setup for
active and hybrid filters. But among all technique, the active generation of reference current and section 9 draws the
filters gathered more attraction to overcome the harmonic conclusion.
and Var compensation issues. The enactment of the SAPF is
estimated based on the capability of filtering harmonic [2].
The benefit of the used theory is that it reacts II. PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION
instantaneously whenever there is a change in the load it The topology of SAPF is almost similar to that of a
immediately reacts on it without any delay. STATCOM. SAPF basically mitigates the harmonics by
injecting the signal of equal- but opposite polarity into the
The SAPF connected to a distribution is employed to
system which is called as compensating current and works
mitigate the total harmonic distortion (THD) [3]. Due to
as a current source. The source signal is fed to the SAPF
faults or switching operations in a power system, the power
where is processed based on the mathematical model of the

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p-q theory and the harmonic content is separated from the  1 1 
sinusoidal wave then it is amplified by the inverter. The
 1 − −
amplified signal is fed in to the system by means of point of 2 2 
common coupling (PCC). When it gets added or subtracted
 iα     ia 
(based on the theory) from the source signal a new kind of
   3 3  
waveform is obtained which is almost as an ideal or similar  iβ  =  0
2
− ib
2   
(6)
    i
to the waveform which has no harmonics content in it. Fig  iο   1 1 1  c 
1 demonstrates the compensation principle of a SAPF.
SAPF adds the compensating current in the load current to  2 2 2 

provide the sinusoidal current.
 1 1 
 1 − −
2 2 
 vα     va 
   3 3  
 vβ  =  0
2
− vb
2   
(7)
v    v
 ο  1 1 1  c 
 2 2 2 

The active and reactive power is given by [1]:

p = vα iα + vβ iβ + vο iο (8)

Fig. 1. Principle of single-phase SAPF [2]

q = vα iα − vβ iβ (9)

 p   vα vβ   iα 
III. VECTOR CALCULATION   =  −v  
vα  iβ 
(10)
The p-q theory employs the use of Clarke transformation q   β
[2] to convert the 3-phase signals into α-β coordinate. The
only difference in using the p-q theory for 3-ɸ and 1-ϕ The equations of active and reactive power can be given
systems is that the two dummy signals of each parameter i.e as:
current and voltage are generated by a phase shift of 120º 
p= p+ p (11)
for single-phase system whereas for three-phase it is self-
generated. The equations (1), (2) and (3) represents the load 
current of phase a, b and c. Where phase “a” is the real
q = q +q (12)
phase and b and c are dummy generated. In order to calculate the DC part, a low-pass filter can
be used, which filters out the high-frequency signals and
n provides only the fundamental constituent of the waveform.
ia =  2 I i sin( wi + θi ) (1) The α-β constituent of current can be acquired by the
i =0 equation (13).
n
ib =  2 I i sin( wi + θi − 1200 ) (2) 1  vα vβ 
i =0 iαβ =   (13)
n vα + vβ  vβ −vα 
ic =  2 I i sin( wi + θi + 1200 ) (3) The 3-ϕ reference current can be obtained from eq (14).
i=0
The above equations can be written as equations (4) and  
(5)  1 0 
 
 ia   1∠0  2  −1 3
0
*
iabc = i *
(14)
    3 2  αβ
 ib  =  1∠120  [ia ]
o
(4) 2
 
 i   1∠2400   −1 3 
 c    
 2 2 
 va  1∠0 
0
IV. 1-PHASE SAPF
   
 vb  = 1∠120  [ va ]
o
(5) The Fig. 2 represents filtering mechanism of an active
 v  1∠2400  power filter (APF) where it can be seen that the APF senses
 c   the current from the system represented by iF then it finds
the harmonic component present in the system signal
The reference current and voltage (α and β coordinates) accordingly it processes the signal based on p-q theory then
can be obtained as equations (6) and (7) it inserts a current of same magnitude but reverse in
polarity. The active filter is the most acceptable concept as it
changes the filtering parameters with the change in the load VI. SIMULATION OF 1-PHASE-SAPF BASED ON PQ
condition. Hence it is called the active filtering because it THEORY
modifies the parameters with the change in frequency [4].
The SAPF is simulated by means of control strategy
The shunt active power filter (SAPF) is normally installed in
using p-q theory. Here various blocks have been used to
parallel to non-linear load [5].The filter drags out the
simulate like abc component is converted to alpha-beta
reference current in order to compensate the harmonic
component and by means of such block the SAPF is
content present in the supply [6].
simulated by using PSIM software as shown in Fig.5

Fig. 2. Single-phase-SAPF

The block diagram shown in Fig.3 3 shows the control

strategy based on the p-q theory which is used to generate
the PWM signal.

Fig. 3. Control strategy of p-q theory Fig. 5. PSIM model of SAPF

In the above simulation, the delay of 120 degrees is

V. ALGORITHM OF APPLIED CONTROL STRATEGY given to current and voltage signals and 2 dummy signals
are generated and then p-q theory is implemented same as in
Start
case of 3-phase system. The various waveform of the 1-
phase SAPF has been shown in Fig. 6.
Load Current and Source
Voltage Measurement

Clarke Transformation
vα , vβ , iα & i β

p & q Calculation
p = vα ⋅ iα + v β ⋅ i β = p + ~
p
~
q= vα i β vβ iα
⋅ − ⋅ =q +q

HPF for pc Calculation

and qc Calculation if reactive
power is to be compensated Fig. 6. The waveform of load current, compensating current,
compensating + load and source current SAPF

Compensating Current Calculation

∗
VII. SIMULATION OF 3-PHASE SAPF BASED ON PQ
∗
icα & ic β
THEORY
Inverse Clarke Transformation The 3-SAPF is simulated by means of C-block in PSIM.
∗ ∗ ∗
ic a , ic b & ic c Here the p-q theory is converted in to C programming and
that program is loaded in the c block and various waveform
End have been analyzed and results have been obtained. It is
very helpful to convert the control strategy into C program
Fig. 4. Flow chart for the calculation of compensating as it can be loaded to the controller and since the C
programming is very fixable so it can be converted in other
languages also. The simulation of 3-phase SAPF with c-
code of PQ theory is shown in Fig. 7.
VIII. HARDWARE SETUP FOR GENERATION OF REFERENCE
CURRENT
The hardware set up of the 1-phase SAPF with the load
to generate the reference current has been shown below in
Fig.11 (a) the hardware set up consists of a variac and a
rectifier which is used to convert the AC to DC. The
Potential transformer is used in order to step down the
voltage from 110V to 3.13V to insert the signal in the
Arduino Uno controller. The controller then generates the
reference current based on the p-q theory. Which can be
seen in Fig.11 (c). Fig 11(b) represents the actual load
current which is distorted in nature. The simulation results
are shown in figure 11 (d).

a) Hardware setup of the Single phase shunt active power filter

b) Load current of the shunt active power filter

Fig. 7. PSIM model of SAPF

Fig. 8. Load current of SAPF

c) The reference current waveform from hardware setup

Fig. 9. Compensating current of SAPF

d) The reference current waveform of the simulation

Fig. 11. a) Hardware setup of the single-phase shunt active power filter b)
Load current of the shunt active power filter c) The reference current
waveform from hardware setup d)The reference current waveform of the
simulation

Fig. 10. Source current of 3-Phase SAPF

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