Scribd
Upload
30 views5 pages

3.TCP-IP Model

The TCP/IP Reference Model, developed by ARPA, is the foundational network model for the Internet, consisting of four layers: Host-to-Network, Internet, Transport, and Application. It facilitates communication between applications on different computers through various protocols, such as IP, FTP, and SMTP, while offering scalability and a client/server architecture. However, it has limitations, including lack of guaranteed packet delivery and difficulties in protocol replacement compared to the OSI model.

Uploaded by

Sujith VS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views5 pages

3.TCP-IP Model

The TCP/IP Reference Model, developed by ARPA, is the foundational network model for the Internet, consisting of four layers: Host-to-Network, Internet, Transport, and Application. It facilitates communication between applications on different computers through various protocols, such as IP, FTP, and SMTP, while offering scalability and a client/server architecture. However, it has limitations, including lack of guaranteed packet delivery and difficulties in protocol replacement compared to the OSI model.

Uploaded by

Sujith VS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

The TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in
the current Internet architecture as well. Protocols are set of rules which govern every possible
communication over a network. These protocols describe the movement of data between the source
and destination or the internet. These protocols offer simple naming and addressing schemes.

Overview of TCP/IP reference model


TCP/IP that is Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol was developed by Department of
Defence's Project Research Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) as a part of a research project of network
interconnection to connect remote machines.
The features that stood out during the research, which led to making the TCP/IP reference model
were:

 Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more machines to a network was easy.
 The network was robust, and connections remained intact untill the source and destination
machines were functioning.

The overall idea was to allow one application on one computer to talk to(send data packets) another
application running on different computer.
Description of different TCP/IP protocols
Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer

1. Lowest layer of the all.

2. Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be sent over it.

3. Varies from host to host and network to network.

Layer 2: Internet layer

1. Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless internetwork layer is

called a internet layer.

2. It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.

3. It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.

4. Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are sent.

5. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.

Layer 3: Transport Layer

1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.

2. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the data is done by transport layer.

3. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.

4. Transport layer adds header information to the data.

5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled more

efficiently by the network layer.

6. Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.

Layer 4: Application Layer


The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of the protocol stack.
Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.

1. TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a remote machine

and run applications on it.

2. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst computer users

connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.

3. SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to transport electronic mail

between a source and destination, directed via a route.

4. DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts connected

over a network.

Merits of TCP/IP model

1. It operated independently.

2. It is scalable.

3. Client/server architecture.

4. Supports a number of routing protocols.

5. Can be used to establish a connection between two computers.

Demerits of TCP/IP

1. In this, the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.

2. The model cannot be used in any other application.

3. Replacing protocol is not easy.

4. It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces and protocols.


5. Comparison of OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP
Reference Model
6. Following are some major differences between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP
Reference Model, with diagrammatic comparison below.

OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet


Protocol)

1. OSI is a generic, protocol independent 1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols around
standard, acting as a communication gateway which the Internet has developed. It is a communication
between the network and end user. protocol, which allows connection of hosts over a
network.

2. In OSI model the transport layer 2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
guarantees the delivery of packets. guarantees delivery of packets. Still the TCP/IP model is
more reliable.

3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.

4. OSI model has a separate Presentation 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate Presentation layer or
layer and Session layer. Session layer.

5. OSI is a reference model around which the 5. TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of the OSI
networks are built. Generally it is used as a model.
guidance tool.

6. Network layer of OSI model provides both 6. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
connection oriented and connectionless connectionless service.
service.

7. OSI model has a problem of fitting the 7. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
protocols into the model.

8. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are 8. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
easily replaced as the technology changes.

9. OSI model defines services, interfaces and 9. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and protocols are not
protocols very clearly and makes clear clearly separated. It is also protocol dependent.
distinction between them. It is protocol
independent.

10. It has 7 layers 10. It has 4 layers

7.
8. Diagrammatic Comparison between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP
Reference Model

9.
10.

You might also like