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Lect 1 Science

Science is a systematic method for exploring the natural world through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning, relying on empirical evidence. It is divided into three main branches: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Formal Sciences. The scientific method involves a structured process of observation, questioning, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and peer review to develop theories.

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2 views

Lect 1 Science

Science is a systematic method for exploring the natural world through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning, relying on empirical evidence. It is divided into three main branches: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Formal Sciences. The scientific method involves a structured process of observation, questioning, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and peer review to develop theories.

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abdulhanan.isk
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Science?

Science is a systematic way of exploring the natural world. It uses observation, experimentation,
and logical thinking to understand how things work. Science relies on evidence that can be seen
or measured (empirical evidence) and follows a specific process to test ideas and build theories.
Some key features of science are:
●​ Empirical Evidence: Science is based on data that can be observed and measured.
●​ Reproducibility: Scientific experiments should produce the same results when repeated
by others.
●​ Falsifiability: Scientific ideas must be testable and it must be possible to prove them
wrong.
●​ Objectivity: Scientists strive to avoid personal biases and rely on evidence.
●​ Predictability: Scientific theories should allow us to make reliable predictions about
future events.

The Branches of Science


Science is often divided into three main branches:
1.​ Natural Sciences: These study the physical and natural world. Examples include:
○​ Physics (matter, energy, and their interactions)
○​ Chemistry (substances and their reactions)
○​ Biology (living organisms and life)
○​ Earth Science (Earth's structure and processes)
○​ Astronomy (celestial objects and the universe)
2.​ Social Sciences: These explore human behavior and societies. Examples include:
○​ Psychology (mind and behavior)
○​ Sociology (human societies and social behavior)
○​ Economics (production, distribution, and consumption)
○​ Political Science (government and political behavior)
3.​ Formal Sciences: These deal with abstract concepts and logic. Examples include:
○​ Mathematics (numbers and structures)
○​ Logic (reasoning and arguments)
○​ Statistics (data analysis and probability)
○​ Computer Science (algorithms and computation)

The Scientific Method


The scientific method is a structured approach to investigating the world around us. It generally
involves these steps:
1.​ Observation: Noticing a phenomenon or problem.
2.​ Question: Asking a specific question about the observation.
3.​ Hypothesis: Developing a testable explanation (a possible answer to the question).
4.​ Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
5.​ Data Collection & Analysis: Gathering and analyzing data from the experiments.
6.​ Conclusion: Deciding whether the results support or disprove the hypothesis.
7.​ Replication & Peer Review: Repeating the study and having other scientists review the
findings.
8.​ Theory Formation: If a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by evidence, it may contribute
to a scientific theory.

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