Chapter 7

Integrals and
Transcendental Functions

1
 Section 7.1
The Logarithm Define
as an Integral

b
1
∫a t
What is dt, for some a, b > 0?

2
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of Exponential Functions Chang,

YZU

• Recall that exponential functions are defined as f(x) = a x, a > 0

• The derivative of f(x) = a x can be a=t and
obtained as f(x) = a x
2= 2

d x
a = lim axth a Y
-

dx h→0 h
ah − 1 x
= lim ⋅a a= 1

h→0 h
= f′(0) ⋅ a x
ah − 1
• It is hard to explicitly evaluate f′(0) = h→0
lim
h
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of Exponential Functions Chang,

YZU

• Please construct the graphs of exponential functions respectively

1
with base a = 1,2,3,
2 f(x) = a x
• What do you observe?
d x d x
• Because a = f(x) = f′(0) ⋅ a , it
dx dx
motivates us to find a particular base
such that f′(0) = 1!
• Does this particular number exist?
• We call this number nature number e and f(x) = e x is called
the natural exponential functions which satisfies
d x d
e = f(x) = f′(0) ⋅ e x = e x
dx dx
 Ling-Hua

Homework Chang,
YZU

d x2
• Exercise. Please evaluate dx e .
• Solution: We apply the chain rule to obtain

x + x = e = y

x = e .

2x

= ex .

2x
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of logarithm Chang,

YZU

• The inverse of exponential function f(x) = a x is the logarithm

f −1(x) = loga(x)
• What is the derivative of f −1(x) = loga(x) ?
• Let’s consider the natural exponential function f(x) = e x and its
inverse f −1(x) = loge(x)
• If f(c) = e c = q, then I (c, q)
(f ) (q) =
−1 ′

= = F
=
exlieg t
= (q, c)
d d −1
• We conclude that dx loge(x) = dx f (x) = for all x >
T
Stbt =
loge(t) + C
Mn +
= + L
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of logarithm Chang,

YZU

• For convenience, we employ the d 1

loge(x) = for all x > 0
representation ln x ≜ loge x dx x
• Therefore ln x is one d 1
⟺ ln(x) = for all x > 0
1 dx x
antiderivative of
x
1
• It turns out that ∫ t dt = ln t + C
d
1
• ∫ t dt = ln d − ln c for all c, d > 0
c
e
1
• ∫ t dt =
Ine-In) = 1-(n)
1 Y
1/1
c
d
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU
π/2
3 cos t
• Exercise. Please evaluate ∫ dt.
−π/2 4 + sin t

are
• Solution: We let u = 4 + sin t. Then, du = cost ,
4 + sin(π/2) = 5 , and 4 + sin(−π/2) = 3 . Therefore,

I cost It

= [ Edt
=
3/5 du .

= 3/n5 -

3/n]
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of Exponential Functions Chang,

YZU

• Recall that
x f( ⋅ ) f −1( ⋅ ) y = f −1( f (x)) = X
x=k f (x) = f −1( )=

x f −1( ⋅ ) f( ⋅ ) z = + (t (x)) = X

• Recalling that exp(x) ≜ e x and ln x are inverse to each other,

we have
x exp( ⋅ ) ln( ⋅ ) y = ln(e x) = X

x ln( ⋅ ) exp( ⋅ ) y= exp(inX) = Y

 Ling-Hua

Derivative of Exponential Functions Chang,

YZU

d x
• We have seen e = e x
, and now wish to find the ln(e x) = x
dx e ln x = x
derivative of a x, where a > 0
x xIn2
X - (n() = exp() = X

• Let’s derive a x = e ln a = 2
a + (n() +
exp() >
+

aX
• By chain rule we are able to obtain
x + X(na = exp(r) y
ginax
=

d x
dx
a = end = elna = a x ln a
"
*
+ ()
∫ a+ C
a x
x x
• What is the integral of a ? a dx =
 Ling-Hua

Derivative of Logarithm Chang,

YZU

• Let f(x) = a x. Then f −1(x) = loga x d x

a = a x ln a
dx
• If f(h) = a h = k, we can see that
(f ) (k) =
−1 ′
Fins tran
= = Tea a
=

f(x) aX
• We conclude that (f ) (x) =
−1 ′
=

tich)
d 1 1 (h, k)
loga x = ⋅ ↑

dx x ln a + ((x)
=
loga(X)
d 1 (k, h)
Comparison: ln x =
dx x

n =
koya (x)
 Section 7.2
Exponential Change and
Separable Differential
Equations

12
 Ling-Hua

Differential Equations Chang,

YZU

d x
a = a x ln a
dx
• Find the derivative of u = g(x) = c ⋅ a x
du
= c at In a = ln a ⋅ u
dx
. .

A constant!
du
• If a function u = g(x) satisfies dx = ku for some constant k, then
it is an exponential function g(x) = c ⋅ a x!
du
• However, given dx = ku, we are not able to find c explicitly!

* Th = U = C . a" Inact = a = e
 Ling-Hua

Differential Equations Chang,

YZU

• We also have the initial condition g(0) = c ⋅ a 0 = c

• We need two conditions to determine the differential function
g(x) = c ⋅ a x

1. Derivative g′(x) = kg(x)

⟹ k = ln a ⟹ a = e k
2. Initial condition g(0) = u0
⟹ c = u0
3. We are certain that g(x) = c ⋅ a x = u0e kx
 Section 7.3
Hyperbolic Functions

15
 Ling-Hua
Hyperbolic Functions Chang,
YZU

coshy
Definition. (Hyperbolic functions)
e x − e −x
1. sinh x ≜
2
e x + e −x
2. cosh x ≜
2 H(x)
sinh x = ex

3. tanh x ≜
cosh x f(x)
cosh x
4. coth x ≜ = e-X
sinh x

h(x) X
-

= e
-