8

Further Applications of
Integration
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU
8.1 Arc Length
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• What is the length of a curve?

Figure 1

• We may fit a piece of string to the curve in Figure 1 and

then measure the string against a ruler

• In the same spirit as the definitions we developed for the

concepts of area and volume, we have a precise definition
for the length of a curve

3
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• If the curve is a polygon, we have the knowledge to

calculate the length

• We can define the length of a general curve by first

approximating it by a polygon and then taking a limit as
the number of segments of the polygon is increased

4
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• Suppose that a curve C is defined by a continuous

function y = f(x), where x ∈ [a, b] Δx1 = Δx2 = ⋯ = Δx

• We obtain a polygonal *

y = f (x)
(0x) (+(xm +(xn))
"

approximation to C by
+ -

1. Dividing the interval [a, b]

*

into n subintervals with

endpoints x0, x1, ⋯, xn and Δx1 Δx2

a x1 x2 ⋯ b
equal width Δx = x0 = xn

2. The point Pi = (xi, f(xi)) lies on C

3. The polygon with vertices P0, P1, ⋯, Pn is an
approximation to C
5
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• The first segment is P0P1, the second segment is P1P2, ……,

and the nth segment is Pn−1Pn

• What is the length of the first segment?

| P0P1 | = · x+ (fixo) -tix , 1"
• What is the length of the fourth segment?
y = f (x)
| P3P4 | = -x + (t (Xs) +(x
-

+
)]
<

• What is the length of the ith segment?

| Pi−1Pi | = 4x)" + (f(x) -

+
(xi))-
Δx1 Δx2

a x1 x2
= x0
⋯ b
= xn = (Δx)2 + (Δyi)2
Δx1 = Δx2 = ⋯ = Δx 6
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• The length of C is approximately

y = f (x)
| P0P1 | + | P1P2 | + ⋯ + | Pn−1Pn |
n

∑
= PiPi -
i=1
n
2 2 Δx1 Δx2

∑
= (Δx) + (Δyi) a x1 x2 ⋯ b
i=1 = x0 = xn

• Such an approximation gets better as n →∞

• Define the length L of the curve C as
n
(Δx)2 + (Δyi)2
n→∞ ∑
lim
i=1
7
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Arc Length YZU

• By applying the Mean Value | Pi−1Pi | = (Δx)2 + (Δyi)2

Theorem, there is a number x*
i
in n
(Δx)2 + (Δyi)2
n→∞ ∑
L = lim
the ith interval [xi−1, xi] such that i=1

Δyi
f′(x*
i
)=
O
Δx y = f (x)

• Therefore,
n
(Δx) + ( ox )
2 2
n→∞ ∑
L = lim

i
i=1

08
n Δx1 Δx2

1 + (f′(x*
i )o
2
n→∞ ∑
= lim ) Δx a x1 x2
= x0
⋯ b
= xn
i=1
A
=
· 8
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise / YZU

Example 1. Find the length of the arc of the semicubical

parabola y 2 = x 3 between the points (1, 1) and (4, 8)

∫
4
L= 1 +X
&

Because for the considered curve

y 2 = x 3 implicitly defines y as a
function of x by y = x 3/2, we have
dy/dx = Ext n
(Δx)2 + ( x )2
n→∞ ∑
L = lim ·
x

i=1
Therefore, we continue to derive n
1 + ( f′(x*
i )
2
n→∞ ∑
= lim ) Δx
4
9x
∫1
i=1
L= 1 + dx = jFix dx
9
4
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Example 1 YZU

9
f M = 10
·

- 4
=

9x
∫1
Let u = 1 + x, then x =) n =
4 L= 1 + dx
4 4
= 4
9x
∫1
L= 1 + dx
4
= sir E
= d

= (Homework)
10
 Area of a Surface of
8.2 Revolution
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• How to calculate the area of a surface of revolution?

• If the surface area is A, we can imagine that painting the
surface would require the same amount of paint as does a
flat region with area A
• Let’s start with some simple
surfaces such as the lateral Cut it along the dashed line and
flatten it to form a rectangle
surface area of a circular
cylinder with radius r and height
h:
A = with

zurk
12
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• How about the lateral surface area of a circular cone with

base radius r and slant height ℓ?
A= 1 = πrℓ
Cut it along the dashed line
and flatten it to form a sector of
a circle
I

13
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

The lateral surface area

• How about the lateral surface area of
of a cone is A = πrl
a band?
A= = k(l + 1,) xr(l
-

,
)
= Trel + Crd , rid -

,
)
= π(r1l + r2l)
ℓ1 ℓ +ℓ
= 2πrl, r1
= 1
r2
r1 + r2 ⟺ ℓ1r2 = (ℓ1 + ℓ)r1
where r = is the
2 ⟺ ℓ1(r2 − r1) = ℓr1

average radius of the band

14
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• Consider the surface which is obtained by rotating the

curve y = f(x), a ≤ x ≤ b, about the x-axis, where f( ⋅ )
is positive and has a continuous derivative
• How can we at least
estimate the lateral
surface area?
&

carl (a) Surface of revolution

Figure 4

15
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

1. We divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals with

endpoints x0, ⋯, xn and equal width Δx, as we did when
determining arc length
• Let’s estimate the
area of the lateral
surface associated
with the first
interval!
x0 x1

(a) Surface of revolution

Figure 4

16
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

1. We divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals with

endpoints x0, ⋯, xn and equal width Δx, as we did when
determining arc length
• Let’s estimate the
area of the lateral
surface associated
with the first
interval!
• Rotating the first
x0 x1
line segment P0P1
about the x-axis to
(a) Surface of revolution
form a band
Figure 4

17
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

2. The approximating surface consists of a number of bands

3. By taking the number of bands to infinity, we can determine
the exact surface area!

25 Nit
Fit tox

(b) Approximating band

Figure 4

18
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• For the first band, we have The lateral surface area

slant height l = | P0P1 | , of a band is A = 2πrl
y1 + y0
average radius r = ,
2
and its lateral surface area is
A1 = 25 gigi
it
+ 0x

+ 120x
S
[ + (x*)] + 10x
Y
Mean value
19
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• For the ith band, we have The lateral surface area

of a band is A = 2πrl
slant height l = | Pi−1Pi | ,
yi−1 + yi
average radius r = ,
2
and its lateral surface area is
Ai =

20
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• Recall that
2 2 The lateral surface area
| Pi−1Pi | = (Δx) + (Δyi) of the ith band is
yi−1 + yi
Ai = 2π | Pi−1Pi |
(Δx) + (f′(x* )Δx)
2 2
= i
2

1 + (f′(x*
i )
2
= ) Δx
where xi∗ is some number in [xi−1, xi]

21
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU

• When Δx is small, we have

• The lateral surface area of
yi−1 = f(xi−1) ≈ f(x*
i
) the ith band is
yi−1 + yi
yi = f(xi) ≈ f(x*
i
) Ai = 2π
2
| Pi−1Pi |

• The ith lateral surface area Ai is • | Pi−1Pi | = 1 + (f′(x*

i )
2
) Δx
approximately

( i )
) 1 + f′(x*) 2 Δx
*
*

Ai ≈ 2π +(x + ) + + (xi

) 1 + (f′(x*
i )
2
= 2πf(x*
i
) Δx

22
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Area of a Surface of Revolution YZU
• An approximation to the area
• The lateral surface area of the ith
of the complete surface of band is
revolution via such bands is
) 1 + (f′(x*
i )
2
n Ai ≈ 2πf(x*
i
) Δx

∑
A≈ Ai
i=1
n

∑
≈ 20f(xi )
*
1+ H'(x:*)) ox
i=1
• The approximation becomes
accurate as n → ∞

Dim
n
+=
n→∞ ∑
A = lim Ai = dx
i=1
23
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU

Example 1. The curve y = 4 − x 2 , where

−1 ≤ x ≤ 1, is an arc of the circle
Find the area of the lateral surface obtained
. T
by rotating this arc about the x-axis (The
surface is a portion of a sphere of radius 2)

S+F
= /i do
24
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU
sint = X ↓ cust

(i J cost
=

It

- 1 + (0)2X y= 4 − x2

(If
=2

25
 Hydrostatic Pressure and
8.2 Force
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

• How can we determine the hydrostatic force against a

vertical plate or wall or dam in a fluid?
• This is not a trivial problem because the pressure
increases as the depth increases
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Hydrostatic Pressure and Force YZU

• Water pressure increases along the depth of water

because the weight of the water above rises

• Suppose that a thin horizontal plate with area A

square meters is submerged in a fluid of density ρ
kilograms per cubic meter at a depth d meters below
the surface of the fluid as in Figure 1.

d
A

27
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Hydrostatic Pressure and Force YZU

• The fluid directly above the plate

has volume V = Ad, so its mass is
m = ρV = ρAd. The force exerted d
by the fluid on the plate is therefore
F = mg = PAdg •

where g (m/s 2) is the acceleration due to gravity

• The pressure P on the plate is defined to be the force
F
per unit area P =
A
=
d (SI unit: pascal, PA)

pag
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Hydrostatic Pressure and Force YZU

• An important principle of fluid pressure is that the

pressure in any direction at a depth d with mass density
ρ is common and given by P = ρgd

• For example, a diver feels nearly the same pressure on

nose and both ears
• The density of water is ρ = 1000kg/m 3
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU

• A dam has the shape of the trapezoid. The height is 20 m

and the width is 50 m at the top and 30 m at the bottom.
Find the force on the dam due to hydrostatic pressure if
the water level is 4m from the top of the dam
• We observe that the point at the same depth has the
same pressure which is perpendicular to the wall (dam)

4m

30
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU

• Choose a vertical x-axis with origin at the surface of the

water and directed downward
• The depth of the water is 16 m, so we divide the interval
[0, 16] into equal n subintervals

• If Δx is small, then the

pressure Pi on the i th
strip is almost constant 4m
0
• The force on the i th
strip is approximately
Fi = Pi Ai, where Ai is 16
the area of the ith strip
x
31
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU

• The area of the ith horizontal strip is approximately

Ai = Δx ⋅ w*
i
where w*
i
is the approximate width of the ith strip

• We have w*
i
= 2(15 + a*
i
), where
a*
i
16 − x*
= to 10m
i 0&
Xi
- .
ai

a* = (16-xi )
*
0 5 16
i .

• Therefore, w*
i
= 46 − x*
i x
32
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise YZU

• The pressure on the ith horizontal strip is P = ρgd

approximately Fi = Pi Ai
Pi = ρgx*
i
= 1000gx*
i
Ai = Δx ⋅ wi
wi = 46 − x*
i
• Therefore, the force
on the ith horizontal
strip is approximately
10m
Fi ≈ Pi Ai 0
=
100gx :
*
(46 -
xi /X
*

ai

16
= 1000gx*
i
Δx(46 − x*
i
)
x
33
 Fi ≈ 1000gx*
i
Δx(46 − x*i
) Ling-Hua
Chang,
Exercise g ≈ 9.8m /s 2 YZU

• The total force is can be estimated as

n

∑ i
F≈ F = 1000 g Xi
*

(46 -

Xi
*

)oX
i=1
• The total force is
accurately determined as
n

n→∞ ∑
F = lim Fi 4m
0
i=1

16

∫0
= 1000 x(46 -

x)dx 16

x
34
 Blood Flow
8.2
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

How can we compute the rate of blood flow?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Blood Flow YZU

• The law of laminar flow says the

velocity v of blood that flows along a
blood vessel with radius R and length
ℓ relies on the distance r from the
central axis as
P
v(r) = (R 2 − r 2)
4ηℓ
where P is the pressure difference between the ends of
the vessel and η is the viscosity of the blood
• The blood passes more rapidly when it is close to the
center!
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Blood Flow YZU

• How can we compute the rate of

blood flow, or flux (volume per unit
time)?
• We observe that the blood which
has equal distance to the center has
the common velocity
• This hints us to divide the cross-sectional
circle into n rings
 Ling-Hua
Chang,
Blood Flow YZU

• The velocity of blood in one ring are

very close if we have many rings
• We therefore properly divide [0,R]
into n equal intervals
• The area of the ith ring is
Ai = ri2π − ri−1
2
π = (ri − ri−1)(ri + ri−1)π = Δr ⋅ 2r*
i
π
• For the ith interval, we have the corresponding ring which
approximately associates with velocity v(r*i
)
• The volume of blood per unit time that flows across the ith
ring is approximately
(Δr2πr*
i
)v(r*
i
) = 2πr*
i
v(r*
i
)Δr
 The volume of blood per unit time that Ling-Hua
flows across the ith ring is 2πr*
i
v(r*
i
)Δr, Chang,
Blood Flow where v(r) =
P
(R 2 − r 2) YZU
4ηℓ
• The total volume of blood that flows across a
cross-section per unit time is approximately
n
Eziri(l =
Yor
*

∑
) ri
*

A : Vri =

i=1
• Therefore, the volume of blood that passes a
cross-section per unit time is
F = lim[zri(R = ri
*
/or

cri -r) dr
=
= (R

πPR 4 It is called Poiseuille’s Law: the flux is

=
8ηℓ proportional to the fourth power of the
radius of the blood vessel