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Advanced Materials

Advanced materials are high-tech materials used in sophisticated applications such as lasers, semiconductors, and biomaterials, which have transformed various industries including communication and medicine. Key examples include shape-memory alloys that revert to their original shape upon heating, piezoelectric ceramics that respond to electric fields, and nano-structured materials like carbon nanotubes with exceptional properties. Biomaterials, which can be natural or synthetic, are used to replace or repair body parts and must be biocompatible to avoid adverse reactions.

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40 views7 pages

Advanced Materials

Advanced materials are high-tech materials used in sophisticated applications such as lasers, semiconductors, and biomaterials, which have transformed various industries including communication and medicine. Key examples include shape-memory alloys that revert to their original shape upon heating, piezoelectric ceramics that respond to electric fields, and nano-structured materials like carbon nanotubes with exceptional properties. Biomaterials, which can be natural or synthetic, are used to replace or repair body parts and must be biocompatible to avoid adverse reactions.

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davraaksh
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Advanced Materials

Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are


sometimes termed advanced materials. By high technology we mean a
device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and
sophisticated principles. The properties and applications of a number of
these advanced materials -for example, materials that are used for
lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal
displays (LCDs), and fiber optics.

These are new engineering materials which exhibit high strength,


great hardness, and superior thermal, electrical, optical and chemical
properties.

Advanced materials have dramatically altered communication


technologies, reshaped data analysis, restructured medical devices,
advanced space travel and transformed industrial production process.

Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what


we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and
nanoengineered materials), which we discuss below.

Semiconductors:
Silicon, Germanium and some more compounds form the vast
majority of semiconducting crystals. Semiconductors have electrical
properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz.
metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers).
Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely
sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for
which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions.
These semiconducting materials are used in a number of solid state
devices, e.g. diodes, transistors, photoelectric devices, solar batteries,
radiation detectors, thermistors and lasers. The semiconductors have
made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has completely
revolutionized the electronics and computer industries.
A shape-memory alloy is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but
returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. The two
most prevalent shape-memory alloys are copper-aluminium-
nickel and nickel-titanium (NiTi), but SMAs can also be created by
alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron. Although iron-based and copper-
based SMAs, such as Fe-Mn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni, are
commercially available and cheaper than NiTi, NiTi-based SMAs are
preferable for most applications due to their stability and
practicability.
Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert
back to their original shapes when temperature is changed.

What Is a Shape Memory Alloy?


A shape memory alloy is a material that undergoes a phase transformation
when it experiences a mechanical stress or temperature change. When the
conditions return to normal, the SMA “remembers” its original shape and
reverts to it.

The two crystal structures of SMA materials are known


as austenite and martensite. Austenite is the SMA’s structure at higher
temperatures, while martensite is the structure at lower temperatures. The
transformation from austenite to martensite or vice versa is the cause of
this “memory” behavior.
Common materials for SMAs include copper-aluminum-nickel and nickel-
titanium alloys. The latter is often referred to as nitinol, which refers to
its elemental makeup (ni for nickel and ti for titanium) as well as
where it was first discovered (nol for Naval Ordnance Laboratory).
Nitinol typically exhibits two phases: austenite and martensite. Austenite
has a FCC structure and is stable at higher temperatures. Martensite is
a monoclinic crystal which is stable at lower temperatures (Fischer et
al., 2002).

Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied


electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field
when their dimensions are altered.

The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the


piezoelectrics, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields. Also,
electrorheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience
dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic
fields, respectively.

Nano Materials
Nano-structured (NS) materials are defined as solids having
microstructural features in the range of 1–100 nm (= (1–100) ×10 −9 m)
in at least in one dimension. These materials have outstanding
mechanical and physical properties due to their extremely fine grain size
and high grain boundary volume fraction. Usually, the clusters of atoms
consisting of typically hundreds to thousands on the nanometer scale are
called as nanoclusters.
Significant work in being carried out in the domain of nano-structured
materials and nano tubes since they were found to have potential for high
technology engineering applications.
A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in
the nanometre range (nanoscale).
Carbon nanotubes are currently used in multiple industrial and
consumer applications. These include battery components, polymer
composites, to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical
properties of the bulk product, and as a highly absorptive black paint.
CNTs can be used in: Automotive parts. Electronics: circuitry, batteries, supercapacitors. Photovoltaic
technology - including solar panels, LEDs, sensors, transistors, field emitting devices, fuel cells, actuators
(devices that power physical movement)
Biological Materials: Leather, limestone, bone, horn, wax, wood etc.
are biological materials. Wood is fibrous composition of hydrocarbon,
cellulose and lignin and is used for many purposes. Apart from these
components a small amount of gum, starch, resins, wax and organic acids
are also present in wood. One can classify wood as soft wood and hard
wood. Fresh wood contains high percentage of water and to dry out it,
seasoning is done. If proper seasoning is not done, defects such as cracks,
twist, wrap etc. may occur. Leather is obtained from the skin of animals
after cleaning and tanning operations. Nowadays, it is used for making
belts, boxes, shoes, purses etc. To preserve the leather, tanning is used.

A biomaterial is the following:


1. It is a non-viable substance or combination of substances. In other
words, this material is unable to develop, grow, or frankly live in general
(exception, tissue engineering).
2. This substance can be naturally or synthetically derived, and it can be a
solid or even a liquid.
3. The substance is used to (partially or completely) replace, regenerate,
repair, or augment any body part, tissue, or organ in terms of structure
and/or function.
4. The substance is used to improve or maintain the quality of life of an
individual.
5. The substance is NOT a drug!
Examples: Regardless, biomaterials are used in biological systems and as
part of medical devices. Biomaterials are employed in components
implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged
body parts. Examples of biomaterials include: Metals, Ceramics, Glass,
Polymers, Biomaterials derived from animals.
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living
organisms. Cellulose and starch, proteins and peptides, and DNA and RNA are
all examples of biopolymers, in which the monomeric units, respectively,
are sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.[21] Cellulose is both the most common
biopolymer and the most common organic compound on Earth.

Hip replacements are made from biomaterials.


titanium, cobalt-chrome, or stainless steel.
Note that a biomaterial is different from a biological material, such as bone,
that is produced by a biological system. Additionally, care should be
exercised in defining a biomaterial as biocompatible, since it is application-
specific. A biomaterial that is biocompatible or suitable for one application
may not be biocompatible in another. These materials must not produce
toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not
cause adverse biological reactions).

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