PROJECT: AIRLINE TICKETING SYSTEM

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

FEASIBILITY STUDY

1. Overview
Millions of people are transported around the world every day thanks to the airline industry.
The need for effective, safe, and user-friendly ticketing systems has grown significantly with
the rise in demand for air travel. By providing a secure, adaptable, and lightweight solution,
the suggested Java based airline ticketing system seeks to overcome the drawbacks of current
systems. To ascertain the project's viability, this feasibility study assesses its operational,
financial, and technical aspects.

The technology will improve user experience and operational efficiency by streamlining the
ticketing, airline booking, and administration procedures. It will make use of Java's strong
networking capabilities, platform freedom, and cutting-edge security features to offer a
dependable solution for travelers and airlines alike. In order to guarantee that the project
achieves its goals within the money and schedule allotted, the study will also examine the
system's design, development, testing, and deployment phases.

2. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
2.1 HUMAN RESOURCES
The development, deployment, and maintenance of an airline ticketing system require a
diverse team of skilled professionals. Each team member plays a critical role in ensuring the
system meets its functional, technical, and operational requirements. Below is a detailed
breakdown of the human resources required, their responsibilities, and the skills needed to
perform their duties effectively.

i. Project Manager
Responsibilities:
 Oversee the entire project lifecycle, from planning to deployment.
 Define project scope, objectives, and deliverables.
 Allocate resources and manage timelines.
 Coordinate between team members and stakeholders.
 Monitor progress and address risks or issues.

Skills Required:
 Strong project management skills (e.g., Agile, Scrum, or Waterfall methodologies).
 Excellent communication and leadership abilities.
 Experience in software development projects.
 Problem-solving and decision-making skills.
 Knowledge of airline ticketing systems or travel industry processes (preferred).

ii. Java Developers

Responsibilities:
 Design and develop the core application using Java.
 Implement the graphical user interface (GUI) using Java Swing.
 Integrate the system with databases, payment gateways, and third-party APIs.
 Write clean, efficient, and welldocumented code.
 Debug and resolve technical issues during development and post deployment.

Skills Required:
 Proficiency in Java programming (JDK 11 or later).
 Experience with Java Swing or other GUI frameworks.
  Knowledge of object-oriented programming (OOP) principles.
 Familiarity with RESTful APIs and networking protocols (TCP/IP, WebSocket).
 Understanding of version control systems (e.g., Git).

iii. Database Administrator (DBA)

Responsibilities:
 Design and implement the database schema for the system.
 Optimize database performance through indexing and query optimization.
 Ensure data integrity, security, and backup procedures.
 Manage user access and permissions.
 Troubleshoot database related issues.

Skills Required:
 Expertise in MySQL or other relational database management systems (RDBMS).
 Knowledge of SQL queries, stored procedures, and triggers.
 Experience in database normalization and optimization.
 Understanding of data encryption and security best practices.
 Familiarity with database backup and recovery processes.

iv. Security Specialist

Responsibilities:
 Implement encryption protocols (AES256, RSA) for securing sensitive data.
 Design and enforce authentication mechanisms (e.g., multifactor authentication).
 Conduct security audits and vulnerability assessments.
 Ensure compliance with data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, PCIDSS).
 Monitor the system for potential security threats and breaches.

Skills Required:
 Strong knowledge of encryption algorithms and protocols.
 Experience in implementing secure authentication systems.
 Familiarity with cybersecurity frameworks and tools.
 Understanding of international data protection laws.
 Problem solving skills to address security vulnerabilities.

v. Quality Assurance (QA) Testers

Responsibilities:
 Develop test cases and scenarios for functional and non-functional requirements.
 Conduct unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
  Identify and report bugs or issues

2.2 TECHNOLOGY STACK

The proposed system will utilize the following technologies:

i. Frontend Development
The frontend is responsible for the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) of the
system. It ensures that users can interact with the system seamlessly.
Languages:
Java: The primary language for developing the desktop application’s GUI.
HTML/CSS/JavaScript: For any web-based components or future web version of the system.
Frameworks:
Java Swing: A lightweight framework for building the desktop application’s graphical user
interface (GUI).
JavaFX (Optional): A modern alternative to Swing for richer UI components and animations.
Design Tools:
Adobe XD/Figma/Sketch: For designing wireframes, prototypes, and mock-ups of the UI.
Photoshop/Illustrator: For creating custom graphics, icons, and visual elements.

Additional Tools:
Scene Builder: A visual layout tool for designing JavaFX UIs (if JavaFX is used).
IntelliJ IDEA/NetBeans: Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) with built-in support
for Java GUI development.

ii. Backend Development

The backend handles the core logic, data processing, and server-side operations of the
system. It ensures that the system is efficient, secure, and scalable.
Languages:
Java: The primary language for backend development, leveraging its platform independence
and robustness.
Database:
 MySQL: A relational database management system (RDBMS) for storing flight data,
passenger information, booking records, and payment details.
Hibernate: An Object Relational Mapping (ORM) framework to simplify database
interactions and queries.
Server:
Apache Tomcat: A lightweight and opensource server for deploying Java based applications.
Spring Boot (Optional): A framework for building standalone, production grade backend
applications.
Additional Tools:
Maven/Gradle: Build automation tools for managing dependencies and compiling the
project.
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): For connecting the Java application to the MySQL
database.

iii. API Integration

API integration enables the system to communicate with external services, such as payment
gateways, third-party APIs, and airline systems.

Payment Gateway APIs:

Stripe: For processing credit/debit card payments.
PayPal: For enabling PayPal transactions.
Mobile Money APIs: For integrating mobile payment options (e.g., MPesa).

Third-party APIs:
Google Maps API: For displaying airport locations and flight routes.
Push Notification APIs: For sending real-time notifications to users (e.g., flight updates,
booking confirmations).
Weather APIs: For providing weather updates related to flight destinations.

Airline System APIs:

Flight Operations API: For integrating with airline systems to fetch real-time flight schedules
and availability.
Loyalty Program API: For integrating frequent flyer programs and reward systems.
Integration Tools:
RESTful APIs: For enabling communication between the system and external services.
Postman: For testing and debugging APIs during development.
WebSocket: For real-time communication between the system and external services (e.g.,
flight status updates).

2.3 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

The system will use MySQL to manage data such as flight schedules, passenger details,
booking information, and payment records. The relational database will ensure data integrity,
scalability, and efficient querying.
Database System:
MySQL: A reliable and scalable relational database management system (RDBMS) that
supports complex queries and transactions.
Hibernate: An Object Relational Mapping (ORM) framework to simplify database
interactions and reduce boilerplate code.

Key Features:
Normalization: Ensures data integrity and reduces redundancy by organizing data into
related tables.
Indexing: Improves query performance by creating indexes on frequently searched columns
(e.g., flight numbers, passenger IDs).
Stored Procedures and Triggers: Automates repetitive tasks and enforces business rules (e.g.,
updating seat availability after a booking).
Data Encryption: Encrypts sensitive data (e.g., payment information) using AES256.

Database Schema:
Flights Table: Stores flight details (e.g., flight number, departure, arrival, seats).
Passengers Table: Stores passenger information (e.g., name, contact details).
Bookings Table: Links passengers to flights and stores booking details.
Payments Table: Records payment transactions and methods.
2.4 HOSTING AND DEPLOYMENT
Deployment Platforms:
Desktop Deployment: The application will be packaged for Windows (MSI), macOS
(DMG), and Linux (TAR/GZ) using tools like Install4j or Java Packager.
Cloud Hosting: For future scalability, the system can be migrated to cloud platforms like
AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.

Hosting Requirements:
Server: Apache Tomcat for deploying the Java based application.
Storage: Sufficient disk space for the database and application files.
Bandwidth: Highspeed internet for real-time updates and API integrations.

Deployment Process:
1. Development Environment: Build and test the application locally.
2. Staging Environment: Deploy to a staging server for user acceptance testing (UAT).
3. Production Environment: Deploy to the live server after successful testing.

2.5 SECURITY RESOURCES/MEASURES

Security is a top priority for the airline ticketing system, given the sensitive nature of
passenger and payment data.

Encryption:
AES256: For encrypting sensitive data (e.g., payment information, personal details).
RSA: For secure key exchange and authentication.

Authentication:
Multifactor Authentication (MFA): Adds an extra layer of security for user and admin
accounts.
OAuth 2.0: For secure third-party API integrations (e.g., payment gateways).

Compliance:
GDPR: Ensures compliance with data protection regulations for European users.
PCIDSS: Ensures secure handling of payment information.

Security Tools:
SSL/TLS: For encrypting data transmitted over the network.
Firewalls: To protect the system from unauthorized access.
Security Audits: Regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing.

2.6. PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITY

The system must handle high traffic and large volumes of data without compromising
performance.

Performance Optimization:
Caching: Stores frequently accessed data (e.g., flight schedules) in memory for faster
retrieval.
Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly across multiple servers to prevent overload.
Database Optimization: Uses indexing, query optimization, and connection pooling to
improve database performance.

Scalability:
Horizontal Scaling: Adds more servers to handle increased traffic.
Vertical Scaling: Upgrades server hardware (e.g., CPU, RAM) for better performance.
Cloud Integration: Leverages cloud platforms for elastic scaling and resource management.

2.7 BACKUP AND DATA RECOVERY

Data loss can have severe consequences, so robust backup and recovery mechanisms are
essential.

Backup Strategies:
Regular Backups: Daily backups of the database and application files.
Incremental Backups: Backs up only the changes made since the last backup.
Offsite Storage: Stores backups in a secure, offsite location (e.g., cloud storage).

Recovery Plans:
Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP): Outlines steps to restore the system in case of data loss or
system failure.
Point Intime Recovery: Restores the database to a specific point in time to minimize data
loss.

Tools:
MySQL Workbench: For managing database backups and recovery.
AWS Backup: For automated cloud-based backups (if using AWS).

2.8 TESTING AND MONITORING TOOLS

Testing and monitoring ensure the system is reliable, secure, and performs as expected.

Testing Tools:
JUnit: For unit testing Java code.
Selenium: For automated UI testing.
Postman: For testing APIs and integrations.
LoadRunner: For performance and load testing.

Monitoring Tools:
Nagios: For monitoring system performance and detecting issues.
Prometheus: For real-time monitoring and alerting.
New Relic: For application performance monitoring (APM).

2.9 COLLABORATION AND VERSION CONTROL TOOLS

Effective collaboration and version control are essential for managing the development
process.

Collaboration Tools:
Slack: For team communication and collaboration.
Trello/Jira: For task management and tracking project progress.
Confluence: For documenting requirements, designs, and processes.

Version Control Tools:

Git: For tracking code changes and managing versions.
GitHub/GitLab: For hosting the code repository and enabling collaborative development.
Branching Strategy: Uses feature branches and pull requests for code reviews and
integration.

3.0 Development Team

The project will require a team of skilled professionals:
Project Manager: Oversees project planning and execution.
Java Developers: Develop the core application and GUI.
Database Administrator: Manages database design and optimization.
Security Specialist: Implements encryption and authentication mechanisms.
QA Testers: Conduct system testing and bug fixing.

3. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

The financial feasibility of the airline ticketing system is evaluated based on the cost of the
project, savings generated, return on investment (ROI), and net payback period. Below is a
detailed analysis of each aspect, tailored to the airline ticketing system.

A) COST OF THE PROJECT

The estimated cost of developing and deploying the airline ticketing system includes the
following components:
1. Software Development Costs
Hiring Developers: Costs for Java developers, database administrators, and UI/UX designers.
Security Experts: Hiring professionals to implement encryption, authentication, and
compliance measures.
Testing Team: Costs for QA testers to ensure the system is bug free and performs as
expected.

2. Hosting & Maintenance

Cloud Hosting Fees: Annual costs for hosting the system on platforms like AWS, Azure, or
Google Cloud.
Domain Registration: Costs for securing a domain name for the system (if a web-based
version is developed).
Server Maintenance: Ongoing costs for server upkeep, updates, and scaling.

3. Security Infrastructure
Firewalls and SSL Certificates: Implementation of firewalls and SSL/TLS certificates to
secure the system.
Compliance Costs: Ensuring compliance with data protection regulations like GDPR and
PCIDSS.
Encryption Tools: Costs for AES256 and RSA encryption libraries and tools.

4. User Training & Support

Training Workshops: Conducting workshops for airline staff and administrators to
familiarize them with the system.
User Guides: Creating detailed user manuals and documentation for passengers and airline
staff.
Customer Support: Setting up a 24/7 customer support team to assist users with booking,
ticketing, and payment issues.

5. Marketing & Awareness

Promotion Costs: Advertising the system to airlines, travel agencies, and potential users.
Outreach Campaigns: Engaging with airlines and travel agencies to onboard them onto the
platform.
Partnerships: Collaborating with airlines and travel agencies to promote the system.

6. Legal & Compliance

Data Protection Compliance: Ensuring compliance with international data protection laws
(e.g., GDPR, CCPA).
Certifications: Acquiring necessary certifications for payment processing and data security.
Legal Fees: Costs for legal consultations and documentation.

B) SAVINGS OF THE PROJECT

The airline ticketing system will generate significant savings for airlines and passengers by
addressing inefficiencies in the current ticketing process.

1. Eliminating Manual Ticketing Costs

Reducing the need for physical ticket counters and manual booking processes.
Lowering administrative workload for airline staff.
2. Preventing Overbooking and Errors
Automating seat assignment and inventory management to avoid overbooking.
Reducing errors caused by manual data entry.

3. Minimizing Lost/Damaged Ticket Issues

Digital tickets and boarding passes eliminate the need for reissuing lost or damaged physical
tickets.
Reducing administrative burdens and costs associated with ticket reissuance.

4. Faster Processing Time

Realtime updates and automated processes reduce the time required for booking, ticketing,
and check-in.
Improving operational efficiency for airlines and enhancing the passenger experience.

C) RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI)

The ROI for the airline ticketing system can be determined based on the following factors:
1. Revenue Generation
Subscription Models: Charging airlines and travel agencies a subscription fee for using the
system.
Transaction Fees: Earning a small percentage of each ticket sale processed through the
system.
Premium Services: Offering additional features like priority boarding, extra baggage, or
lounge access for an additional fee.

2. Cost Reduction
Savings from automating the booking process and reducing manual intervention.
Lower operational costs due to reduced paperwork and administrative workload.

3. Efficiency Gains
Faster booking and ticketing processes improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Realtime data and analytics enable airlines to optimize flight schedules and pricing,
increasing revenue.

4. Expansion Potential
Future monetization options, such as integrating loyalty programs, multilanguage support, or
advanced analytics.
Expanding the system to other travel related services (e.g., hotel bookings, car rentals).

D) NET PAYBACK PERIOD

The net payback period is the time required to recover the initial investment in the system. It
is calculated based on:

1. Total Initial Cost

Sum of development, security, hosting, and operational expenses.

2. Annual Savings & Revenue

Estimations of cost savings from automation and reduced manual processes.
Projected revenue from subscription fees, transaction fees, and premium services.

3. Breakeven Analysis
Calculation of how soon the system starts generating profit, considering growth and adoption
rates.
Factors like the number of airlines and travel agencies onboarded, ticket sales volume, and
operational efficiency gains.

4. DESIGN STAGE
The design stage of an airline ticketing system is a critical phase that lays the foundation for
the development and implementation of the system. It involves a series of steps to ensure the
system meets the needs of all stakeholders, including passengers, airlines, and administrators.

1. Requirement Analysis
Gather Requirements:
- Collect detailed requirements from stakeholders, including airlines, passengers, and
administrators.
- Document both functional and non-functional requirements, such as system performance,
security, scalability, and usability.

Use Case Scenarios:

- Identify and document various use case scenarios, such as:
 Searching for flights.
 Booking, modifying, or cancelling tickets.
 Selecting seats and processing payments.
 Generating e-tickets and boarding passes.
 Managing flight schedules and passenger data.

2. System Architecture Design

High-Level Architecture:
- Define the overall architecture of the system, including the main components and their
interactions.
- Consider a three-tier architecture:
- Presentation Layer (UI): The user interface for passengers and administrators.
 - Application Layer (Business Logic): Handles flight search, booking, payment processing,
and notifications.
- Data Layer (Database): Stores flight schedules, passenger information, booking records,
and payment details.

Component Design:
- Break down the system into smaller, manageable components, such as:
- User Management: Handles user registration, login, and profile management.
- Flight Management: Manages flight schedules, availability, and pricing.
- Booking Engine: Handles seat selection, reservations, and ticket generation.
- Payment Processing: Integrates with payment gateways for secure transactions.
- Notifications: Sends real-time updates and alerts to passengers.

3. Database Design
Data Modelling:
- Create an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) to visualize the database schema.
- Identify key entities, such as:
- Flights: Flight details, schedules, and availability.
- Passengers: Personal and booking information.
- Bookings: Links passengers to flights and stores booking details.
- Payments: Records payment transactions and methods.

Normalization:
- Ensure the database design follows normalization principles to reduce data redundancy and
improve data integrity.
- Use indexing to optimize query performance for frequently accessed data (e.g., flight
searches).

4. User Interface Design

Wireframes and Mock-ups:
- Develop wireframes and mock-ups for the UI to visualize the user journey and interface
layout.
- Create designs for key screens, such as:
- Home Page: Flight search bar, login/register options.
- Flight Listings: Display available flights with filters (e.g., price, duration, airline).
- Seat Selection: Interactive seating map with real-time availability.
- Payment Page: Secure payment gateway integration.
- Booking Confirmation: E-ticket and boarding pass generation.

Usability and Accessibility:

- Ensure the UI design is user-friendly, intuitive, and accessible to all users, including those
with disabilities.
- Follow design guidelines and best practices for web and mobile interfaces.

5. Detailed Component Design

Booking Engine:
- Design algorithms and logic for seat selection, reservation, and confirmation.
- Ensure real-time updates for seat availability and inventory management.

Payment Processing:
- Design the integration with secure payment gateways (e.g., Stripe, PayPal).
- Implement measures to handle payment verification, transaction logging, and error
handling.

5. REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

1. Introduction
Purpose:
- Define the purpose of the system, such as enabling passengers to book airline tickets online
conveniently and efficiently.
Scope:
- Outline the scope of the project, specifying what the system will and will not cover (e.g.,
domestic and international flights, but not hotel bookings).
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations:
- Explain any terms or abbreviations used in the document (e.g., API, GUI, SSL/TLS).

2. Overall Description
Product Perspective:
- Describe the system context and its relationship to other systems (e.g., airline operations,
CRM, loyalty programs).

Product Functions:
- List the major functions the system must perform, such as:
 Flight search and booking.
 Seat selection and payment processing.
 E-ticket generation and notifications.

User Characteristics:
 Define the types of users and their key characteristics:
 Passengers: Individuals booking flights.
 Administrators: Airline staff managing flight schedules and bookings.

Constraints:
- Identify any constraints the project must adhere to, such as:
 Compliance with data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, PCI-DSS).
 Integration with existing airline systems.

Assumptions and Dependencies:

- List any assumptions made during the requirement gathering process and dependencies on
other systems or components (e.g., payment gateways, third-party APIs).

5.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1. User Registration and Authentication
User Registration:
- Passengers can create an account by providing necessary details like name, email, and
password.
- Send a verification email to confirm the registration.

User Login:
- Allow passengers to log in using their credentials.
- Implement options for password recovery and reset.

2. Flight Listings
Display Flights:
- Show a list of available flights with details such as flight number, departure/arrival times,
price, and available seats.
- Provide filtering options based on price, duration, airline, and layovers.

3. Booking Tickets
Select Flight and Showtime:
- Passengers can choose a flight and select a preferred showtime.

Seat Selection:
- Display the seating arrangement and allow passengers to select their seats.
- Show seat availability in real-time.

Add to Cart:
- Passengers can add selected tickets to their cart.
- Provide an option to review and modify the cart contents before checkout.

4. Payment Processing
Checkout Process:
- Guide passengers through a secure checkout process where they can review their booking.
- Implement various payment methods like credit/debit cards, mobile payments, and digital
wallets.

Payment Confirmation:
- Confirm payment success and generate a receipt.
- Send a payment confirmation email to passengers.

5. Ticket Generation and Email Confirmation

E-Ticket Generation:
- Generate e-tickets with details such as flight number, departure/arrival times, seat numbers,
and booking ID.

Email Confirmation:
- Send an email to passengers with e-ticket details and booking confirmation.

6. User Profile Management

View/Update Profile:
- Allow passengers to view and update their personal information.

Booking History:
- Provide access to past bookings and transaction history for passengers to view.

5.2 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Performance Requirements
- Response Time: The system should have a response time of less than 2 seconds for any
action performed by the user.
- Load Handling: The system should support at least 10,000 concurrent users without
performance degradation.
- Scalability: The system should be easily scalable to handle increased load during peak times
(e.g., holiday seasons).

2. Security Requirements
- Data Encryption: All sensitive data, including passenger information and payment details,
should be encrypted using strong encryption algorithms (e.g., AES-256).
- User Authentication: Implement secure user authentication methods, such as OAuth2 or
multi-factor authentication (MFA).
- Vulnerability Protection: Protect the system against common vulnerabilities, such as SQL
injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

3. Usability Requirements
- User Interface: The system should have an intuitive and user-friendly interface.
- Accessibility: The system should comply with accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG 2.1).
- Localization: Support multiple languages and regional settings.

4. Reliability Requirements
- Availability: The system should have an uptime of at least 99.9%.
- Backup and Recovery: Implement regular data backup procedures and a robust recovery
plan.

5. Maintainability Requirements
- Modular Architecture: Use a modular architecture for easy maintenance and updates.
- Documentation: Provide comprehensive documentation for developers and users.
- Code Quality: Follow coding standards and best practices.

6. Legal and Regulatory Requirements

- Data Protection: Ensure compliance with data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA).
- Payment Processing: Adhere to relevant regulations for payment processing (e.g., PCI-
DSS).

7. Operational Requirements
- Monitoring and Logging: Implement monitoring and logging to track system performance.
- Support and Maintenance: Provide dedicated support and maintenance services.

6. USE CASE ANALYSIS

1. Actors:
- Admin: This actor is responsible for managing the system, including user registrations,
flight details, and overall system maintenance.
- Customer: This actor represents the end-user who interacts with the system to book
flights, make payments, and check seat status.

2. Use Cases:
- Login: This use case allows both Admin and Customer to access the system securely. It
involves authentication and authorization processes.
- Register: This use case is primarily for the Admin to add new users (customers) to the
system. It involves collecting user details and creating accounts.
- Book Flight: This use case allows the Customer to search for available flights, select a
flight, and book a ticket. It involves selecting flight details, entering passenger information,
and confirming the booking.
- Payment: This use case handles the payment process after a flight is booked. It involves
selecting a payment method, entering payment details, and confirming the transaction.
- Seat Status: This use case allows the Customer to check the availability and status of seats
on a particular flight. It involves querying the system for seat information.
- Detail about the Customer: This use case involves managing and displaying customer
information. It could include viewing booking history, updating personal details, and
managing preferences.
 - Detail filling about flight: This use case is for the Admin to input and manage flight
details, such as flight numbers, schedules, and available seats.

3. Relationships:
- The Admin actor is associated with the Register, Detail filling about flight, and Detail
about the Customer use cases, indicating that the Admin manages user registrations, flight
details, and customer information.
- The Customer actor is associated with the Login, Book Flight, Payment, and Seat Status
use cases, indicating that the Customer interacts with the system to log in, book flights, make
payments, and check seat availability.

This use case diagram provides a high-level overview of the functionalities within an airline
ticketing system, showing how different actors interact with the system to perform various
tasks.

7. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

Level 0: Context Diagram
A Level 0 Context Diagram provides a high-level overview of a system, showing its
interactions with external entities.

1. External Entities:
- Admin: This entity represents the system administrator who manages the overall
operations, including customer details and system configurations.
- Customer: This entity represents the end-user who interacts with the system to book
tickets and view bill details.

2. System:
 - Online Airline Reservation System: This is the central system that handles all the core
functionalities related to airline reservations.

3. Processes:
- View Customer Details: This process allows the Admin to access and manage customer
information stored in the system.
- Book Ticket: This process enables the Customer to search for available flights, select a
flight, and book a ticket.
- Bill Details: This process provides the Customer with detailed information about the
billing and payment for the booked tickets.
4. Data Flows:
- Reservation Form: This represents the data input form that the Customer fills out to book
a ticket. It includes details such as flight selection, passenger information, and payment
details.
- Customer Details: This data flow involves the transfer of customer information between
the Customer entity and the system, as well as between the Admin and the system.
- Bill Details: This data flow involves the transfer of billing information from the system to
the Customer, providing details about the payment and booking confirmation.
5. Interactions:
- The Admin interacts with the system to View Customer Details, ensuring that customer
information is accurate and up-to-date.
- The Customer interacts with the system to Book Ticket and view Bill Details, completing
the reservation process and obtaining payment information.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Level 1

A Level 1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) provides a more detailed view of the system's
processes and data flows compared to a Level 0 diagram. It breaks down the main processes
into sub-processes and shows how data moves between them.
1. External Entities:
- Customer: The end-user who interacts with the system to make reservations and manage
their information.
- Admin: The system administrator who monitors and manages reservations and
transactions.

2. Processes:
- 1.1 Manage Customer Info: This process handles the management of customer
information. It involves collecting, updating, and storing customer details such as name,
contact information, and preferences.
 - 1.2 Manage Reservation Info: This process deals with the management of reservation
information. It includes creating, updating, and storing reservation details such as flight
details, seat selection, and special requests.
- 1.3 Monitor Reservation Status: This process allows the Admin to monitor the status of
reservations. It involves checking reservation confirmations, tracking changes, and ensuring
that all reservations are up-to-date.
- 1.4 Manage Transaction Details: This process handles the management of transaction
details. It includes processing payments, generating transaction records, and providing price
information.

3. Data Stores:
- Customer Info: A data store that holds all customer-related information.
- Reservation Records: A data store that contains details of all reservations made by
customers.
- Transaction Details: A data store that holds information about all transactions, including
payment details and price information.

4. Data Flows:
- Customer Info: Data flow between the Customer and the Manage Customer Info process,
and between the Manage Customer Info process and the Customer Info data store.
- Reservation Info: Data flow between the Customer and the Manage Reservation Info
process, and between the Manage Reservation Info process and the Reservation Records data
store.
- Accommodation Info: Data flow related to accommodation details, which might be part of
the reservation process.
- Reservation Status: Data flow between the Monitor Reservation Status process and the
Admin, providing updates on reservation statuses.
- Transaction Info: Data flow between the Manage Transaction Details process and the
Transaction Details data store, and between the Manage Transaction Details process and the
Customer, providing payment and price information.
5. Interactions:
- The Customer interacts with the system to provide and update their information (1.1) and
to make and manage reservations (1.2).
- The Admin interacts with the system to monitor reservation statuses (1.3) and ensure that
all transactions are processed correctly (1.4).
- Data flows between processes and data stores ensure that information is accurately stored
and retrieved as needed.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM LVL 2

A Level 2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) provides an even more detailed view of the system's
processes compared to a Level 1 DFD. It breaks down each sub-process from the Level 1
DFD into more granular steps, showing how data moves within each process.
1. Processes:
- 1.1 Manage Customer Information:
- Manage Customer Information: This sub-process involves handling all aspects of
customer data. It includes collecting new customer information, updating existing records,
and ensuring data accuracy.
- Customer Info: This data store holds all customer-related information, such as personal
details, contact information, and preferences.
- Customer: The external entity that interacts with the system to provide and update their
information.

- 1.2 Manage Reservation Records:

 - Manage Reservation Records: This sub-process deals with the creation, modification,
and storage of reservation details. It includes flight selection, seat assignment, and special
requests.
- Reservation Info: This data store contains all reservation-related information, such as
flight details, passenger information, and booking status.
- Admin: The external entity responsible for overseeing and managing reservation records.

- 1.3 Manage Transactions Records:

- Manage Transactions Records: This sub-process handles the recording and management
of transaction details. It includes processing payments, generating receipts, and maintaining
transaction histories.
- Reservation Details: This data flow involves the transfer of reservation information
necessary for completing transactions.
- Transaction confirms: This data flow represents the confirmation of successful
transactions, ensuring that both the system and the customer are updated.

- 1.4 Manage Transactions:

- Manage Transactions: This sub-process focuses on the actual processing of transactions.
It includes validating payment information, executing payments, and updating transaction
records.
- Transaction Details: This data store holds all transaction-related information, such as
payment methods, amounts, and statuses.
- Transaction: This represents the flow of transaction data between the system and external
payment gateways or banks.

2. Data Stores:
- Customer Info: Stores all customer-related data.
- Reservation Info: Stores all reservation-related data.
- Transaction Details: Stores all transaction-related data.

3. Data Flows:
- Customer Info: Data flow between the Customer and the Manage Customer Information
process, and between the Manage Customer Information process and the Customer Info data
store.
 - Reservation Info: Data flow between the Manage Reservation Records process and the
Reservation Info data store.
- Reservation Details: Data flow between the Manage Transactions Records process and the
Reservation Info data store, providing necessary details for transaction processing.
- Transaction confirms: Data flow between the Manage Transactions Records process and
the Customer, confirming successful transactions.
- Transaction Details: Data flow between the Manage Transactions process and the
Transaction Details data store, and between the Manage Transactions process and external
payment systems.

4. Interactions:
- The Customer interacts with the system to provide and update their information (1.1) and
to receive transaction confirmations (1.3).
- The Admin interacts with the system to manage reservation records (1.2).
- Data flows between processes and data stores ensure that information is accurately stored,
retrieved, and processed as needed.

This Level 2 DFD provides a detailed view of the airline ticketing system's processes,
showing how customer information, reservation records, and transaction details are managed.
It highlights the interactions between different components and the flow of data within each
process, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the system's operations.

8. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP(E-R) DIAGRAM

PHONE
NAME NUMBER
PASSPORT
NUMBER

PASSWORD

EMAIL
USER
PASSENGER
ID
SEARCH

BOOK

CANCEL
TICKET BOOKING

FLIGHT ID
DESTINATION

ARRIVAL
FLIGHT
TIME
NUMBER
ORIGIN AIRLINE ID

FLIGHT DETAILS USERNAME

SEAT
DEPATURE
CAPACITY
TIME
SCHEDULE PASSWORD

Check
NAME availability
ADMINISTRATOR
IS
AGE BELONG
TO
NAME AIRLINE ID
SEX PASSENGER

PAYMENT ID
MODIFIED
PAYMENT AIRLINE
BOOKING DATE
ID

CONTACT HEADQUARTERS
AMOUNT INFO

STATUS
PAYMENT
METHOD

An Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) visually represents the relationships between entities

PAYMENT
in a system. For an Airline Ticketing System, the primaryTICKET STATUS
entities TICKET ID
include passengers, flights,
airlines, bookings, and payments. Below is a detailed breakdown of the entities, their
attributes, and the relationships between them.

Primary Entities
1. Passenger: An individual who uses the system to book airline tickets.
2. Flight: The flight for which tickets are being booked.
3. Airline: The airline operating the flight.
4. Booking: The transaction representing the passenger's purchase of tickets.
5. Payment: The payment details associated with a booking.

Attributes of Each Entity

1. Passenger
- Passenger_ID (PK): Unique identifier for each passenger.
- Name: Full name of the passenger.
- Email: Email address of the passenger.
- Password: Password for the passenger's account.
- Phone_Number: Contact number of the passenger.
- Passport_Number: Passport details for international flights.

2. Flight
- Flight_ID (PK): Unique identifier for each flight.
- Flight_Number: Flight number assigned by the airline.
- Origin: Departure location of the flight.
- Destination: Arrival location of the flight.
- Departure_Time: Scheduled departure time.
- Arrival_Time: Scheduled arrival time.
- Seat_Capacity: Total number of seats available on the flight.
- Airline_ID (FK): Identifier of the airline operating the flight.

3. Airline
- Airline_ID (PK): Unique identifier for each airline.
- Name: Name of the airline.
- Contact_Info: Contact details of the airline.
- Headquarters: Location of the airline's headquarters.

4. Booking
- Booking_ID (PK): Unique identifier for each booking.
- Passenger_ID (FK): Identifier of the passenger making the booking.
- Flight_ID (FK): Identifier of the flight being booked.
- Seat_Number: Seat number selected by the passenger.
- Booking_Date: Date and time of the booking.
- Payment_Status: Status of the payment (e.g., Paid, Pending).

5. Payment
- Payment_ID (PK): Unique identifier for each payment.
- Booking_ID (FK): Identifier of the booking associated with the payment.
- Amount: Total amount paid.
- Payment_Method: Method of payment (e.g., Credit Card, PayPal).
- Payment_Date: Date and time of the payment.

Explanation of Relationships

1. Passenger and Booking:

- A passenger can make multiple bookings, but each booking is associated with only one
passenger.

2. Booking and Flight:

- A booking is for a specific flight, but a flight can have multiple bookings.

3. Flight and Airline:

- A flight is operated by a single airline, but an airline can operate multiple flights.

4. Booking and Payment:

- Each booking has one payment, and each payment is associated with one booking.

9. DATA DICTONARY
A Data Dictionary provides a detailed description of the data structures, tables, and fields
used in a system. For an Airline Ticketing System, the data dictionary includes tables for
passengers, flights, bookings, payments, and other related entities. Below is a comprehensive
breakdown of the data dictionary, including tables, fields, data types, and descriptions.
Data Manipulation
Key aspects of data manipulation in the airline ticketing system include:
Passenger Data:
- Adding new passenger accounts: Registering new passengers with their personal details.
- Updating passenger profile details: Allowing passengers to modify their information (e.g.,
contact details, preferences).
- Managing login credentials: Handling password updates and recovery.
- Storing passenger preferences: Saving preferences like preferred seating, meal options, and
frequent flyer details.
Flight Data:
- Adding new flight details: Inputting flight schedules, routes, and availability.
- Updating flight information: Modifying flight details (e.g., departure/arrival times, seat
capacity).
- Managing flight status: Updating real-time flight status (e.g., delayed, canceled).
Airline Data:
- Adding new airlines: Registering airlines operating flights.
- Updating airline details: Modifying airline information (e.g., contact details, headquarters).
Booking Data:
- Recording booked tickets: Storing passenger details, flight information, and seat selections.
- Updating seat availability: Adjusting seat availability when a ticket is booked or canceled.
- Canceling booked tickets: Releasing seats and updating booking status.
Payment Data:
- Recording payment transactions: Storing payment details (e.g., amount, payment method).
- Managing refunds: Processing refunds for canceled bookings.
Important Considerations
1. Data Integrity:
- Implement constraints like unique identifiers (e.g., Passenger_ID, Flight_ID).
- Use data validation checks to ensure accurate and consistent data.

2. Real-Time Updates:
- Utilize database features to ensure data consistency across concurrent user interactions
(e.g., seat availability updates).

3. Security:
 - Protect sensitive passenger information (e.g., payment details) through encryption.
- Implement access controls to restrict unauthorized access to data

TABLES
i. Passenger Table
Field Name Description Type Length

Passenger_ID User ID number Int 4

Name User full name Varchar 250

Email Email address Varchar 250

Password Login password Varchar 25

Phone_Number Contact number Varchar 15

Passport_Number Passport details Varchar 20

|
Address Users residence Varchar 250

ii. Flight Table

Field Name Description Type Length

Flight_ID Unique ID for the Int 4

flight
Flight_Number Flight number Varchar 10

Origin Departure location Varchar 100

Destination Arrival location Varchar 100

Departure_Time Scheduled DateTime -

departure time
Arrival_Time Scheduled arrival DateTime -
time
Seat_Capacity Total number of Int 4
seats
Airline_ID ID of the operating Int 4
airline
iii. Airline Table
Field Name Description Type Length

Airline_ID Unique ID for the Int 4

airline
Name Name of the airline Varchar 150

Contact_Info Contact details Varchar 250

Headquarters Location of Varchar 150

headquarters

iv. Booking Table

Field Name Description Type Length

Booking_ID Unique ID for the Int 4

booking
Passenger_ID ID of the Int 4
passenger
Flight_ID ID of the flight Int 4

Seat_Number Selected seat Varchar 10

number
Booking_Date Date and time of DateTime -
booking
Payment_Status Status of payment Varchar 20

v. Payment Table
Field Name Description Type Length

Payment_ID Unique ID for the Int 4

payment Int 4
Booking_ID ID of the booking Int 4

Amount Total amount paid Float 8

Payment_Method Method of Varchar 50 50

payment
Payment_Date Date and time of DateTime -
payment

vi. Seat Table

 Field Name Description Type Length

Seat_ID Unique ID for the Int 4

seat
Flight_ID ID of the flight Int 4

Seat_Number Seat number Varchar 10

Seat_Type Category of seat Varchar 50

Status Availability status Varchar 20

Relationships Between Tables

1. Passenger and Booking:

- A Passenger can have multiple Bookings (1 to many).
- A Booking is associated with one Passenger (many to 1).

2. Booking and Flight:

- A Booking is associated with one Flight (many to 1).
- A Flight can have multiple Bookings (1 to many).

3. Flight and Airline:

- A Flight is operated by one Airline (many to 1).
- An Airline can operate multiple Flights (1 to many).

4. Booking and Payment:

- A Booking can have one Payment (1 to 1).
- A Payment is associated with one Booking (1 to 1).

10. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of an Airline Ticketing System plays a crucial role in
ensuring an intuitive, user-friendly, and efficient experience for passengers. The GUI must be
designed to simplify the flight booking process, provide clear navigation, and offer a
seamless experience across different devices (e.g., desktop, mobile). Below are the key
components and features of the GUI for an airline ticketing system.

Key Components and Features

1. Home Screen

Purpose: The main entry point for users.

Features:
- Flight Search Bar: Allows users to search for flights by entering origin, destination, and
travel dates.
- Featured Flights: Displays popular or discounted flights.
- Promotional Banners: Highlights special offers, discounts, or loyalty programs.
- Login/Signup Options: Provides quick access for registered users to log in or for new users
to create an account.
2. Flight Listings
Purpose: Displays available flights based on user search criteria.
Features:
- Searchable and Filterable List: Users can filter flights by price, duration, airline, or number
of stops.
- Flight Details: Displays information such as flight number, departure/arrival times, airline,
and price.
- Sorting Options: Allows users to sort flights by price, duration, or departure time.

3. Flight Details
Purpose: Provides detailed information about a selected flight.
Features:
- Flight Information: Displays departure/arrival times, layovers, and baggage policies.
- Seat Map: Shows the seating layout of the aircraft.
- Additional Services: Offers options for extra baggage, meal preferences, or priority
boarding.

4. Seat Selection

Purpose: Allows users to choose their preferred seats.

Features:
- Interactive Seating Chart: Displays available, reserved, and premium seats.
- Seat Categories: Highlights different seat types (e.g., window, aisle, extra legroom).
- Real-Time Updates: Reflects seat availability as users make selections.

5. Booking Summary
Purpose: Summarizes the selected flight, seats, and total price.
Features:
- Flight Details: Displays the selected flight, departure/arrival times, and seat numbers.
- Price Breakdown: Shows the total cost, including taxes and additional services.
- Edit Options: Allows users to modify their selections before proceeding to payment.

6. Payment Gateway
Purpose: Facilitates secure payment processing.
Features:
- Payment Methods: Supports credit/debit cards, digital wallets (e.g., PayPal), and bank
transfers.
- Secure Transactions: Uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect payment details.
- Payment Confirmation: Displays a confirmation message and generates an e-ticket upon
successful payment.

7. User Account

- Purpose: Allows users to manage their profiles and bookings.

- Features:
- Registration/Login: Users can create an account or log in to access their profile.
- Profile Management: Users can update personal details, contact information, and
preferences.
- Booking History: Displays past and upcoming bookings with details like flight information
and e-tickets.
- Preferences: Saves user preferences (e.g., preferred seating, meal options).

8. Notifications
- Purpose: Keeps users informed about their bookings and offers.
- Features:
- Booking Confirmation: Sends an email or SMS with e-ticket details after successful
booking.
- Flight Reminders: Notifies users about upcoming flights, check-in times, and gate changes.
- Special Offers: Alerts users about discounts, promotions, or loyalty program updates.

Design Principles

1. Intuitive Navigation:
- Ensure the interface is easy to navigate, with clear labels and logical flow.
- Use a consistent layout and design across all screens.
2. Responsive Design:
- Optimize the GUI for different devices (e.g., desktop, tablet, mobile).
- Ensure the interface adapts to different screen sizes and resolutions.

3. Accessibility:
- Follow accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG 2.1) to ensure the system is usable by all
users, including those with disabilities.
- Provide options for larger text, high-contrast themes, and keyboard navigation.

4. Validation and Feedback:

- Use input validation to ensure data correctness (e.g., valid email format, correct date
selection).
- Provide real-time feedback (e.g., error messages, success notifications) to guide users.

Sample Workflow
1. Home Screen:
- User enters origin, destination, and travel dates in the flight search bar.
- Clicks "Search" to view available flights.

2. Flight Listings:
- User filters flights by price, duration, or airline.
- Selects a flight and views detailed information.

3. Seat Selection:
- User selects preferred seats from the interactive seating chart.
- Confirms seat selection and proceeds to the booking summary.

4. Booking Summary:
- User reviews flight details, seat selection, and total price.
- Clicks "Proceed to Payment" to complete the booking.
5. Payment Gateway:
- User enters payment details and completes the transaction.
- Receives a confirmation message and e-ticket via email or SMS.

6. User Account:
- User logs in to view booking history, update profile, or manage preferences.

11. HOW USER EXPERIENCE BE ENHANCED.

Enhancing the User Experience (UX) of an Airline Ticketing System is critical to ensuring
passenger satisfaction and loyalty. A well-designed system should be intuitive, efficient, and
enjoyable to use. Below are strategies to improve the UX of an airline ticketing system,
focusing on usability, personalization, and accessibility.

1. Intuitive Navigation
Easy Access to Key Features:
- Ensure users can quickly access essential features like flight search, booking, seat
selection, and payment.
- Use clear and consistent labels, icons, and menus to guide users through the process.
Breadcrumbs and Progress Indicators:
- Show users their current step in the booking process (e.g., "Step 1: Search Flights → Step
2: Select Seats → Step 3: Payment").
- Allow users to go back and modify previous steps without losing progress.

2. Responsive Design
Cross-Device Compatibility:
- Optimize the interface for desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
- Ensure the system functions seamlessly across all screen sizes and resolutions.
Consistent Design:
- Maintain a uniform look and feel across all devices to avoid confusing users.

3. Personalization
Saved Preferences:
 - Allow users to save preferences like frequent flyer details, preferred seating, and meal
options.
- Enable auto-fill for personal details during booking to save time.
- Personalized Recommendations:
- Suggest flights based on past bookings, travel history, and user preferences.
- Highlight promotions or discounts tailored to the user's interests.

4. Streamlined Booking Process

Minimize Steps:
- Reduce the number of steps required to complete a booking.
- Combine related actions (e.g., seat selection and payment) into a single screen where
possible.
Auto-Save Progress:
- Allow users to save their progress and return later to complete the booking.

5. Interactive Seat Selection

Visual Seat Map:
- Provide an interactive seating chart that clearly highlights available, selected, and
unavailable seats.
- Allow users to zoom in/out and view seat details (e.g., legroom, proximity to exits).
Real-Time Updates:
- Ensure seat availability is updated in real-time to prevent conflicts.

6. Clear and Concise Information

Flight Details:
- Display comprehensive flight information, including departure/arrival times, layovers, and
baggage policies.
- Provide additional details like aircraft type and in-flight amenities.
Pricing Transparency:
- Clearly show the total price, including taxes, fees, and any additional charges (e.g., extra
baggage).
7. Fast and Secure Payment
Multiple Payment Options:
- Support various payment methods, including credit/debit cards, digital wallets (e.g.,
PayPal), and bank transfers.
Secure Transactions:
- Use SSL/TLS encryption to protect sensitive payment information.
- Display security badges to reassure users about the safety of their data.

8. User Feedback and Support

Feedback Mechanism:
- Allow users to provide feedback and rate their experience after completing a booking.
- Use this feedback to identify areas for improvement.
Customer Support:
- Offer 24/7 customer support through live chat, email, or phone.
- Include a comprehensive FAQ section to address common queries.

9. Aesthetic Appeal
Visually Pleasing Design:
- Use a clean and modern color scheme, fonts, and graphics.
- Ensure the design is consistent across all pages and screens.
Engaging Visuals:
- Include high-quality images of destinations, aircraft, and in-flight services to enhance the
user experience.
10. Accessibility
Support for Disabilities:
- Implement features like screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation, and high-
contrast themes.
Compliance with Standards:
- Ensure the system adheres to accessibility standards like WCAG 2.1.

CONCLUSION
Designing an Airline Ticketing System with a focus on user experience involves addressing
both usability and aesthetic aspects. By incorporating intuitive navigation, responsive design,
personalization, and accessibility, the system can provide a seamless and enjoyable
experience for passengers. Key elements include:

- Home Page: Engaging design with easy access to flight search, promotions, and user
accounts.
- User Experience Enhancements: Personalization, streamlined booking, and clear
information presentation.
- Booking and Payment Process: A secure and efficient process for flight selection, seat
booking, and payment.
- Customer Support: Accessible support options and feedback mechanisms to address user
concerns.

By focusing on these elements, the airline ticketing system can meet the needs of passengers
while ensuring operational efficiency for airlines. Continuous user feedback and iterative
improvements are essential to maintaining a high-quality user experience.