EIE 441 Advanced Digital communications

MATCHED FILTER

1. Consider the signal s1 (t ) shown in Fig. 1.

(a) Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as
a function of time.
(b) Plot the matched filter output as a function of time.
(c) What is the peak value of the output?

s1 (t )
A/ 2
T /2 T
t
− A/ 2

Fig. 1

ERROR RATE OF PAM SYSTEMS

2. In a binary PCM system, symbols 0 and 1 have a priori probabilities p0 and p1,
respectively. The conditional probability density function of the random variable Y
(with sample value y) obtained by sampling the matched filter output in the receiver
of Figure 2 at the end of a signaling interval, given that symbol 0 was transmitted, is
denoted by fY(y|0). Similarly, fY(y|1) denotes the conditional probability density
function of Y, given that symbol 1 was transmitted. Let λ denote the threshold used in
the receiver, so that if the sample value y exceeds λ, the receiver decides in favor of
symbol 1; otherwise, it decides in favor of symbol 0. Show that the optimum
threshold λopt, for which the average probability of error is a minimum, is given by
the solution of
f Y (λ opt | 1) p 0
=
f Y (λ opt | 0) p 1

Figure2. Receiver for baseband transmission of binary-encoded PCM wave using polar
NRZ signaling.

1
3. A binary PCM system using polar NRZ signaling operates just above the error
threshold with an average probability of error equal to 10-6. Suppose that the signaling
rate is doubled. Find the new value of the average probability of error.

4. A continuous-time signal is sampled and then transmitted as a PCM signal. The

random variable at the input of the decision device in the receiver has a variance of
0.01 volts2. Assuming the use of polar NRZ signaling, determine the pulse amplitude
that must be transmitted for the average error rate not to exceed 1 bit in 108 bits.

5. In this problem, we revisit the PCM receiver of Figure 2, but this time we consider
the use of bipolar nonreturn-to-zero signaling, in which case the transmitted signal
s(t) is defined by
Binary symbol 1: s(t) = ± A for 0 < t ≤ T
Binary sysmol 0: s(t) = 0, 0 < t ≤ T
Determine the average probability of symbol error Pe for this receiver assuming that
the binary symbols 0 and 1 are equiprobable.

INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (NYQUIST CHANNEL AND RAISED COSINE CHANNEL)

6. An analog signal is sampled, quantized, and encoded into a binary PCM wave. The
specifications of the PCM system include the following:
Sampling rate = 8kHz
Number of representation levels = 64
The PCM wave is transmitted over a baseband channel using discrete pulse-amplitude
modulation. Determine the minimum bandwidth required for transmitting the PCM
wave if each pulse is allowed to take on the following number of amplitude levels: 2,
4 or 8.

7. A computer puts out binary data at a rate of 56 kb/s. The computer output is
transmitted using a baseband binary PAM system that is designed to have a raised-
cosine spectrum. Determine the transmission bandwidth required for each of the
following rolloff factors: α = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0.

2
8. An analog signal is sampled, quantized, and encoded into a binary PCM wave. The
number of representation levels used is 128. A synchronizing pulse is added at the
end of each code word representing a sample of the analog signal. The resulting PCM
wave is transmitted over a channel of bandwidth 12kHz using a quaternary (4-levels)
PAM system with raised-cosine spectrum. The rolloff factor is unity.
a. Find the rate (bit/s) at which information is transmitted through the
channel.
b. Find the rate at which the analog signal is sampled. What is the maximum
possible value for the highest frequency component of the analog signal?

9. A binary PAM wave is to be transmitted over a baseband channel with an absolute

maximum bandwidth of 75 kHz. The bit duration is 10µs. Find the raised-cosine
spectrum that satisfies these requirements.

DUOBINARY CODING AND EQUALIZATION

10. The binary data stream 001101001 is applied to the input of a duobinary system.
Construct the duobinary coder output and corresponding receiver output.

11. The unequalized pulse in a PAM system has the following values at sampling times:
0.2 k = 1
0.8 k = 0

p r (kTb ) = 
0.2 k = −1
 0 | k |> 1
(a) Design a three-tap zero forcing equalizer so that the equalizer output is 1 at k=0
and 0 at k=+1 and –1.
(b) Calculate the values of the equalized pulse p eq (kTb ) for k = ±2,±3 .

3
 Solution
1a
The impulse response of the matched filter is
h(t ) = s (T − t )
h(t )
A/2

-A/2 T t
T/2
1b
The matched filter output so (t ) is obtained by convolving h(t) with s(t), i.e.,
∞
s o (t ) = ∫ s (τ )h(t − τ )dτ
−∞

A2T / 4

T/2 3T/2
T 2T
t
-A/2 A2T / 8

1c
The peak value of the filter output is equal to A2 T/4, occurring t=T.

4
3.
Pe = 10-6
From the graph, Eb / N o = 3.3
If the signaling rate is doubled, the bit duration is reduced by half. Correspondingly, Eb
is reduce by half.

New Pe = 1/2 erfc(3.3/ 2 )=10e-3

4.
The approach is similar to question 3.
(The variance is N o / 2Tb )

5.

5
6
6.
Minimum bandwidth = 1/(2T) Hz
Where T is the pulse duration

Date rate = 8k * log264 = 48kbps

Tb = 1/Data rate
T = Tb log 2 M …eq(1)
Where M is the number of amplitude levels

Therefore, minimum bandwidth = 1/(2T) = 1/(2 Tb ) = Data rate/2 = 24 kHz for PAM
with two levels.
Similarly, minimum bandwidth = 12 kHz for PAM with four levels
Minimum bandwidth = 8 kHz for PAM with eight levels

7.
Bandwidth = W(1+α) where W = 1/(2* Tb ) = 28 kHz
Therefore,
α bandwidth
.25 35 kHz
.5 42 kHz
.75 49 kHz
1.0 56 kHz
8.
(a) For a unity rolloff,
bandwidth = 1/T where T is the pulse duration
using eq(1), Tb = T/2
Therefore, data rate = 1/ Tb = 2/T = 2 * bandwidth = 24 kbps

(b) no. of bits transmitted for each sample

= log2(quantizing levels) + additional bit for synchronization = 7 + 1 =8 bits

sampling rate = data rate / no. of bits per sample = 3 kHz

9.
Transmission bandwidth = W(1+α). Therefore, α = 75 kHz / [1/(2 *10µs)] - 1 = 0.5

7
10.
Binary Sequence: 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Polar representation: -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
Duobinary coder output -2 0 2 0 0 0 -2 0

Receiver output -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
Output binary sequence 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

11.
The equalizer output is y k = a −1 x k +1 + a o x k + a1 x k −1 . Enforcing the output for k = 0,±1 , we have
0.8a −1 + 0.2a o = 0
0.2a −1 + 0.8a o + 0.2a1 = 1
0.2a o + 0.8a1 = 0
Therefore, a −1 = −0.3571, a o = 1.4286, a1 = −0.3571 and
y k = −0.3571x k +1 + 1.4286 x k − 0.3571x k −1
For k=+2, y k = -0.0714
For k=-2, y k = -0.0714
For k=+3, y k = 0
For k=-3, y k = 0