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Yaw (Rotation) - Wikipedia

Yaw rotation refers to the movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body, altering its direction to the left or right of its motion. It is measured as yaw rate or yaw velocity, which is crucial for vehicle dynamics and stability, particularly in road vehicles and aircraft. The document also discusses yaw rate measurement methods, yaw moment, and the relationship between yaw and other rotational systems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views2 pages

Yaw (Rotation) - Wikipedia

Yaw rotation refers to the movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body, altering its direction to the left or right of its motion. It is measured as yaw rate or yaw velocity, which is crucial for vehicle dynamics and stability, particularly in road vehicles and aircraft. The document also discusses yaw rate measurement methods, yaw moment, and the relationship between yaw and other rotational systems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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27/03/25, 23:54 Yaw (rotation) - Wikipedia

Yaw (rotation)
A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body that changes the direction it is pointing, to
the left or right of its direction of motion. The yaw rate or yaw velocity of a car, aircraft, projectile or other
rigid body is the angular velocity of this rotation, or rate of change of the heading angle when the aircraft is
horizontal. It is commonly measured in degrees per second or radians per second.

Another important concept is the yaw moment, or yawing moment, which is the component of a torque about the
yaw axis.

Yaw, pitch and roll in an aircraft


Measurement
Yaw velocity can be measured by measuring the ground velocity at two geometrically separated points on the
body, or by a gyroscope, or it can be synthesized from accelerometers and the like. It is the primary measure of
how drivers sense a car's turning visually.

It is important in electronic stabilized vehicles. The yaw rate is directly related to the lateral acceleration of the
vehicle turning at constant speed around a constant radius, by the relationship

tangential speed*yaw velocity = lateral acceleration = tangential speed^2/radius of turn, in appropriate units
Yaw motion in an aircraft
The sign convention can be established by rigorous attention to coordinate systems.

In a more general manoeuvre where the radius is varying, and/or the


speed is varying, the above relationship no longer holds.

Mnemonics to remember angle


Axes of a ship and rotations around names
them

Yaw rate control


The yaw rate can be measured with accelerometers in the vertical axis. Any device intended to measure the yaw rate is called a yaw rate sensor.

Road vehicles
Studying the stability of a road vehicle requires a reasonable approximation to the equations of motion.

The diagram illustrates a four-wheel vehicle, in which the front axle is located a metres ahead of the centre of
gravity and the rear axle is b metres towards the rear from the center of gravity. The body of the car is
pointing in a direction (theta) while it is travelling in a direction (psi). In general, these are not the same.
The tyre treads at the region of contact point in the direction of travel, but the hubs are aligned with the
vehicle body, with the steering held central. The tyres distort as they rotate to accommodate this mis-
alignment, and generate side forces as a consequence.

From directional stability study, denoting the angular velocity , the equations of motion are:
Dynamics of a road vehicle

with the mass of the vehicle, the vehicle speed and the vehicle's overall angle.

The coefficient of will be called the 'damping' by analogy with a mass-spring-damper which has a similar equation of motion. By the same
analogy, the coefficient of will be called the 'stiffness', as its function is to return the system to zero deflection, in the same manner as a spring.

The form of the solution depends only on the signs of the damping and stiffness terms. The four possible solution types are presented in the
figure.

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27/03/25, 23:54 Yaw (rotation) - Wikipedia

The only satisfactory solution requires both stiffness and damping to be positive. If the centre of gravity is ahead of the centre of the wheelbase
, this will always be positive, and the vehicle will be stable at all speeds. However, if it lies further aft, the term has the potential of
becoming negative above a speed given by:

Above this speed, the vehicle will be directionally (yaw) unstable. Corrections for relative effect of front and rear tyres and steering forces are
available in the main article.

Relationship with other rotation systems


These rotations are intrinsic rotations and the calculus behind them is similar to the Frenet-Serret formulas. Performing a rotation in an intrinsic
reference frame is equivalent to right-multiply its characteristic matrix (the matrix that has the vector of the reference frame as columns) by the
matrix of the rotation.

History
The first aircraft to demonstrate active control about all three axes was the Wright brothers' 1902 glider.[1]

See also
Adverse yaw
Aircraft principal axes
Coriolis acceleration
Directional stability
Flight dynamics
Six degrees of freedom
Vehicle dynamics
Yaw rate sensor

References
1. "Aircraft rotations" (https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/rotations.html). Glenn Research Center. 2015-05-05. Retrieved
2018-10-13.

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