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Monitoring Temperature and Humidity using Arduino Nano and Module-

DHT11 Sensor with Real Time DS3231 Data Logger and LCD Display

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 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Monitoring Temperature and Humidity using

Arduino Nano and Module-DHT11 Sensor with
Real Time DS3231 Data Logger and LCD Display
Kamweru Paul Kuria Owino Ochieng Robinson Mutinda Mutava Gabriel
Department of Physical Sciences Department of Physical Sciences Department of Physical Sciences
Chuka University Chuka University Chuka University
Chuka, Kenya Chuka, Kenya Chuka, Kenya

Abstract - Humidity and Temperature are crucial embedded alarming system that alerts the user when the
parameters for the optimal response of biological systems e.g.
desired temperature and humidity limits are exceeded recorded.
each has its own impact on growth and production of quality The study utilized the Arduino, a low-cost, effective readily
crops. There are several techniques of measuring humidity and available open resource. The study was also to display the
temperature. However, there is still a need for continuous values of temperature and relative humidity as well as the time
technological innovation to enable fast, real time and remote at which these values were recorded on the LCD screen. The
monitoring of these parameters. The aim of this study research language needed to program the microcontroller is user
was to fabricate a functional hardware and software system to friendly since it uses a combination of C and C++. Its storage
measure temperature and humidity. The system was designed to is almost space less since together with its components requires
allow multiple communication with user by recording of the data minimal space and can reduce the manpower of farming and
in Real time, storing the acquired data in an SD card, reduce the number of greenhouse attendant and workload [11].
incorporate an alarming system (piezo buzzer) together with an But majority of times such an alerting humidity and
LED indication mechanism. The study utilized an Arduino Nano temperature fluctuation could easily go unnoticed, the user or
board interfaced with a Temperature and Humidity sensor, Real the person in charge is sleeping or in absentia due to some
Time Clock (RTC), LCD, and Micro SD card Module, piezo unavoidable circumstances in case, it is better to log the data in
buzzer and LED, and had the ability to store the data as text file. a storage medium in case of such an event so that he can keep a
A code was generated using the computer with the appropriate track of the data. The purpose of this Arduino microcontroller
Arduino program and sent to the Arduino microcontroller for
for the study were used in programing and running the circuit.
running the circuit. To study the performance characteristics of
The program (code) is generated using the Arduino IDE
the Arduino-based humidity and temperature sensor, two
independent running test were done, one outside the Physics
software and fed into the microcontroller. In interfacing the
laboratories and the second inside a Green House, both at Chuka Arduino Nano in the circuit, it will run it to produce the
University, Kenya. required results.

Keywords - Arduino Nano, Temperature and Humidity sensor, Real II. HARDWARE USED
Time Clock, LCD and micro SD card module
1) Arduino Nano
The Arduino Nano is an open-source microcontroller board
I. INTRODUCTION based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and
Temperature and humidity are perhaps the most monitored developed by Arduino.cc. [12, 13]. The board is equipped with
environmental variables as the two have shown significant sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
impact in the almost all aspects, e.g. of optimal plant growth interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other
and development [1,2], the quality of food during production circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PW
processing and storage [3], efficiency of many temperature and output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the
humidity-sensitive equipment [4,5] among many others. The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a
monitoring of temperature and humidity in laboratories, type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by
storages, halls, school and hospitals is important with respect to an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7
health and hygiene [6,7,8]. and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and
Leonardo. A good example of the Arduino Nano
Despite this, temperature and humidity measurement is microcontroller is shown in the Figure 1.
among the most difficult problems in basic metrology. The
difficulty to achieve accuracy due to the fragility and the
requirement standards to maintain the preferred good quality
instruments. Thus much interests have been geared towards the
improvement of existing instrument and come up with more
innovative ones as done recently by the authors [9] and [10].
This study was motivated by the dire need to provide a
system capable of monitoring of temperature and humidity by
one integrated system, having real time data logging, with an

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3) Real Time Clock Module

Real time clocks (RTC), as the name recommends are clock
modules. The DS3231 real time clock (RTC) IC is an 8 pin
device using an I2C interface, shown in Figure 3. The DS3231
is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery backup
SRAM. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours,
day, date, month and year qualified data. The end date of each
month is automatically adjusted, especially for months with
less than 31 days. They are available as integrated circuits (ICs)
and supervise timing like a clock and also operate date like a
calendar. The main advantage of RTC is that they have an
arrangement of battery backup which keeps the clock/calendar
running even if there is power failure. An exceptionally little
current is required for keeping the RTC animated. We can find
these RTCs in many applications like embedded systems and
computer mother boards, etc. In this article we are going to see
Fig. 1. Arduino Nano microcontroller about one of the (RTC), i.e. DC3231 [15].
The word "Uno” means "one" in Italian and was chosen to
mark the initial release of Arduino Software. The Nano board
is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it and
version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of
Arduino, which have now evolved to newer releases. The
ATmega328 on the board comes preprogrammed with a boot
loader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of
an external hardware programmer. While the Nano
communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to- serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
Fig. 3. Real Time Clock Module for time keeping
converter [12].
4) Humidity and Temperature sensors
DHT11, shown in Figure 4, is a temperature and humidity
2) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) sensor has four pins- VCC, GND, Data Pin and a not connected
Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD), shown in Figure 2, is a flat- pin. A pull-up resistor of 5k to 10k ohms is probed for
panel display or other electronically modulated optical device communication between sensor and micro-controller. DHT11
that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a
combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light thermistor for sensing temperature. The humidity sensing
directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding substrate
images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value
arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure,
fixed images with low information content, which can be process this changed resistance values and change them into
displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven- digital form [15,16,17]. For measuring temperature this sensor
segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor, which
technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in
matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger temperature.
elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off
(negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For
example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have
black lettering on a background that is the color of the
backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black
background with the letters being of the same color as the
backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to
give them their characteristic appearance [14].

Fig. 2. Liquid Crystal Display for Displaying Readings

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Arduino e.g. for sound alarm alerts in distance measurements

[18] and many others. If the crystal pushes against a
diaphragm, like a tiny speaker cone, it can generate a pressure
wave which the human ear picks up as sound. Simple change
the frequency of the voltage sent to the piezo and it will start
generating sounds by changing shape very quickly [19].

Fig. 4. DHT11 Humidity and Temperature sensor

5) SD Card module
The SD card works on 3.3V but if you want to use them
with Arduino for storing data then you will have to use a SD
card module shown in Figure 5. The SD card module we have
used is for the micro SD cards and it uses the FET’s for level
shifting and also a 3.3V regulator which converts the 5V from Fig. 6. Piezo Buzzer
Arduino into the 3.3V for micro SD card. The Arduino SD card
module has a socket for the SD cards on the back side and I The brain part of the building monitoring system, the
have tested memory cards up to 128 GB which works fine. Arduino IDE (integrated development environment), is a
With six pins, VCC and GND for power and the other four pins software development environment or software application for
for SPI communication. The other four pins are as follows Arduino where users can write different kind of computer
MISO (Master in Slave out), MOSI (Master out slave in), SCK programs and test. The user can write codes in IDE in a
(System Clock), and CS (Chip Select). This SD card module language which an Arduino understands, i.e. C, C++. The
uses FET’s for level shifting and also has a voltage regulator program (codes) written in IDE, when uploaded into the
which converts 5V in to 3.3V. The communication between the Arduino microcontroller determines what and how the system
Arduino and the SD card module is done by using the SPI. works. The Arduino IDE comes with a ‘built-in code parser’
that studies the validity of the written codes before sending it to
the Arduino. The compilation and translation work is done in
IDE after checking the validity of codes. After translating the
code, the IDE uploads the program to the Arduino
microcontroller [20]. IDE software includes the set of different
programs that are ready for being tested on the device. Just like
in other programming platform, Arduino IDE can also be
extended with the use of libraries; the IDE installation includes
the installation of number of libraries [20]. The software page
where Arduino codes are written looks like as shown in Figure
7. It has two main functions ‘setup ()’ function and ‘loop ()’
functions. The setup part is where the codes should be written
so that the program runs and the loop part is where the codes
should be written so that the program runs with repetition until
the power off or reset button is pushed. It allows users to
program and edit Arduino to do anything they like to do with
it. Depending upon the feature of different boards, the IDE
enables communication with Arduino board through USB [20].
The following figure shows the screen capture of Arduino IDE.

Fig. 5. SD Card Module.

6) Piezo Buzzers
Piezo buzzers, an example in Figure 6, are a simple device
that can generate basic beeps and tones, they work by using a
piezo crystal, a special material that changes shape when
voltage is applied to it. They have been used in connection with

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Fig. 8. Arduino interfaced with SD card.

Piezo Buzzer has two terminals; Positive and negative. The

positive terminal was connected to the pin 8 at the Arduino
while the negative part was interfaced with 330 Ohms resister
and connected to the lower channel of the breadboard.
The study utilized one red LED which was connected to the
pin number 9 with jumper wire. The negative terminal was
interface with the 330 Ohms resisters to the lower channel of
the breadboard.
LCD has 16 terminals which were connected to the
Arduino as: Pin 14 to Pin 7, Pin 13 to pin 6, Pin 5 to GRD, pin
4 to pin 2, Pin 6 to pin 3, Pin 11 to pin 4 as shown. The 5V pin
from the Arduino was connected to the positive line on the
breadboard. Also, the ground pin from the Arduino was
connected to the negative part of the breadboard. For the re-set
Fig. 7. Arduino IDE of the intensity of the LCD screen, a 10kΩ potentiometer was
interfaced to the breadboard with it middle terminal to pin 3.
Potentiometer was connected to the breadboard, the positive
III. METHODS terminal to the positive pin and the negative terminal to the
The materials were connected as follows. The Arduino ground pin to the ground pin as shown in Figure 9.
Nano was interfaced to the breadboard. One jumper wire from
the 5-volt pin on the Arduino was connected to the bottom
channel of the breadboard. Another jumper wire from a ground
pin on the Arduino was connected to the upper channel of the
breadboard. DHT11 Positive pin (Vcc) to breadboard positive
power rail, Negative pin (GRD) to breadboard negative power
rail, Signal pin (DATA) to Arduino Analog A3.

The RTC connects to the Arduino Nano board as follows:

SDA pin was connected to a 4 analog pin Arduino Nano board;
SCL pin connects to a 5 analog pin Arduino Nano board; a
GND pin was connected to GND pin Arduino Nano board; a
VCC (5V) pin was connected to 5V Arduino Nano board pin; a
SQW pin was not used. To work with RTC, the library RTC lib
was included in the Arduino development environment.
Fig. 9. Figure 1: Adruino interfaced with DHT11and LCD

CS of mini SD card module to digital pin 10 on the

Arduino, SCK of mini SD card module to digital pin 13 on the The code was generated using the computer with the
Arduino, MOSI of mini SD card module to digital pin 11 on appropriate Arduino IDE program and sent to the Arduino
the Arduino, MISO of mini SD card module to digital pin 12 microcontroller for running the circuit. All the modules were
on the Arduino, VCC of mini SD card module to digital 5V on designed and all the components assembled. The testing of
the Arduino, GND of mini SD card module to digital GND on each module was carried out successfully. The sensor readings
the Arduino. Following this procedure the study introduced were effectively retrieved in a stable environment and stored in
RTC and SD Card as shown in Figure 8. files. The file was then imported to excel automatically using
macros and the data was cleansed and formatted for a neater
representation. Graphical charts were then plotted using the
data which presented a nice analytical view of weather pattern
based on sensor readings. Thus the testing phase was
completed. This study was performed in a controlled manner.

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Thus, there is a need to conduct further experiments in 5V on the Arduino, GND of mini SD card module to digital
environments more similar to real weather conditions. GND on the Arduino.
The project utilized one red LED that was connected to the
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION pin number 9 with jumper wire. The negative terminal
This study sought to first design, data logging of humidity interfaced with the 330 Ohms resisters to the lower channel of
and temperature and raise a light (from an LED) and a sound the breadboard.
alarming (from a sound buzzer). To achieve this, the LCD has 16 terminals which were connected to the
components that include the Arduino Uno, resistors, LED, Arduino as: Pin 14 to Pin 7, Pin 13 to pin 6, Pin 5 to GRD, pin
buzzer, RTC, SD Card module, LCD and Humidity and 4 to pin 2, Pin 6 to pin 3, Pin 11 to pin 4 as shown. The 5V pin
temperature sensor were fixed to the breadboard and connected from the Arduino was connected to the positive line on the
as described in chapter three. Figure 10, shows the connections breadboard. Also, the ground pin from the Arduino was
in progress. A jumper wire was connected from the 5 volts’ connected to the negative part of the breadboard. For the re-set
port from the Vcc port in the microcontroller chip to the of the intensity of the LCD screen, a 10 kΩ potentiometer was
positive channel of the breadboard. Another cable was interfaced to the breadboard with it middle terminal to pin 3.
grounded to the negative terminal of the breadboard from the Potentiometer was connected to the breadboard, the positive
GND port of the chip. terminal to the positive pin and the negative terminal to the
ground pin to the ground pin as shown in Figure 11.

Fig. 11. A powered circuit for motion detector with LED, Buzzer, DHT11
sensor, Arduino microcontroller, RTC and SD Card Module and 9 volt
battery.

Fig. 10. Circuit for arrangement of resistor, LED, RTC and SD Card modules, When the power was connected to the circuit, LCD
buzzer, LCD and DHT11 sensor.
produced a green yellow light and it displayed the details of the
project followed then by the time, date, temperature and
relative humidity values as in Figure 12 (Temperature, 23.6
A piezo buzzer having two terminals, positive terminal was and Relative Humidity as 95.0%).
connected to the pin 8 at the Arduino while the negative part
was interfaced with 330 Ohms resister and connected to the
lower channel of the breadboard. When the power source was
connected as in Figure 10, the piezo buzzer produced a single
tone signal to indicate that power was flowing through it. The
limit set for the Piezo Buzzer was to produce the sound alarm
at the temperature greater than 00C and less than 270C.

The RTC was connected to the Arduino Nano board as

follows: SDA pin is connected to a 4 analog pin Arduino Nano
board; SCL pin connects to a 5 analog pin Arduino Nano
board; a GND pin is connected to GND pin Arduino Nano
board; a VCC (5V) pin connects to 5V Arduino Nano board Fig. 12. A humidity and temperature sensor with display of distances on the
pin; a SQW pin is not used. To work with RTC, the library Liquid Crystal Display.
RTC libs were included in the Arduino development
environment. Upon powering of the Arduino, The RTC power
LED lighted indicating that it was okay.
The study was initiated in one environment, and the logged
data was tabulated and graphs generated from it. The
assembled component was placed on a slight elevated ground
CS of mini SD card module was connected to digital pin 10 in different confined space of study as shown on figure 11. The
on the Arduino, SCK of mini SD card module to digital pin 13 set was powered on and left there undisturbed for a stipulated
on the Arduino, MOSI of mini SD card module to digital pin time. Thereafter, the data was automatically logged into the SD
11 on the Arduino, MISO of mini SD card module to digital Card storage media. The SD Card was then inserted into a
pin 12 on the Arduino, VCC of mini SD card module to digital

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computer and the logged data exported to the Microsoft Excel V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
for Data analysis. The temperature values from the sampled RECOMMENDATION
places were analyzed as corresponding logged data from SD
The research project was successfully carried out. The aim
Card then tabulated in the table 1.
of the research project was to come up with a technique which
will monitor humidity and temperature in real time, record and
TABLE 1. DATA FOR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY AS RECORDED store the data in an SD card while displaying the parameters on
INTO THE SD CARD. the LCD screen, produce a recorded sound alarm by Piezo
Buzzer and also light indication by LED. The outcome was as
Date Time Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) per the expectations of the study in comparison with the results
obtained by Schwartz (2015) [11] and Rajesh Shrestha (2019)
16/10/2020 6:52:37 21.3 95
[21] and following this study, the main objectives were
16/10/2020 7:52:38 21.7 94.6 successfully reached.
16/10/2020 8:52:39 21.3 95
16/10/2020 9:52:40 23.3 93.7 The circuit was successfully connected and the program
was sent to the Arduino microcontroller chip to run the circuit.
16/10/2020 10:52:41 24.3 90 The humidity and temperature sensor was able monitor the
16/10/2020 11:52:42 24.2 91 temperature and humidity, send the parameters to the micro
controller chip for calculation of the relative humidity in real
16/10/2020 12:52:43 25.2 87 time before displaying them on the LCD screen and later to be
16/10/2020 13:52:44 25.9 86.4 stored into the SD Card and the alarm sound from the piezo
buzzer was produced in conjunction with the LED.
16/10/2020 14:52:45 29.3 74.3
16/10/2020 15:52:46 27.6 82.9
Piezo Buzzer was set to produce sound indication in
16/10/2020 16:52:47 24.8 91 response to the parameter extremes. The limit set for the Piezo
Buzzer was to produce the sound alarm at temperature greater
16/10/2020 17:52:48 23 91 20 degrees Celsius. The results were correct since for the
16/10/2020 18:52:49 21.2 96 temperature equal or greater than 25 and the temperature equal
to 30 produced no tone from the piezo buzzer.

The LED interfaced to the Arduino microcontroller were

able to blink giving out the light signals upon the extreme The LED was also set to produce light signal in a particular
readings, as well as the piezo buzzer producing alarming set of temperature greater than 20 degrees Celsius. On the
signal. The LED was also to produce light (HIGH) when the outcome, the LED produced light as it was expected. The LCD
Temperature is greater than 250C. After wiring and writing the was also expected to display the details of the project as well as
code, the program was run and the built device was successful the real time temperature and relative humidity values of
in measuring humidity and temperature. The LCD display and humidity and temperature sensor. When the power was
serial monitor readings are shown in Figure 13. connected to the set-up, the details of the project were
displayed in the LCD screen followed by the values monitored
To study the performance characteristics of the used indicating that the connection was right. The intensity of the
Arduino-based humidity and temperature sensor, the test was screen was expected to be controlled by the potentiometer of
done in The University Green House. The test was done which the same was approved.

A single unit of the circuit was successfully assembled and

only the potentiometer, LEDs, LCD and SD Card slot were not
confined inside the box made for their proper working. They
were able to produce the required results even when the entire
circuit was closed inside the box.
This concludes that the present proposed work was a
success and it will provide a convenient method for effective
monitoring of temperature and humidity in real time. This
system is compact to an extent and cost effective when
compared to prices of instruments used to measure the
Fig 13. Humidity and temperature plotted against time as recorded environmental factors.
outside the laboratory. The following show the table for
humidity and temperature outside the laboratory.
This system has the advantages that, first it is competent
and reliable for real time monitoring of temperature and
humidity. Secondly the system is totally digital, there is full
arrangement of storage of the data so it can be further used for

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analysis purpose. And finally the system can continuously Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), IEEE,
monitor the environment parameters, updating the user at every 2009: pp. 567-571.
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October 15, 2019.)
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[13] C. Amariei. Adruino Development Cookbook, Pactk Publishing Ltd.,
to higher temperature beyond its limit. 2005, ISBN 978 1-78-398294 -3.
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success and it will provide a convenient method for effective datasheet Modulesparkfun. [Online].
Available:https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD. (29, Oct, 2008).
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system is compact to an extent and cost effective when Technology Handbook. 2005.
compared to prices of instruments used to measure the
[16] Texas Instruments, LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors,
environmental factors. In future, this system would be http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf, Accessed on November 15,
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(General Packet Radio Service) technique which would ease [17] I. Toyoda and C. Denso. Capacitive humidity sensor. 2003. U.S. Patent
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would be done. Additionally, sensors like barometric pressure SR04 motion detector with display of distance in the LCD..
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The authors acknowledge Mr. Mutunga and Mr. Gitonga
for their technical support.

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