Python OS module:

--->> A directory is a collection of files and subdirectories. A directory inside a directory is

known as a subdirectory.
--->> Python has the os module that provides us with many useful methods to work with
directories (and files as well).
--->> The Python os module enables interaction with the operating system.
--->> The os module provides the functions that are involved in file processing operations like
renaming, deleting, etc.
getcwd() method
This method returns the current working directory.
The syntax to use the getcwd() method is given below.
Syntax: os.getcwd()
Example:
import os
print(os.getcwd())
Output:
D:\Python_Batch
listdir():
 This method returns a list of all the files and folders present inside the specified
directory. If no directory is specified then the list of files and folders inside the CWD
is returned.
Example:
import os
print(os.listdir())
Output:
['demo', 'demo.txt', 'demo2.txt', 'demo3.txt', 'demo4.txt', 'Django', 'files_program.py',
'sample.txt']
Renaming the file:
 It provides us the rename() method to rename the specified file to a new name.
  The syntax to use the rename() method is given below.

Syntax: rename(current-name, new-name)

 The first argument is the current file name and the second argument is the modified
name. We can change the file name by passing these two arguments.
Example1:

import os
#rename file2.txt to file3.txt
os.rename("file2.txt","file3.txt")
Output: The above code renamed current file2.txt to file3.txt
Removing the file
 This remove() method deletes a file path. It cannot delete a directory. In case the
specified path is that of a directory then the OSError is raised.
 remove() method is used to remove the specified file only but not directory.
Syntax: remove(‘file_name’)
Example1:
import os
#deleting the file named file3.txt
os.remove("file3.txt")

Creating the new directory

 This mkdir() method creates a new directory according to the specified path. In
case the specified directory already exists a FileExistsError is raised.
Syntax: os.mkdir(“/path/directory name”)
Example1:
import os
#creating a new directory with the name new
os.mkdir("new")
Changing the current working directory:
  The chdir() method is used to changing the current working directory to the specified
path.
 The syntax to use the chdir() method is given below.
Syntax: os.chdir("new-directory")
Example:
import os
print('The current directory is :',os.getcwd())
os.chdir('new')
print('The current directory after changing is :',os.getcwd())
Output:
The current directory is : D:\Python_Batch
The current directory after changing is : D:\Python_Batch\new

Deleting directory:
 This method is used for deleting an empty directory. If the path does not correspond
to an empty directory then OSError is raised.
 The syntax to use the rmdir() method is given below.
Syntax : os.rmdir(“directory name”)

Example1:
Import os
#removing the new directory
os.rmdir("directory_name")
Note: It will remove the specified directory.

Q. Remove the directory if no files are available in dorectory ?

import os
print(os.getcwd())
os.chdir('new')
print(os.getcwd())
#os.mkdir('create')
os.rmdir('create')
Output:
OSError: [WinError 145] The directory is not empty: 'create'
Note : If the directory contains any files then it is not possible to remove directory with out
deleting existing files.

os.makedirs() :
This method creates a directory recursively. It means that while creating a leaf directory if
any of the intermediate level directories specified in the path is missing then the method
creates them all.
Example:
import os
os.makedirs("/[email protected]/NewFiles/Files")
Note: Here actual path is /[email protected]/Files but “NewFiles” folder not available
already. So this above method will create missing folders also automatically.

os.walk() :
 This method generates the filenames in a directory tree by walking the tree in either
a top-down or bottom-up manner.
 os.walk returns a generator that creates a tuple of values (dirpath, dirnames,
filenames)
Example:
walk_path = os.walk("/[email protected]/Files")
print(tuple(walk_path))

Output:
(('/[email protected]/Files', ['demo', 'Django'], ['demo.txt', 'demo2.txt', 'demo3.txt',
'demo4.txt', 'files_program.py', 'sample.txt']), ('/[email protected]/Files\\demo', [], []),
('/[email protected]/Files\\Django', ['sample'], ['abc.txt']),
('/[email protected]/Files\\Django\\sample', [], []))

Example2:
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk("/[email protected]/Files"):
print("Directory Path:")
 print(dirpath)
print("Directories Names:")
print(dirnames)
print("Files in Directories:")
print(filenames)
Output:
Directory Path:
/[email protected]/Files
Directories Names:
['demo', 'Django']
Files in Directories:
['demo.txt', 'demo2.txt', 'demo3.txt', 'demo4.txt', 'files_program.py', 'sample.txt']
Directory Path:
/[email protected]/Files\demo
Directories Names:
[]
Files in Directories:
[]
Directory Path:
/[email protected]/Files\Django
Directories Names:
['sample']
Files in Directories:
['abc.txt']
Directory Path:
/[email protected]/Files\Django\sample
Directories Names:
[]
Files in Directories:
[]
os.path.join() :
 This method joins various path components with exactly one directory separator (“/”)
following each non-empty part except for the last path component.
 If the last path component is empty then a directory separator (“/”) is put at the end.
This method returns a string with the concatenated path.
Example:
import os
base_path = "/[email protected]/Files/"
new_path = os.path.join(base_path, "APIS")
print(new_path)
Output:
/[email protected]/Files/APIS
os.path.basename() :
 This method is used to get the base name in a specified path. The method returns a
string value that represents the base name of the specified path.
Example:
import os
base_name = os.path.basename("/[email protected]/Files/APIS")
print(base_name)
Output:
APIS

os.path.split() :
 This method splits the pathname into a pair of head and tail. Here, the tail is the last
pathname component and the head is everything that comes before it.
 The method returns a tuple of the head and tail of the specified path.
Example:
import os
base_name = os.path.split("/[email protected]/Files/APIS")
print(base_name)
Output:
 ('/[email protected]/Files', 'APIS')

os.path.dirname() :
This method returns the directory name from the path given.
Example:
import os
directory_name = os.path.dirname("/[email protected]/Files/sample.txt")
print(directory_name)
Output:
/[email protected]/Files

os.path.commonprefix() :
 This method returns the longest path prefix which is a prefix for all the paths in the
specified list.
Example:
import os
common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix(
["/[email protected]/Files/", "/[email protected]/Files/Django/sample",
"/[email protected]/Files/demo"])
print(common_prefix)
Output:
/[email protected]/Files/

os.path.isfile() :
 This method checks whether the specified path corresponds to an existing file or not.
This method returns a boolean value.
Example:
import os
file_value = os.path.isfile("/[email protected]/Files/Django/abc.txt")
 directory_value = os.path.isfile("/[email protected]/Files/Django/sample")
print(file_value)
print(directory_value)
Output:
True
False

os.path.isdir() :
 This methods checks and reports whether the specified pathname corresponds to an
existing directory or not. The method returns a boolean value.
Example:
import os
file_value = os.path.isdir("/[email protected]/Files/Django/abc.txt")
directory_value = os.path.isdir("/[email protected]/Files/Django/sample")
print(file_value)
print(directory_value)
Output:
False
True

os.path.exists() :
 This method returns True for existing paths. It returns False for broken symbolic links.
Example:
import os
is_path_exists = os.path.exists("/[email protected]/Files/Django/abc.txt")
print(is_path_exists)
Output:
True
File attributes:
1. file.closed
Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.
2. file.mode
Returns access mode with which file was opened.
3. file.name
Returns name of the file.
Example:
file_object = open('demo.txt')
print(file_object.name)
print(file_object.mode)
print(file_object.closed)
file_object.close()
print(file_object.closed)
Output:
demo.txt
r
False
True
Example:
Import os
print('Current directory is :',os.getcwd())
#Changing directory into "new"
print('Changing directory into "new"',os.chdir('new'))
print('Now Current directory is :',os.getcwd())
'''
#making the new directory as "create"
print('making the "create" as new directory',os.mkdir('create'))
print('"create" directory created successfully.')
'''
#Changing directory into "create"
print('Changing directory into "create"',os.chdir('create'))
print('Now Current directory is :',os.getcwd())
#Remove the required file from "create" directory
print('Remove the required file from "create" directory',os.remove('xyz.txt'))
print('required file deleted successfully from "create" directory.')
#Go back parent directory of "create" directory.
print('Go back parent directory of "create" directory.' ,os.chdir(os.pardir))
print('Now Current directory is :',os.getcwd())
#Now remove the "create" child directory.
print('Now remove the "create" child directory.',os.rmdir('create'))
print('"create" directory deleted successfully.')
print('Now Current directory is :',os.getcwd())
Output:
Current directory is : D:\Python_Batch
Changing directory into "new" None
Now Current directory is : D:\Python_Batch\new
Changing directory into "create"
Now Current directory is : D:\Python_Batch\new\create
Remove the required file from "create" directory
required file deleted successfully from "create" directory.
Go back parent directory of "create" directory. None
Now Current directory is : D:\Python_Batch\new
Now remove the "create" child directory. None
"create" directory deleted successfully.
Now Current directory is : D:\Python_Batch\new