ALGEBRA

Common Identities
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 =(a- b)2 + 4ab
(ii) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
(iii) a2 -b2 =(a + b) (a - b)
(iv) (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(v) (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
(vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 -ab + b2) = (a + b)3 - 3ab(a + b)
(vii) a3 - b3 = (a- b)(a2 + ab + b3) = (a - b)3 + 3ab(a - b)
(viii) (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 =2 (a2 + b2)
(ix) (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
(x) (a + b + c)2 =a2 + b2 + c2+2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Quadratic Equation
An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation. It is of the form :
ax2 + bx + c = 0

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
The roots of a quadratic equation are x =
2𝑎
2
Example 1. Solve the equation : 6x -13x + 6 = 0.
Solution. Here a = 6, b = -13, c = 6

−𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐 −13±√169−4 × 6 × 6 13±√169−144 13 ±5 18 8 3 2

∴x = 2𝑎
= 2 ×6
= 12
= 12
= 12 , 12 or x = 2, 3.
Binomial Theorem
If n is any integer, positive or negative, or a traction and x is any real number, then
𝑛(n−1) 2 n(𝑛−1)(n−2) 3
(1 + x)𝑛 = 1 + nx + 2!
x + 3!
x +…

where 2! = 2 × 1, 3! = 3 × 2 × 1
In general, n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2). .3 × 2 × 1.
If |x| << 1, then (1 + x)n ≃ 1 + nx.
MENSURATION
Important Formulae
Circumference of a circle = 2πr = πD
πD2
Area of a circle = πr2 =
4

Surface area of a sphere = 4πr 2 = πD2

4
Volume of a sphere = πr3
3

Surface area of a cylinder = 2πr2 + 2πrl = 2π(r + l)

1
Volume of a cylinder = π𝑟 2 l
Curved surface area of a cone = πrl
1
Volume 01 a cone = 3 πr2 h

Volume of a cube = (side)3

Surface area of a cube = 6 × (side).
TRIGONOMETRY
Systems of Measurement of an Angle
(i) Sexagesimal system. In this system,
1 right angle =90° (degree) , 1°=60' (minute), 1’ =60"(second)
(ii) Circular system. In this system, the unit of angle is radian.
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle. If l is the length of an arc and 0 is the angle subtended at the centre of
the circle as shown in Fig. 0.1, then
Arc l
θ = Radius = r = radian

Angle subtended at the centre of the circle is

Circumference 2πr
θ= Radius
= 𝑟
= 2π Radius

π radian = 180°
Trigonometrical Ratios
In right angled Δ OMP, of Fig. , ∠OMP = 90° and ∠ POM = θ.

We can define the trigonometric ratios as follows :

perpendicular PM
sine𝜃 = = = sin𝜃
hypotenuse OP

base OM
co𝑠𝑖𝑛eθ = = = cos 𝜃
hypotenuse OP
perpendicular PM
tangent θ= base
= OM = tan θ
hypotenuse OP
cosecant θ = = = cosec 𝜃
perpendicular PM

2
 hypotenuse OP
secant θ = base
= OM = sec θ
base OM
cotangent θ = perpendicular = PM
= cot θ

Fundamental Trigonometric Relations

1 1 1
1. cosec θ = sinθ ,. sec θ = cos θ
, cot θ = tan θ
sin θ cos θ
2. tan θ = cos θ
, cot θ = sin θ

3. sin θ + cos θ = 1, 1 + tan2 θ = sec2θ,

2 2

1 + cot2θ = cosec2 θ
T-ratios of Allied Angles

sin (- θ) = - sin θ cosec (- θ) = - cosec θ

cos (- θ) = cos θ sec (- θ) - sec θ
tan (- θ) = - tan θ cot (-0) = - cot θ

sin (90° - θ) = cos θ cosec (90° - θ) = sec θ

cos (90° - θ) = sin θ sec (90° - θ) = cosec θ
tan (90° - θ) = cot θ cot (90° - θ) - tan θ

sin (90° + θ) = cos θ cosec (90° + θ) = sec θ

cos (90° + θ) = - sin θ sec (90° + θ) = - cosec θ
tan (90° + θ) = - cot θ cot (90° + θ) = - tan θ

sin (180° - θ) = sin θ cosec (180° - θ) = cosec θ

cos (180° - θ) = - cos θ sec (180° - θ) = - sec θ
tan (180° - θ) = - tan θ cot (180° - θ) = - cot θ

sin (180° + θ) = - sin θ cosec (180° + θ) = - cosec θ

cos (180° + θ) = - cos θ sec (180° + θ) = - sec θ
tan (180° + θ) = tan θ cot (180° + θ) = cot θ

sin (270° - θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° - θ) = - sec θ

cos (270° - θ) = - sin θ sec (270° - θ) = - cosec θ
tan (270° - θ) = cot θ cot (270° - θ) = tan θ

sin (270° + θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° + θ) = - sec θ

cos (270° + θ) = sin θ sec (270° + θ) = cosec θ
tan (270c + θ) = - cot θ cot (270° + θ) = - tan θ

sin (360° - θ) = - sin θ cosec (360° - θ) = - cosec θ

cos (360° - θ) = cos θ sec (360° - θ) = sec θ
tan (360° - θ) = - tan θ cot (360° - θ) = - cot θ

Some Important Trigonometrical Formulae

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sin (A + 𝐵) = sin A cos B + ċ os A sin B
sin (A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos, A cos B − sin A sin B
cos (A − B) = cos A cos B + sṁ A sin B
tan A + tan B
tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tanA − tan𝐵
tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tanB
2 tan A
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A =
1+tan2 A

cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 1 − 2sin2 A

1 − tan2 A
= 2: cos2 A − 1 =
1 + tan2 A
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 − tan2 A
C+D C−D
sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
2 2
C+D C−D
sin C − sin D = 2 cos 2
sin 2
C+D C−D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
C+D C−D
cos C − cos D = −2 sin 2
sin 2

Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard Angles

angle θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°

sin θ 0 1 1 √3 1 √3 1 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2

cos θ 1 √3 1 1 0 1 -
1 √3 -1 0 1
-
√2 2
2 √2 2 2

tan θ 0 1 1 √3 ∞ −√3 -1 -
1 0 -∞ 0
√3
√3

LOGARITHMS
Definition of Logarithm
The logarithm of any number to a given base is the power to which base must be raised to
obtain that number.
For example, 81 = 34, we can say that the logarithm of 81 to the base 3 is equal to 4.
Symbolically, log381 = 4
In general, if N = ax, then loga N = x.
The common logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to obtain that

4
number.
As 1000 = 103 ∴ log101000 = 3

As a° = 1 ∴ loga 1 = 0

As a1 = a ∴ log, a = 1
Logarithmic Formulae
Product formula :
loga mn = loga m + loga n
Quotient formula :
m
loga n
= loga m - logan
Power formula :
loga mn = n logam
Base change formula :
loga m = logb m × loga b
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Differentia, Coefficient
Let y be a function of x i.e., y = f (x)
Suppose the value of x increases by a small amount ∆x. Then the value of y also increases
by a small amount, say ∆y.
∆y
The ratio ∆x is called the average rate of change of y with respect to x.
∆y
When ∆x approaches zero, the limiting value of ∆x
is called differential coefficient or derivative
dy
of y w.r.t. x and is denoted by dx.
dy ∆y
Hence dx = lim
Δx→0Δx ∆x
dy
Physically, the derivative dx gives the instantaneous rate of change of function y with respect
to variable x.
Some Important Results on Differentiation
dy
(i) Let c be a constant. Then dx (c) = 0
d dy
(ii) dx(cy) = c. dx
d
(iii) dx
(xn ) = nxn−1
(iv) Let y = u ± v, where u and v are functions of x.
dy du dv
Then = ±
dx dx dx

(v) Product Rule.

Let y = uv.
dy d d dv du
Then dx = P. F. dx (S. F. ) + S. P. dx (P. P. ) = u dx + v dx

(vi) Quotient rule.

5
 dx du
u v −u
dx dx
Let y = . =
v v2

(vii) Chain rule Let y be a function of u and u be a function of x.

dy dy du
Then dx = .
du dx

Let y = un .
d du
Then dx (un ) = nun−1 . dx
d 1
(viii) dx
(logex) = x
d 1
(ix) dx (log𝑎 x) = χ loge a
d
(x) dx (ex ) = ex
d
(xι) (aχ ) = aχ loge a
dx
d
(xii) (sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(xiii) dx ( cos x) = −sinx
d
(xiv) dx ( tan x) = sec2 x
d
(xv) dx ( cot x) =‐ cosec2 x
d
(xvi) dx ( sec x) = sec x tan x
d
(xvii) (cosec x) = − cosec x cot x
dx
dy
Example 2. Find for the following functions:
dx
1
(i) y = x5 + x3 + 10 (ii) y = x + √x + .
√χ

(iii) y = 5x4 + 3x3/2 +6x.

Solution.
(i) y = x5 + x3 + 10
dy d d d
= (x5 ) + (x3 ) + (10)
dx dx dx dx
= 5x4 + 3x2 + 0 = 5x4 + 3x2 .
1
(ii) y = x + √x + = x1 + x1/2 + x−1/2
√χ

dy 1 1
= 1x0 + x−1/2 − x−3/2
dx 2 2
1 1
=1+ − .
2√x 2χ√χ
(iii) y = 5x4 + 3x3/2 + 6x
dy d d d
= 5 (x4 ) + 3 (x3/2 ) + 6 (x)
dx dx dx dx

6
 3
= 5 × 4x3 + 3x x1/2 + 6 × 1
2
9
= 20x3 + √x + 6.
2
Example 3. Differentiate the following functions:
x2 +1
(i) (3x2 + 7)(6x + 3) (il)
x−2

(iii) √4x2 − 7.
Solution. (i) Let y = (3x2 + 7)(6x + 3)
Using product rule, we get
dy d d
= (3x2 + 7) (6x + 3) + (6x + 3) (3x2 + 7)
dx dx dx
= (3x2 + 7)(6 + 0) + (6x + 3)(6x + 0)
= 18x2 + 42 + 36x2 + 18x = 54x2 + 18x + 42.
x2 +1
(ii) y = x−2

Using quotient rule, we get

d 2 2 d
dy (x − 2) dx (x + 1) − (x + 1) dx (x − 2)
=
dx (x − 2)2
(x − 2)(2x + 0) − (x2 + 1)(1 − 0)
=
(x − 2)2
2x2 − 4x − x2 − 1 x2 − 4x − 1
= = .
(x − 2)2 (x − 2)2

(iii) y = √4x2 − 7 = (4x2 − 7)1/2

Using chain rule,
dy 1 d
= (4x2 − 7)−1/2 (4x2 − 7)
dx 2 dx
1 4x
= (4x2 − 7)−1/2 (8x − 0) = .
2 √4x2 − 7
Example 4. Find the differential coefficient of the following functions :
sinx
(i) cos(ax2 + b) (ii) tan3 x (iii) 1+cosx

Solution. (i) Let y = cos (ax2 + b)

dy d
Then dx = −sṁ (ax2 + b) dx (ax2 + b)

= −sin(ax2 + b).2ax
= −2ax sin (ax2 + b) .
(ii) Let y = tan3 x = ( tan x)3
dy d
Then dx = 3( tan x)2 dx ( tan x)

7
= 3tan2 x. sec2 x.
sinx
(iii) Let y = 1+ cos x
d
dy (1+ cos x)ddx −−(sinx)−sṁ x (1+ cos x)
dx
Then dx = (1+ cos x)2

(1 + cos x) cos x − sṁ x(0 − sṁ x)

=
(1 + cos x)2
cos x + cos2 x + sṁ x
=
(1 + cos x)2
cos x + 1 1
= 2
= .
(1 + cos x) 1 + cos x
Example 5. A particle is moving with a uniform acceleration. Its displacement at any instant f
is given by s = 10t + 49t2. What is (i) initial velocity (ii) velocity at t = 3 second and (iii) the
uniform acceleration?
Solution. Displacement, s = 10t + 4.9t2
ds
Velocity, v = = 10 + 2 × 4.9t
dt

(i) Initial velocity

(i.e., velocity 𝑡 = 0) = 10 + 0 = 10ms−1 .
(ii) Velocity at t = 3 second is
v = 10 + 2 × 4.9 × 3 = 39.4ms−1 .
(iii) Acceleration,
dv d
a= dt
= dt (10+9.8 t) = 0 + 9.8 = 9.8ms−2
Example 6. A particle starts rotating from rest according to the formula,
3t3 𝑡 2
θ= −
20 3
where θ is in radian and t in second.
Find the angular velocity ω and angular acceleration α at the end of 5 seconds.
3𝑡 3 t2
Solution. Given θ = −
20 3

Angular velocity,
d𝜃 𝑑 3t3 t2 9t2 2t
ω= = ( − )= −
dt d𝑡 20 3 20 3
At 𝑡 = 5s,
9×25 2×5 475
ω= 20
− 3
= 60
= 7.92 rad s−1 .
Angular acceleration,
dω d 9t2 2t 18 2
α= = ( − )= t−
dt dt 20 3 20 3
At 𝑡 = 5s,

8
 18×5 2
α= 20
− 3 = 3.83 rad s−2 .

Example 7. Show that power is the product of force and velocity.

Solution : Work = Force × distance
or W = Fs
Power = Rate of doing work
dW d ds
= = (Fs) = F = F. v.
d𝑡 dt dt
Example 8. A balloon is being fi7led by air so that its volume V is gradually increasing. Find
fhe rate of increase of volume with radius r when r = 2 units.
Solution. The volume of spherical balloon is
4
V = πr3
3
The rate of increase of volume V w.r.t. the radius r is
dV d 4
= ( )
dr dr 3
dV 4 d 4
or dr
= 3 π. dr (r3 ) = 3 π. 3r2 = 4πt2

When r = 2
dV
= 4π(2)2 = 16π
dr
Example. 9. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion, the displacement from fhe
mean position is given by y = a sin (ωt + ϕ); where a, ω and ϕ are constants. Find the -
velocity and acceleration of the particle at any instant t.
Solution. Displacement, y = a sin (ωt + ϕ)
Velocity,
dy d
v= = [a sin (ωt + ϕ)]
dt dt
d
= a cos (ωt + ϕ) (ωt + ϕ)
dt
= ω a cos (ωt + ϕ)
Acceleration,
dv d
a= = [ω a cos (ωt + ϕ)]
dt dt
d
= −ω a sin (ωt + ϕ) (ωf + ϕ)
dt

= −ω2 a sin (ωt + ϕ).

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is the process of finding a function whose
derivative is given. If derivative of function f (x) w.r.t. x is /'(x), then integration of f'(x) w.r.t. x is
f (x). Symbolically, we can say

9
 d
if dx[f(x)] = f'(x), then ∫ f'(x)dx = f(x).
Some Standard Elementary Integrals
Some standard elementary integrals alongwith their results on differentiation are as follows :

Differentiation Integration

d xn+1
1. dx (xn) = nxn - 1 ∫ xn dx = (n + 1) + c,

provided n ≠ - 1
Here c is constant of integration.

2.
d
(x) = 1 ∫ dx = x + c
dx

d 1 d
3. (loge x) = ∫ = loge x + c
dx x dx

d
4. dx (sinx) = cos x dx ∫ cos x . dx = sin x + c

d
5. dx (cos x) = - sin x dx ∫ sin x . dx = - cos x + c

d
6. dx (tan x) = sec2 x dx ∫sec2 x .dx = tan x + c

7.
d
(cot x) = - cosec2 x dx ∫ cosec2 x . dx = - cot x + c
dx

8.
d
(sec x) = sec x . tan x dx ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c
dx

d
9. dx (cosec x) ∫ cosec x . cot x dx
= - cosec x + c
= - cosec x. cotx ∙
d
10. dx (ax + b)n ∫(ax + b)n dx
(ax + b)n+1
= na(ax + b)n - 1 = +c
a(n + 1)
d dx
11. dx loge (ax + b) ∫
(ax + b)
a = - log (ax + b)+ c a
=
(ax + b)

d ∫ex.dx = ex + c
12. (ex ) = ex
dx

d ax
13. dx (ax ) = ax ⋅ log e a ∫ ax.dx = log
ea

= ax . loga e + c

14. y = u ± v ± w; ∫(u± v± w) dx
= ∫ u∙dx± ∫ vdx ± ∫ wdx + c

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 dy du dv dw
dx
= dx ± dx ± dx

Definite integral
When an integral is defined between two definite limits a and b, it is said to be a definite
integral. It is given by
b
. ∫a f(x)dx = [ϕ(x)]ba = ϕ(b) − ϕ(a)
where ϕ(x) is the integral of f(x). Here a and b are the lower and upper limits of integration.
1
Example 10. Integrate: x2 - cos x + x .
1
Solution. ∫ (x2 − cos x + x ) dx
1
= ∫ x2 dx − ∫ cos xdx + ∫ dx
x
x3
= 3
− sin x + log x + c.
Problems For Practice
dy
Find dx for the following functions:
2
(i) y = x3 − 3x2 + 3x − (Ans. 3x2 . −6x + 3)
5
(x−1)(x−2) 3 3 1
(ii) y = (Ans. √x −
2 2
− x3⁄2 )
√x √χ

1 2 1
(iii) y = (√x + ) ( Ans. 1 − 2 )
x
√X

(iv) y = ax2 + bx + c (Ans. 2 ax + b)

2. Differentiate the following functions:
(i) (x2 − 4x + 5)(x3 − 2) (Ans. 5x4 − 16x3 + 15x2 − 4x + 8)
2x+3 2x2 +6x+10
(ii) (Ans. − )
x2 −5 (x2 −5)2
sṁ x+ cos x −2
(iii) (Ans. )
sṁ x− cos x ( sin x− cos x)2

(iv) (4x3 − 5x2 + 1)4 [Ans. 8(4x3 − 5x2 + 1)3 (6x2 − 5x)]
3. If the motion of a particle is governed by the equation, s = 2𝑡 3 − 3t2 + 2t + 2, find the
position, velocity and acceleration of the particle at time
t = 2s. (Ans. 10, 14, 18)
4. A particle starts rotating from rest according to the formula,
t4 t
θ= −
60 4
where θ is in radian and t in second. Find the angular velocity ω and angular acceleration α
at time 𝑡 = 10s. (Ans. 66.5 rad s−1 , 20 rad s−2 )
5. Show that force can be expressed as the product of mass and acceleration.
dp d dv
[Hint. F = = (mv) = m = ma]
dt dt dt

11
6. Integrate the following:
1 5 1 1
(i) 6x + 5x2 − 2𝑥 3 + (Ans. 3x2 + x3 − x4 − + c)
x2 3 2 x
ax3 bx2
(ii) ax2 + bx + c (Ans. 3
+ 2
+ cx + c′ )
1 3 1 3 1
(iii) (x + χ) (Ans. 4 x4 + 2 x2 + 3 log x − 2x2 + c)
5
(iv) 3 cosec2 x − 5x + sinx (Ans. −3 cot x − 2 x2 − cos x + c)
2
(v) 3 cosec2 x + 2 sin 3x (Ans. −3 cot x − cos 3x + c)
3

Evaluate the following integrals :

4 14
(i) ∫1 √x dx (Ans. 3 )
4 1
(ii) ∫0 ( 𝑡 2 + 1)dt (Ans. 25 3)
π⁄2
(iii) ∫−π⁄2 cos xdx (Ans. 2)
π/4
(iv) ∫0 sec x tan xdx (Ans. √2 − 1)
31 3
(v) ∫2 dx (Ans. log )
x 2

12
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