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Data Structures
And
Algorithms
Made Easy

-To All My Readers

By
Narasimha Karumanchi
 Copyright© 2017 by CareerMonk.com
All rights reserved.
Designed by Narasimha Karumanchi

Copyright© 2017 CareerMonk Publications. All rights reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including
information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher or author.
 Acknowledgements

Mother and Father, it is impossible to thank you adequately for everything you have done, from
loving me unconditionally to raising me in a stable household, where your persistent efforts and
traditional values taught your children to celebrate and embrace life. I could not have asked for
better parents or role-models. You showed me that anything is possible with faith, hard work and
determination.

This book would not have been possible without the help of many people. I would like to express
my gratitude to all of the people who provided support, talked things over, read, wrote, offered
comments, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in the editing, proofreading and design.
In particular, I would like to thank the following individuals:
▪ Mohan Mullapudi, IIT Bombay, Architect, dataRPM Pvt. Ltd.
▪ Navin Kumar Jaiswal, Senior Consultant, Juniper Networks Inc.
▪ A. Vamshi Krishna, IIT Kanpur, Mentor Graphics Inc.
▪ Cathy Reed, BA, MA, Copy Editor

–Narasimha Karumanchi
M-Tech, IIT Bombay
Founder, CareerMonk.com
 Preface

Dear Reader,

Please hold on! I know many people typically do not read the Preface of a book. But I strongly
recommend that you read this particular Preface.

It is not the main objective of this book to present you with the theorems and proofs on data
structures and algorithms. I have followed a pattern of improving the problem solutions with
different complexities (for each problem, you will find multiple solutions with different, and
reduced, complexities). Basically, it’s an enumeration of possible solutions. With this approach,
even if you get a new question, it will show you a way to think about the possible solutions. You
will find this book useful for interview preparation, competitive exams preparation, and campus
interview preparations.

As a job seeker, if you read the complete book, I am sure you will be able to challenge the
interviewers. If you read it as an instructor, it will help you to deliver lectures with an approach
that is easy to follow, and as a result your students will appreciate the fact that they have opted for
Computer Science / Information Technology as their degree.

This book is also useful for Engineering degree students and Masters degree students during
their academic preparations. In all the chapters you will see that there is more emphasis on
problems and their analysis rather than on theory. In each chapter, you will first read about the
basic required theory, which is then followed by a section on problem sets. In total, there are
approximately 700 algorithmic problems, all with solutions.

If you read the book as a student preparing for competitive exams for Computer Science /
Information Technology, the content covers all the required topics in full detail. While writing
this book, my main focus was to help students who are preparing for these exams.

In all the chapters you will see more emphasis on problems and analysis rather than on theory. In
each chapter, you will first see the basic required theory followed by various problems.

For many problems, multiple solutions are provided with different levels of complexity. We start
with the brute force solution and slowly move toward the best solution possible for that problem.
For each problem, we endeavor to understand how much time the algorithm takes and how much
memory the algorithm uses.
It is recommended that the reader does at least one complete reading of this book to gain a full
understanding of all the topics that are covered. Then, in subsequent readings you can skip
directly to any chapter to refer to a specific topic. Even though many readings have been done for
the purpose of correcting errors, there could still be some minor typos in the book. If any are
found, they will be updated at www.CareerMonk.com. You can monitor this site for any
corrections and also for new problems and solutions. Also, please provide your valuable
suggestions at: [email protected].

I wish you all the best and I am confident that you will find this book useful.

–Narasimha Karumanchi
M-Tech, I IT Bombay
Founder, CareerMonk.com
Other Books by Narasimha Karumanchi
IT Interview Questions

Data Structures and Algorithms for GATE

Data Structures and Aigorithms Made Easy in Java

Coding Interview Questions

Peeling Design Patterns

Elements of Computer Networking

Data Structures and Algorithmic Thinking with Python

 Table of Contents

1. Introduction
1.1 Variables
1.2 Data Types
1.3 Data Structures
1.4 Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
1.5 What is an Algorithm?
1.6 Why the Analysis of Algorithms?
1.7 Goal of the Analysis of Algorithms
1.8 What is Running Time Analysis?
1.9 How to Compare Algorithms
1.10 What is Rate of Growth?
1.11 Commonly Used Rates of Growth
1.12 Types of Analysis
1.13 Asymptotic Notation
1.14 Big-O Notation [Upper Bounding Function]
1.15 Omega-Q Notation [Lower Bounding Function]
1.16 Theta-Θ Notation [Order Function]
1.17 Important Notes
1.18 Why is it called Asymptotic Analysis?
1.19 Guidelines for Asymptotic Analysis
1.20 Simplyfying properties of asymptotic notations
1.21 Commonly used Logarithms and Summations
1.22 Master Theorem for Divide and Conquer Recurrences
1.23 Divide and Conquer Master Theorem: Problems & Solutions
1.24 Master Theorem for Subtract and Conquer Recurrences
1.25 Variant of Subtraction and Conquer Master Theorem
1.26 Method of Guessing and Confirming
 1.27 Amortized Analysis
1.28 Algorithms Analysis: Problems & Solutions

2. Recursion and Backtracking

2.1 Introduction
2.2 What is Recursion?
2.3 Why Recursion?
2.4 Format of a Recursive Function
2.5 Recursion and Memory (Visualization)
2.6 Recursion versus Iteration
2.7 Notes on Recursion
2.8 Example Algorithms of Recursion
2.9 Recursion: Problems & Solutions
2.10 What is Backtracking?
2.11 Example Algorithms of Backtracking
2.12 Backtracking: Problems & Solutions

3. Linked Lists
3.1 What is a Linked List?
3.2 Linked Lists ADT
3.3 Why Linked Lists?
3.4 Arrays Overview
3.5 Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays & Dynamic Arrays
3.6 Singly Linked Lists
3.7 Doubly Linked Lists
3.8 Circular Linked Lists
3.9 A Memory-efficient Doubly Linked List
3.10 Unrolled Linked Lists
3.11 Skip Lists
3.12 Linked Lists: Problems & Solutions

4. Stacks
4.1 What is a Stack?
4.2 How Stacks are used
4.3 Stack ADT
 4.4 Applications
4.5 Implementation
4.6 Comparison of Implementations
4.7 Stacks: Problems & Solutions

5. Queues
5.1 What is a Queue?
5.2 How are Queues Used?
5.3 Queue ADT
5.4 Exceptions
5.5 Applications
5.6 Implementation
5.7 Queues: Problems & Solutions

6. Trees
6.1 What is a Tree?
6.2 Glossary
6.3 Binary Trees
6.4 Types of Binary Trees
6.5 Properties of Binary Trees
6.6 Binary Tree Traversals
6.7 Generic Trees (N-ary Trees)
6.8 Threaded Binary Tree Traversals (Stack or Queue-less Traversals)
6.9 Expression Trees
6.10 XOR Trees
6.11 Binary Search Trees (BSTs)
6.12 Balanced Binary Search Trees
6.13 AVL (Adelson-Velskii and Landis) Trees
6.14 Other Variations on Trees

7. Priority Queues and Heaps

7.1 What is a Priority Queue?
7.2 Priority Queue ADT
7.3 Priority Queue Applications
7.4 Priority Queue Implementations
 7.5 Heaps and Binary Heaps
7.6 Binary Heaps
7.7 Heapsort
7.8 Priority Queues [Heaps]: Problems & Solutions

8. Disjoint Sets ADT

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equivalence Relations and Equivalence Classes
8.3 Disjoint Sets ADT
8.4 Applications
8.5 Tradeoffs in Implementing Disjoint Sets ADT
8.8 Fast UNION Implementation (Slow FIND)
8.9 Fast UNION Implementations (Quick FIND)
8.10 Summary
8.11 Disjoint Sets: Problems & Solutions

9. Graph Algorithms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Glossary
9.3 Applications of Graphs
9.4 Graph Representation
9.5 Graph Traversals
9.6 Topological Sort
9.7 Shortest Path Algorithms
9.8 Minimal Spanning Tree
9.9 Graph Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

10. Sorting
10.1 What is Sorting?
10.2 Why is Sorting Necessary?
10.3 Classification of Sorting Algorithms
10.4 Other Classifications
10.5 Bubble Sort
10.6 Selection Sort
10.7 Insertion Sort
 10.8 Shell Sort
10.9 Merge Sort
10.10 Heap Sort
10.11 Quick Sort
10.12 Tree Sort
10.13 Comparison of Sorting Algorithms
10.14 Linear Sorting Algorithms
10.15 Counting Sort
10.16 Bucket Sort (or Bin Sort)
10.17 Radix Sort
10.18 Topological Sort
10.19 External Sorting
10.20 Sorting: Problems & Solutions

11. Searching
11.1 What is Searching?
11.2 Why do we need Searching?
11.3 Types of Searching
11.4 Unordered Linear Search
11.5 Sorted/Ordered Linear Search
11.6 Binary Search
11.7 Interpolation Search
11.8 Comparing Basic Searching Algorithms
11.9 Symbol Tables and Hashing
11.10 String Searching Algorithms
11.11 Searching: Problems & Solutions

12. Selection Algorithms [Medians]

12.1 What are Selection Algorithms?
12.2 Selection by Sorting
12.3 Partition-based Selection Algorithm
12.4 Linear Selection Algorithm - Median of Medians Algorithm
12.5 Finding the K Smallest Elements in Sorted Order
12.6 Selection Algorithms: Problems & Solutions
13. Symbol Tables
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What are Symbol Tables?
13.3 Symbol Table Implementations
13.4 Comparison Table of Symbols for Implementations

14. Hashing
14.1 What is Hashing?
14.2 Why Hashing?
14.3 HashTable ADT
14.4 Understanding Hashing
14.5 Components of Hashing
14.6 Hash Table
14.7 Hash Function
14.8 Load Factor
14.9 Collisions
14.10 Collision Resolution Techniques
14.11 Separate Chaining
14.12 Open Addressing
14.13 Comparison of Collision Resolution Techniques
14.14 How Hashing Gets O(1) Complexity?
14.15 Hashing Techniques
14.16 Problems for which Hash Tables are not suitable
14.17 Bloom Filters
14.18 Hashing: Problems & Solutions

15. String Algorithms

15.1 Introduction
15.2 String Matching Algorithms
15.3 Brute Force Method
15.4 Rabin-Karp String Matching Algorithm
15.5 String Matching with Finite Automata
15.6 KMP Algorithm
15.7 Boyer-Moore Algorithm
 15.8 Data Structures for Storing Strings
15.9 Hash Tables for Strings
15.10 Binary Search Trees for Strings
15.11 Tries
15.12 Ternary Search Trees
15.13 Comparing BSTs, Tries and TSTs
15.14 Suffix Trees
15.15 String Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

16. Algorithms Design Techniques

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification
16.3 Classification by Implementation Method
16.4 Classification by Design Method
16.5 Other Classifications

17. Greedy Algorithms

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Greedy Strategy
17.3 Elements of Greedy Algorithms
17.4 Does Greedy Always Work?
17.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Greedy Method
17.6 Greedy Applications
17.7 Understanding Greedy Technique
17.8 Greedy Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

18. Divide and Conquer Algorithms

18.1 Introduction
18.2 What is the Divide and Conquer Strategy?
18.3 Does Divide and Conquer Always Work?
18.4 Divide and Conquer Visualization
18.5 Understanding Divide and Conquer
18.6 Advantages of Divide and Conquer
18.7 Disadvantages of Divide and Conquer
18.8 Master Theorem
 18.9 Divide and Conquer Applications
18.10 Divide and Conquer: Problems & Solutions

19. Dynamic Programming

19.1 Introduction
19.2 What is Dynamic Programming Strategy?
19.3 Properties of Dynamic Programming Strategy
19.4 Can Dynamic Programming Solve All Problems?
19.5 Dynamic Programming Approaches
19.6 Examples of Dynamic Programming Algorithms
19.7 Understanding Dynamic Programming
19.8 Longest Common Subsequence
19.9 Dynamic Programming: Problems & Solutions

20. Complexity Classes

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Polynomial/Exponential Time
20.3 What is a Decision Problem?
20.4 Decision Procedure
20.5 What is a Complexity Class?
20.6 Types of Complexity Classes
20.7 Reductions
20.8 Complexity Classes: Problems & Solutions

21. Miscellaneous Concepts

21.1 Introduction
21.2 Hacks on Bit-wise Programming
21.3 Other Programming Questions

References
Other documents randomly have
different content
 From his shoulder Hiawatha
Took the camera of rosewood,
Made of sliding, folding rosewood;
Neatly put it all together.
In its case it lay compactly,
Folded into nearly nothing;
But he opened out the hinges,
Pushed and pulled the joints and hinges,
Till it looked all squares and oblongs,
Like a complicated figure
In the second book of Euclid.
This he perched upon a tripod,
And the family in order
Sat before him for their pictures.
Mystic, awful was the process.
First a piece of glass he coated
With Collodion, and plunged it
In a bath of Lunar Caustic
Carefully dissolved in water:
There he left it certain minutes.
Secondly, my Hiawatha
Made with cunning hand a mixture
Of the acid Pyro-gallic,
And of Glacial Acetic,
And of Alcohol and water:
This developed all the picture.
Finally, he fixed each picture
With a saturate solution
Of a certain salt of Soda—
Chemists call it Hyposulphite.
(Very difficult the name is
For a metre like the present,
But periphrasis has done it.)
All the family in order
Sat before him for their pictures.
Each in turn, as he was taken,
Volunteered his own suggestions,
His invaluable suggestions.
First the Governor, the Father:
He suggested velvet curtains
Looped about a massy pillar;
And the corner of a table,
Of a rosewood dining-table.
He would hold a scroll of something,
Hold it firmly in his left-hand;
He would keep his right-hand buried
(Like Napoleon) in his waistcoat;
He would contemplate the distance
With a look of pensive meaning,
As of ducks that die in tempests.
Grand, heroic was the notion:
Yet the picture failed entirely:
Failed, because he moved a little,
Moved, because he couldn't help it.
Next, his better half took courage;
She would have her picture taken:
She came dressed beyond description,
Dressed in jewels and in satin
Far too gorgeous for an empress.
Gracefully she sat down sideways,
With a simper scarcely human,
Holding in her hand a nosegay
Rather larger than a cabbage.
All the while that she was taking,
Still the lady chattered, chattered,
Like a monkey in the forest.
'Am I sitting still?' she asked him.
'Is my face enough in profile?
Shall I hold the nosegay higher?
Will it come into the picture?'
And the picture failed completely.
 Next the Son, the Stunning-Cantab:
He suggested curves of beauty,
Curves pervading all his figure,
Which the eye might follow onward,
Till they centred in the breast-pin,
Centred in the golden breast-pin.
He had learnt it all from Ruskin
(Author of 'The Stones of Venice,'
'Seven Lamps of Architecture,'
'Modern Painters,' and some others);
And perhaps he had not fully
Understood his author's meaning;
But, whatever was the reason,
All was fruitless, as the picture
Ended in an utter failure.
Next to him the eldest daughter:
She suggested very little;
Only asked if he would take her
With her look of 'passive beauty.'
Her idea of passive beauty
Was a squinting of the left-eye,
Was a drooping of the right-eye,
Was a smile that went up sideways
To the corner of the nostrils.
Hiawatha, when she asked him,
Took no notice of the question,
Looked as if he hadn't heard it;
But, when pointedly appealed to,
Smiled in his peculiar manner,
Coughed and said it 'didn't matter,'
Bit his lip and changed the subject.
Nor in this was he mistaken,
As the picture failed completely.
So in turn the other sisters.
Last, the youngest son was taken:
Very rough and thick his hair was,
Very round and red his face was,
Very dusty was his jacket,
Very fidgetty his manner.
And his overbearing sisters
Called him names he disapproved of:
Called him Johnny, 'Daddy's Darling,'
Called him Jacky, 'Scrubby School-boy,'
And, so awful was the picture,
In comparison the others
Might be thought to have succeeded,
To have partially succeeded.
Finally my Hiawatha
Tumbled all the tribe together,
'Grouped' is not the right expression,)
And, as happy chance would have it,
Did at last obtain a picture
Where the faces all succeeded:
Each came out a perfect likeness.
Then they joined and all abused it,
Unrestrainedly abused it,
As 'the worst and ugliest picture
They could possibly have dreamed of.
Giving one such strange expressions!
Sulkiness, conceit, and meanness!
Really any one would take us
(Any one that did not know us)
For the most unpleasant people!'
(Hiawatha seemed to think so,
Seemed to think it not unlikely.)
All together rang their voices,
Angry, loud, discordant voices,
As of dogs that howl in concert,
As of cats that wail in chorus.
But my Hiawatha's patience,
His politeness and his patience,
Unaccountably had vanished,
And he left that happy party.
Neither did he leave them slowly,
With that calm deliberation,
That intense deliberation
Which photographers aspire to:
But he left them in a hurry,
Left them in a mighty hurry,
Vowing that he would not stand it.
Hurriedly he packed his boxes,
Hurriedly the porter trundled
On a barrow all his boxes;
Hurriedly he took his ticket,
Hurriedly the train received him:
Thus departed Hiawatha.

THE THREE VOICES.

(TENNYSON)
 The First Voice.
With hands tight clenched through matted hair,
He crouched in trance of dumb despair:
There came a breeze from out the air.

It passed athwart the glooming flat—

It fanned his forehead as he sat—
It lightly bore away his hat,

All to the feet of one who stood

Like maid enchanted in a wood,
Frowning as darkly as she could.

With huge umbrella, lank and brown,

Unerringly she pinned it down,
Right through the centre of the crown.

Then, with an aspect cold and grim,

Regardless of its battered rim,
She took it up and gave it him.

Awhile like one in dreams he stood,

Then faltered forth his gratitude,
In words just short of being rude:

For it had lost its shape and shine,

And it had cost him four-and-nine,
And he was going out to dine.

With grave indifference to his speech,

Fixing her eyes upon the beach,
She said 'Each gives to more than each.'

He could not answer yea or nay:

He faltered 'Gifts may pass away.'
Yet knew not what he meant to say.
'If that be so,' she straight replied,
'Each heart with each doth coincide.
What boots it? For the world is wide.'

And he, not wishing to appear

Less wise, said 'This Material Sphere
Is but Attributive Idea.'

But when she asked him 'Wherefore so?'

He felt his very whiskers glow,
And frankly owned 'I do not know.'

While, like broad waves of golden grain.

Or sunlit hues on cloistered pane,
His colour came and went again.

Pitying his obvious distress,

Yet with a tinge of bitterness,
She said 'The More exceeds the Less.'

'A truth of such undoubted weight,

He urged, 'and so extreme in date,
It were superfluous to state.'

Roused into sudden passion, she

In tone of cold malignity:
'To others, yes: but not to thee.'

But when she saw him quail and quake,

And when he urged 'For pity's sake!'
Once more in gentle tone she spake.

'Thought in the mind doth still abide;

That is by Intellect supplied,
And within that Idea doth hide.

'And he, that yearns the truth to know,

Still further inwardly may go,
And find Idea from Notion flow.

'And thus the chain, that sages sought,

Is to a glorious circle wrought,
For Notion hath its source in Thought.'

When he, with racked and whirling brain,

Feebly implored her to explain,
She simply said it all again.

Wrenched with an agony intense,

He spake, neglecting Sound and Sense,
And careless of all consequence:

'Mind—I believe—is Essence—Ent—

Abstract—that is—an Accident—
Which we—that is to say—I meant—'

When, with quick breath and cheeks all flushed,

At length his speech was somewhat hushed,
She looked at him, and he was crushed.

It needed not her calm reply:

She fixed him with a stony eye,
And he could neither fight nor fly,

While she dissected, word by word,

His speech, half guessed at and half heard,
As might a cat a little bird.

Then, having wholly overthrown

His views, and stripped them to the bone,
Proceeded to unfold her own.

So passed they on with even pace,

Yet gradually one might trace
A shadow growing on his face
A shadow growing on his face.

The Second Voice.

They walked beside the wave-worn beach,
Her tongue was very apt to teach,
And now and then he did beseech

She would abate her dulcet tone,

Because the talk was all her own,
And he was dull as any drone.

She urged 'No cheese is made of chalk':

And ceaseless flowed her dreary talk,
Tuned to the footfall of a walk.

Her voice was very full and rich,

And, when at length she asked him 'Which?'
It mounted to its highest pitch.

He a bewildered answer gave,

Drowned in the sullen moaning wave,
Lost in the echoes of the cave.

He answered her he knew not what:

Like shaft from bow at random shot:
He spoke, but she regarded not.

She waited not for his reply,

But with a downward leaden eye
Went on as if he were not by.

Sound argument and grave defence,

Strange questions raised on 'Why?' and 'Whence?'
And weighted down with common sense.

'Shall Man be Man? And shall he miss

Of other thoughts no thought but this,
Harmonious dews of sober bliss?
Harmonious dews of sober bliss?

'What boots it? Shall his fevered eye

Through towering nothingness descry
The grisly phantom hurry by?

'And hear dumb shrieks that fill the air;

See mouths that gape, and eyes that stare
And redden in the dusky glare?

'The meadows breathing amber light,

The darkness toppling from the height,
The feathery train of granite Night?

'Shall he, grown gray among his peers,

Through the thick curtain of his tears
Catch glimpses of his earlier years,

'And hear the sounds he knew of yore,

Old shufflings on the sanded floor,
Old knuckles tapping at the door?

'Yet still before him as he flies

One pallid form shall ever rise,
And, bodying forth in glassy eyes

'The vision of a vanished good,

Low peering through the tangled wood,
Shall freeze the current of his blood.'

Still from each fact, with skill uncouth

And savage rapture, like a tooth
She wrenched a slow reluctant truth.

Till, like some silent water-mill,

When summer suns have dried the rill,
She reached a full stop, and was still.

Dead calm succeeded to the fuss

Dead calm succeeded to the fuss,
As when the loaded omnibus
Has reached the railway terminus:

When, for the tumult of the street,

Is heard the engine's stifled beat,
The velvet tread of porters' feet.

With glance that ever sought the ground,

She moved her lips without a sound,
And every now and then she frowned.

He gazed upon the sleeping sea,

And joyed in its tranquillity,
And in that silence dead, but she

To muse a little space did seem,

Then, like the echo of a dream,
Harped back upon her threadbare theme.

Still an attentive ear he lent,

But could not fathom what she meant:
She was not deep, nor eloquent.

He marked the ripple on the sand:

The even swaying of her hand
Was all that he could understand.

He left her, and he turned aside:

He sat and watched the coming tide
Across the shores so newly dried.

He wondered at the waters clear,

The breeze that whispered in his ear,
The billows heaving far and near;

And why he had so long preferred

To hang upon her every word;
 g p y ;
'In truth,' he said, 'it was absurd.'

The Third Voice.

Not long this transport held its place:
Within a little moment's space
Quick tears were raining down his face.

His heart stood still, aghast with fear;

A wordless voice, nor far nor near,
He seemed to hear and not to hear.

'Tears kindle not the doubtful spark:

If so, why not? Of this remark
The bearings are profoundly dark.'

'Her speech,' he said, 'hath caused this pain;

Easier I count it to explain
The jargon of the howling main,

'Or, stretched beside some sedgy brook,

To con, with inexpressive look,
An unintelligible book.'

Low spake the voice within his head,

In words imagined more than said,
Soundless as ghost's intended tread:

'If thou art duller than before,

Why quittedst thou the voice of lore?
Why not endure, expecting more?'

'Rather than that,' he groaned aghast,

'I'd writhe in depths of cavern vast,
Some loathly vampire's rich repast.'

''Twere hard,' it answered, 'themes immense

To coop within the narrow fence
That rings thy scant intelligence.'

'Not so,' he urged, 'nor once alone:

But there was that within her tone
Which chilled me to the very bone.

'Her style was anything but clear,

And most unpleasantly severe;
Her epithets were very queer.

'And yet, so grand were her replies,

I could not choose but deem her wise;
I did not dare to criticise;

'Nor did I leave her, till she went

So deep in tangled argument
That all my powers of thought were spent,'

A little whisper inly slid;

'Yet truth is truth: you know you did—'
A little wink beneath the lid.

And, sickened with excess of dread,

Prone to the dust he bent his head,
And lay like one three-quarters dead.

Forth went the whisper like a breeze;

Left him amid the wondering trees,
Left him by no means at his ease.

Once more he weltered in despair,

With hands, through denser-matted hair,
More tightly clenched than then they were.

When, bathed in dawn of living red,

Majestic frowned the mountain head,
'Tell me my fault,' was all he said.
When, at high noon, the blazing sky
Scorched in his head each haggard eye,
Then keenest rose his weary cry.

And when at eve the unpitying sun

Smiled grimly on the solemn fun,
'Alack,' he sighed, 'what have I done?'

But saddest, darkest was the sight,

When the cold grasp of leaden Night
Dashed him to earth, and held him tight.

Tortured, unaided, and alone,

Thunders were silence to his groan,
Bagpipes sweet music to its tone:

'What? Ever thus, in dismal round,

Shall Pain and Misery profound
Pursue me like a sleepless hound,

'With crimson-dashed and eager jaws,

Me, still in ignorance of the cause,
Unknowing what I brake of laws?'

The whisper to his ear did seem

Like echoed flow of silent stream,
Or shadow of forgotten dream;

The whisper trembling in the wind:

'Her fate with thine was intertwined,'
So spake it in his inner mind:

'Each orbed on each a baleful star,

Each proved the other's blight and bar,
Each unto each were best, most far:

'Yea, each to each was worse than foe,

h d d ll d bb l
Thou, a scared dullard, gibbering low,
And she, an avalanche of woe.'

BEAUTIFUL SOUP.
(UNCERTAIN)

Beautiful Soup, so rich and green,

Waiting in a hot tureen!
Who for such dainties would not stoop?
Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!
Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!
Beau—ootiful Soo—oop!
Beau—ootiful Soo—oop!
Soo—oop of the e—e—evening,
Beautiful, beautiful Soup!

Beautiful Soup! who cares for fish,

Game, or any other dish?
Who would not give all else for two
Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?
Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?
Beau—ootiful Soo—oop!
Beau—ootiful Soo—oop!
Soo—oop of the e—e—evening
Beautiful, beauti—FUL SOUP!
THOMAS HOOD THE YOUNGER.
RAVINGS.
(BY E., A POE-T)
The autumn upon us was rushing,
The Parks were deserted and lone—
The streets were unpeopled and lone;
My foot through the sere leaves was brushing,
That over the pathway were strown—
By the wind in its wanderings strown.
I sighed—for my feelings were gushing
Round Mnemosyne's porphyry throne,
Like lava liquescent lay gushing,
And rose to the porphyry throne—
To the filigree footstool were gushing,
That stands on the steps of that throne—
On the stolid stone steps of that throne!

I cried—'Shall the winter-leaves fret us?'

Oh, turn—we must turn to the fruit,
To the freshness and force of the fruit!
To the gifts wherewith Autumn has met us—
Her music that never grows mute
(That maunders but never grows mute),
The tendrils the vine branches net us,
The lily, the lettuce, the lute—
The esculent, succulent lettuce,
And the languishing lily, and lute;—
Yes;—the lotos-like leaves of the lettuce;
Late lily and lingering lute.

Then come—let us fly from the city!

Let us travel in orient isles—
In the purple of orient isles—
Oh, bear me—yes, bear me in pity
To climes where a sun ever smiles—
Ever smoothly and speciously smiles!
Where the swarth-browed Arabian's wild ditty
Enhances pyramidal piles:
Where his wild weird and wonderful ditty
Where his wild, weird, and wonderful ditty
Awakens pyramidal piles—
Yes:—his pointless perpetual ditty
Perplexes pyramidal piles!

IN MEMORIAM TECHNICAM.
(TENNYSON)

I count it true which sages teach—

That passion sways not with repose,
That love, confounding these with those,
Is ever welding each with each.

And so when time has ebbed away,

Like childish wreaths too lightly held,
The song of immemorial eld
Shall moan about the belted bay,

Where slant Orion slopes his star

To swelter in the rolling seas,
Till slowly widening by degrees,
The grey climbs upward from afar,

And golden youth and passion stray

Along the ridges of the strand—
Not far apart, but hand in hand—
With all the darkness danced away!

THE WEDDING.
('OWEN MEREDITH')
Lady Clara Vere de Vere!
I hardly know what I must say,
But I'm to be Queen of the May, mother
I'm to be Queen of the May!
I am half-crazed; I don't feel grave,
Let me rave!
Whole weeks and months, early and late,
To win his love I lay in wait.
Oh, the Earl was fair to see,
As fair as any man could be:—
The wind is howling in turret and tree!

We two shall be wed to-morrow morn,

And I shall be the Lady Clare,
And when my marriage morn shall fall
I hardly know what I shall wear.
But I shan't say 'my life is dreary,'
And sadly hang my head,
With the remark, 'I'm very weary,
And wish that I were dead.'

But on my husband's arm I'll lean,

And roundly waste his plenteous gold,
Passing the honeymoon serene
In that new world which is the old.
For down we'll go and take the boat
Beside St. Katherine's Docks afloat,
Which round about its prow has wrote—
'The Lady of Shalotter'
(Mondays and Thursdays—Captain Foat),
Bound for the Dam of Rotter.
(From Ten Hours, or the Warbling Wag'ner.
By Owing Merrythief.)

POETS AND LINNETS.

 (BROWNING)

Where'er there's a thistle to feed a linnet

And linnets are plenty, thistles rife—
Or an acorn-cup to catch dew-drops in it
There's ample promise of further life.
Now, mark how we begin it.

For linnets will follow, if linnets are minded,

As blows the white-feather parachute;
And ships will reel by the tempest blinded—
Aye, ships and shiploads of men to boot!
How deep whole fleets you'll find hid.

And we blow the thistle-down hither and thither

Forgetful of linnets, and men, and God.
The dew! for its want an oak will wither—
By the dull hoof into the dust is trod,
And then who strikes the cither?

But thistles were only for donkeys intended,

And that donkeys are common enough is clear,
And that drop! what a vessel it might have befriended,
Does it add any flavour to Glugabib's beer?
Well, there's my musing ended.
 WALTER WILLIAM SKEAT.
A CLERK THER WAS OF CAUNTEBRIGGE ALSO.
(CHAUCER)
A Clerk ther was of Cauntebrigge also,
That unto rowing haddè long y-go.
Of thinnè shidès[112] wolde he shippès makè,
And he was nat right fat, I undertakè.
And whan his ship he wrought had attè fullè,
Right gladly by the river wolde he pullè,
And eek returne as blythly as he wentè.
Him rekkèd nevere that the sonne him brentè,[113]
Ne stinted he his cours for reyn ne snowè;
It was a joyè for to seen him rowè!
Yit was him lever, in his shelves newè,
Six oldè textès,[114] clad in greenish hewè,
Of Chaucer and his oldè poesyè
Than ale, or wyn of Lepe,[115] or Malvoisyè.
And therwithal he wex a philosofre;
And peyned him to gadren gold in cofre
Of sundry folk; and al that he mighte hentè[116]
On textès and emprinting he it spentè;
And busily gan bokès to purveyè
For hem that yeve him wherwith to scoleyè.[117]
Of glossaryès took he hede and curè[118];
And when he spyèd had, by aventurè,
A word that semèd him or strange or rarè,
To henten[119] it anon he noldè sparè,[120]
But wolde it on a shrede[121] of paper wrytè,
And in a cheste he dide his shredès whytè,
And preyèd every man to doon the samè;
Swich maner study was to him but gamè.
And on this wysè many a yeer he wroughté,
Ay storing every shreed that men him broughtè,
Til, attè lastè, from the noble pressè
Of Clarendoun, at Oxenforde, I gessè,
Cam stalking forth the Gretè Dictionárie
h l h [122] á
That no man wel may pinche at[122] ne contrárie.
But for to tellen alle his queintè gerès,[123]
They wolden occupye wel seven yerès;
Therefore I passe as lightly as I may;
Ne speke I of his hatte or his array,
Ne how his berd by every wind was shakè
When as, for hete, his hat he wolde of takè.
Souning in[124] Erly English was his spechè,
'And gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly techè.'
 HENRY SAMBROOKE LEIGH.
ONLY SEVEN.

(A Pastoral Story, after Wordsworth)

I marvelled why a simple child
That lightly draws its breath
Should utter groans so very wild,
And look as pale as Death.

Adopting a parental tone,

I asked her why she cried;
The damsel answered, with a groan,
'I've got a pain inside.

'I thought it would have sent me mad

Last night about eleven;'
Said I, 'What is it makes you bad?
How many apples have you had?'
She answered, 'Only seven!'

'And are you sure you took no more,

My little maid?' quoth I.
'Oh! please, sir, mother gave me four,
But they were in a pie!'

'If that's the case,' I stammered out,

'Of course you've had eleven;'
The maiden answered, with a pout,
'I ain't had more nor seven!'

I wondered hugely what she meant,

And said, 'I'm bad at riddles,
But I know where little girls are sent
For telling tarradiddles.

'Now, if you don't reform,' said I,

'You'll never go to heaven.'
But all in vain; each time I try,
That little idiot makes reply,
'I ain't had more nor seven!'
 POSTSCRIPT.
To borrow Wordsworth's name was wrong,
Or slightly misapplied;
And so I'd better call my song,
'Lines after Ache-inside.'

CHATEAUX D'ESPAGNE.
(A Reminiscence of 'David Garrick' and 'The Battle of Andalusia.')
(E. A. POE)
Once upon an evening weary, shortly after Lord Dundreary
With his quaint and curious humour set the town in such a
roar,
With my shilling I stood rapping—only very gently tapping—

For the man in charge was napping—at the money-taker's

door.
It was Mr. Buckstone's playhouse, where I lingered at the door;
Paid half price and nothing more.

Most distinctly I remember, it was just about September—

Though it might have been in August, or it might have been
before—
Dreadfully I fear'd the morrow. Vainly had I sought to borrow;
For (I own it to my sorrow) I was miserably poor,
And the heart is heavy laden when one's miserably poor;
(I have been so once before.)

I was doubtful and uncertain, at the rising of the curtain,

If the piece would prove a novelty, or one I'd seen before;
For a band of robbers drinking in a gloomy cave, and clinking
With their glasses on the table, I had witness'd o'er and o'er;
Since the half-forgotten period of my innocence was o'er;
Twenty years ago or more.

Presently my doubt grew stronger. I could stand the thing no

longer;
'Miss,' said I, 'or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore.
Pardon my apparent rudeness. Would you kindly have the
goodness
To inform me if this drama is from Gaul's enlightened shore?'
For I know that plays are often brought us from the Gallic
shore;
Adaptations—nothing more!

So I put the question lowly: and my neighbour answer'd slowly,

'It's a British drama wholly, written quite in days of yore.
'Tis an Andalusian story of a castle old and hoary,
And the music is delicious, though the dialogue be poor!'
(And I could not help agreeing that the dialogue was poor;
Very flat, and nothing more.)

But at last a lady entered, and my interest grew centred

In her figure, and her features, and the costume that she
wore.
And the slightest sound she utter'd was like music; so I
mutter'd
To my neighbour, 'Glance a minute at your play-bill, I implore.
Who's that rare and radiant maiden? Tell, oh, tell me! I
implore!'
Quoth my neighbour, 'Nelly Moore!'

Then I ask'd in quite a tremble—it was useless to dissemble—

'Miss, or Madam, do not trifle with my feelings any more;
Tell me who, then, was the maiden, that appear'd so sorrow
laden
In the room of David Garrick, with a bust above the door?'
Quoth my neighbour, 'Nelly Moore.'

* * * * *

I've her photograph from Lacy's; that delicious little face is

Smiling on me as I'm sitting (in a draught from yonder door),
And often in the nightfalls, when a precious little light falls
From the wretched tallow candles on my gloomy second-floor,
(For I have not got the gaslight on my gloomy second-floor)
Comes an echo, 'Nelly Moore!'
ROBERT HENRY NEWELL.
('ORPHEUS C. KERR')

REJECTED NATIONAL ANTHEMS.

 I.

(BRYANT)
The sun sinks softly to his evening post,
The sun swells grandly to his morning crown;
Yet not a star our flag of Heav'n has lost,
And not a sunset stripe with him goes down.

So thrones may fall; and from the dust of those,

New thrones may rise, to totter like the last;
But still our country's nobler planet glows
While the eternal stars of Heaven are fast.
II.

(EMERSON)
Source immaterial of material naught,
Focus of light infinitesimal,
Sum of all things by sleepless Nature wrought,
Of which the abnormal man is decimal.

Refract, in prism immortal, from thy stars

To the stars blent incipient on our flag,
The beam translucent, neutrifying death;
And raise to immortality the rag.
III.

(WILLIS)
One hue of our flag is taken
From the cheeks of my blushing Pet,
And its stars beat time and sparkle
Like the studs on her chemisette.
Its blue is the ocean shadow
That hides in her dreamy eyes,
It conquers all men, like her,
And still for a Union flies.
 IV.

(LONGFELLOW)
Back in the years when Phlagstaff, the Dane, was monarch
Over the sea-ribb'd land of the fleet-footed Norsemen,
Once there went forth young Ursa to gaze at the heavens—
Ursa, the noblest of all the Vikings and horsemen.

Musing, he sat in his stirrups and viewed the horizon,

Where the Aurora lapt stars in a North-polar manner,
Wildly he started—for there in the heavens before him
Flutter'd and flew the original Star-Spangled Banner.
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