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Encomienda System

The history of the Philippines is characterized by a blend of indigenous cultures, colonial influences, and significant revolutions, spanning from the pre-colonial period to the present. Key events include Spanish colonization, the Philippine Revolution, American rule, and the restoration of democracy following the Marcos dictatorship. The nation's evolution reflects themes of colonialism, resistance, cultural hybridity, and ongoing economic challenges.

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14 views4 pages

Encomienda System

The history of the Philippines is characterized by a blend of indigenous cultures, colonial influences, and significant revolutions, spanning from the pre-colonial period to the present. Key events include Spanish colonization, the Philippine Revolution, American rule, and the restoration of democracy following the Marcos dictatorship. The nation's evolution reflects themes of colonialism, resistance, cultural hybridity, and ongoing economic challenges.

Uploaded by

rexiababa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The history of the Philippines is a rich and complex tapestry of indigenous cultures,

colonial influences, revolutions, and modernization. Below is a detailed chronological


overview of key periods in Philippine history:

1. Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1521)

Early Inhabitants

●​ The Philippines was inhabited by Negritos (among the earliest settlers), followed
by Austronesian migrations from Taiwan around 3000 BCE.
●​ These settlers developed into various ethnic groups, such as the Igorot, Ifugao,
Tagalog, Visayan, and Moro peoples.

Societal Structure

●​ Barangays (small independent villages) were led by Datus (chieftains).


●​ Social classes:
○​ Nobles (Maharlika)
○​ Freemen (Timawa)
○​ Slaves (Alipin)
●​ Animism was the dominant religion, with spirits (Anitos) and gods (Bathala)
worshipped.

Trade & Foreign Influences

●​ Trade relations with China, India, and Southeast Asia introduced cultural and
economic exchanges.
●​ The Srivijaya and Majapahit empires had some influence.
●​ Islam arrived in the 14th century via Arab and Malay traders, establishing
sultanates in Sulu and Maguindanao.

2. Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)

Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan (1521)


●​ Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for Spain, arrived in Homonhon,
Samar (March 16, 1521).
●​ He was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521).

Spanish Colonization (1565–1898)

●​ Miguel López de Legazpi established the first permanent settlement in Cebu


(1565) and later moved to Manila (1571).
●​ The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire under New Spain (Mexico)
until Mexican independence (1821).

Key Features of Spanish Rule

●​ Encomienda System (forced labor and tribute)


●​ Christianization (introduction of Catholicism)
●​ Galleon Trade (Manila-Acapulco trade route, 1565–1815)
●​ Social Hierarchy:
○​ Peninsulares (Spanish-born)
○​ Insulares (Spanish born in the Philippines)
○​ Mestizos (mixed race)
○​ Indios (natives)

Revolts & Resistance

●​ Lakandula & Sulayman Revolt (1574)


●​ Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829)
●​ Silang Revolt (1762–1763)
●​ Basi Revolt (1807)

Propaganda Movement & Reformists

●​ José Rizal (wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo)


●​ Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena (La Solidaridad)

Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)

●​ Katipunan (secret society led by Andrés Bonifacio) launched the revolution in


1896.
●​ Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as leader, leading to the Tejeros Convention (1897)
and Bonifacio’s execution.
●​ Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897) (temporary truce with Spain).
3. American Colonial Period (1898–1946)

Spanish-American War & Treaty of Paris (1898)

●​ The US defeated Spain and bought the Philippines for $20 million.
●​ Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12, 1898, but the US did not
recognize it.

Philippine-American War (1899–1902)

●​ Filipinos resisted American rule, leading to a brutal war.


●​ Massacres (e.g., Balangiga, Bud Dajo)
●​ Aguinaldo was captured in 1901.

American Rule & Commonwealth (1902–1946)

●​ Jones Law (1916) – promised independence.


●​ Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) – established the Philippine Commonwealth
(1935–1946) under Manuel L. Quezon.
●​ WWII & Japanese Occupation (1942–1945):
○​ Bataan Death March (1942)
○​ Guerrilla resistance (Hukbalahap)
○​ Liberation by Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1944–1945)

Independence (1946)

●​ The US granted full independence on July 4, 1946 (later changed to June 12).

4. Post-Colonial Philippines (1946–Present)

Early Republic (1946–1965)

●​ Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)


●​ Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957) – fought Huk rebellion.
●​ Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961) – "Filipino First" policy.
●​ Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965) – shifted Independence Day to June 12.
Marcos Dictatorship (1965–1986)

●​ Ferdinand Marcos ruled for 21 years.


●​ Martial Law (1972–1981) – human rights abuses, corruption.
●​ Assassination of Ninoy Aquino (1983) – sparked protests.
●​ People Power Revolution (1986) – Marcos was ousted.

Restoration of Democracy (1986–Present)

●​ Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) – new constitution (1987).


●​ Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998) – economic reforms.
●​ Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) – ousted by EDSA II.
●​ Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010) – controversies.
●​ Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016) – Daang Matuwid.
●​ Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) – War on Drugs, federalism push.
●​ Bongbong Marcos (2022–Present) – son of Ferdinand Marcos.

Key Themes in Philippine History


●​ Colonialism & Resistance (Spain, US, Japan)
●​ Struggles for Democracy (vs. dictatorship)
●​ Cultural Hybridity (indigenous, Hispanic, American influences)
●​ Economic Challenges (poverty, corruption, globalization)

Conclusion

The Philippines has a dynamic history shaped by indigenous heritage, colonization,


revolution, and modernization. From pre-colonial barangays to Spanish rule, American
influence, and contemporary democracy, the nation continues to evolve while preserving
its unique identity.

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