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The document introduces the TCP/IP model, which consists of various layers and protocols that facilitate computer communication, with a focus on the Application, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical layers. It highlights the significance of TCP and UDP in the transport layer for error recovery and the role of IP in addressing and routing. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards and their impact on local area networks (LANs).

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Amrit Baruah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

notes

The document introduces the TCP/IP model, which consists of various layers and protocols that facilitate computer communication, with a focus on the Application, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical layers. It highlights the significance of TCP and UDP in the transport layer for error recovery and the role of IP in addressing and routing. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards and their impact on local area networks (LANs).

Uploaded by

Amrit Baruah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART 1:

Chapter 1: Introduction to TCP/IP


Networking

The TCP/IP model both defines and references a large collection of protocols that allow
computers to communicate. To define a protocol, TCP/IP uses documents called Requests
For Comments (RFC). (You can find these RFCs using any online search engine.) Each layer
broadly defines a set of functions that helps create a working communication system, and
each RFC gives the specifics about an option to implement one or more of the functions at
some layer of the model.

TCP/IP Application Layer


TCP/IP Transport Layer

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
TCP Error Recovery Basics:
To appreciate what the transport layer protocols do, you must think about the layer above
the transport layer, the application layer. Why? Well, each layer provides a service to the
layer above it, like the error-recovery service provided to application layer protocols by TCP. TCP/IP
provides a mechanism to guarantee delivery of data across a network.

Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions

TCP/IP Network Layer

The application layer includes many protocols. The transport layer includes fewer protocols,

most notably, TCP and UDP. The TCP/IP network layer includes a small number of protocols,
but only one major protocol: the Internet Protocol (IP). In fact, the name TCP/IP is simply

the names of the two most common protocols (TCP and IP) separated by a /.

IP provides several features, most importantly, addressing and routing.

TCP/IP Data-Link and Physical Layers


Data Encapsulation Terminology
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

Typical SOHO LANs


Typical Enterprise LANs

The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer


Standards:

NOTE You might expect that a standard that began at the IEEE over 40 years ago

would be stable and unchanging, but the opposite is true. The IEEE, along with active

industry partners, continue to develop new Ethernet standards with longer distances,

different cabling options, and faster speeds. Check out the Ethernet Alliance web page

(www.EthernetAlliance.org) and look for the roadmap for some great graphics and tables

about the latest happenings with Ethernet.


Consistent Behaviour over All Links Using
the Ethernet Data-Link Layer:
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of WANs and IP
Routing

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