Small Signal Stability

Analysis

Dr Praghnesh Bhatt
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Technology, PDPU
 Physical Structure Power System Components
2

P. Sauer and M. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability

 Physical Structure Power System Components
3

Mechanical System Electrical System

Stabilizer Load
Line
Exciter Relay Relay
Supply Pressure Speed Voltage Network Load
control control control Control control control
Fuel Furnace
Turbine Generator Network Loads
Source and Boiler
Machine Load
Fuel Steam Torque V, I P, Q Char.
Governor
 Modeling of Components
4

Machine
Synchronous, Induction, or any other
Models

Exciter
Models DC, AC or Static Excitation Systems

Turbine & Governors

Models Hydro or thermal with reheat/non reheat

Network
Models Line, transformer
Load
Models
Synchronous Machine

5
 Synchronous Machine Models

Windings on rotor
Model
Model Name States
6 No
d – axis q –axis
0 0 Classical 0.0 2
1 0 Field Circuit Only 1.0 3
1 1 Field Circuit with one equivalent 1.1 Widely used for 4
damper on q-axis hydro generators
2 1 Field Circuit with one equivalent 2.1 Widely used for 5
damper on d-axis and q-axis hydro generators
each
2 2 Field Circuit with one equivalent 2.2 Widely used in 6
damper on d-axis and two literature
equivalent dampers on q-axis
3 2 Field Circuit with two equivalent 3.2 7
dampers on d-axis and two
equivalent dampers on q-axis
3 3 Field Circuit with two equivalent 3.3 Most detailed 8
damper on d-axis and three model,
equivalent dampers on q-axis applicable to
turbo alternators
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 Small Signal Stability Analysis – Classical Model
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 -3
x 10
2 0.1
Kd = 0
speed deviation (pu)

angle deviation (pu)

1 Kd = 10 0.05
24

0 0

-1 -0.05

-2 -0.1
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
time (Sec) time (Sec)

100 4000
Kd = -10
speed deviation (pu)

speed deviation (pu)

50 2000

0 0

-50 -2000

-100 -4000
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
time (Sec) time (Sec)
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 Consideration of Field Circuit Dynamics
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 Consideration of Field Circuit Dynamics
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Influence of Torque Angle on

Internal Voltage

Influence of Internal Voltage on

on Electric Torque

Component of torque resulting from Influence of Torque Angle

variation of flux linkages on Electric Torque
 Consideration of Field Circuit Dynamics
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 Comparison of Two Models
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 Effect of Field Flux Linkage Variation on
System Stability
40  With constant field voltage, the field flux variations are caused
only by feedback of Δδ through the co-efficient K4. This
represents the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction.

 The change in air gap torque due to field flux variations caused
by rotor angle is given by
 K 2 K3 K 4
 
1  sT3
In steady state and at a very
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At oscillating frequencies K 2 K3 K 4
 
low oscillating frequencies much higher than 1/T3  
T3  1   j 
 T3  
if j  1 ,
 The field flux variation due to Δδ
T3

feedback (i.e. due to armature then 1 can be neglected

T3
reaction) introduces a negative K 2 K3 K 4 2
j 
synchronizing torque compo.  The component of air gap torque jT3
 The system may become unstable due to flux linkage change is in K 2 K3 K 4
j 
phase with Δω, thus it will result
T3
when this exceeds K1*Δδ
K 2 K3 K 4
 The stability limit is reached when in positive damping. 
T3
K2K3K4 = K1
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 Step 1: Find magnitude of terminal
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current and PF of terminal current
Step 2: Find and to find Ksd and Ksq

ψ at 
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2
ψ ad  ψ aq
2
(3.191)
refer derivation from Ch.3  at  T 1 
 
 I  Asat e B sat
(3.189)
 
ψ ad  jψ aq   j  E t   Ra  jX l  I t 
   I 0  Asat e Bsat  at 0  T 1 
  
ψ ad  jψ aq   j  E a 
 
  
where , E a  Et   Ra  jX l  I t Find: Ksd = Ksq
 
 ψ at 0  ψ 2
ad ψ 2
aq  E t   Ra  jX l  I t
 at
K sd  (3.187)
 at  I
 at 0
K sd  ( for initial operating condition)
 at 0  I 0
Step 3: Find Xds = Lds and Xqs = Lqs

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Step 4: Find internal angle of machine

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p fd  a32   a33 fd  b32 E fd

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1
r  s
0
1
r  j
0
1
r   j 
0
0
j   r

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With increasing KA,
synchronizing torque
increases; from negative, it
Net Ks is
min at KA increases to positive
= 46
decreases

But damping torque decreases

and becomes most negative at
KA = 200
 Transient Response with AVR
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 Transient Response with AVR
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7
x 10
1.5

1 With AVR

0.5
Speed Deviation (pu)

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
t, sec
Observation 1

70

Observation 2
 For high values of external system reactance and for the generator operating at high output, a high response
exciter is beneficial in increasing synchronizing torque.
 However, in doing so, it introduces negative damping. Thus we have a conflicting requirements with regard to
exciter response.
 One possible way is to restrike a compromise and set the exciter response such that it results in sufficient
synchronizing and damping torque components for the expected range of system operating conditions.
 This may not always be possible.
 It may be necessary to use a high response exciter to provide the required synchronizing torque and transient
stability performance.
 With a very high external system reactance, even with low exciter response, the net damping torque coefficient
may be negative.
 An effective way to meet the conflicting exciter performance requirements with regard to system stability is
to provide a power system stabilizers (PSS)
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p fd  a32   a33 fd  b32 E fd

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